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Reliability Centered Maintenance 101

Bob Appleton
References
DoDI 4151.22, December 2, 2007
NAVAIR 00-25-403, 1 March 2003
SAE JA-1011, August 1999
SAE JA-1012, January 2002
Boeing (2010) Statistical Summary of
Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents, Worldwide
Operations 1959-2009, Seattle
Moubray, J. (1997) Reliability-centered
Maintenance. New York: Industrial Press
.

Overview
Background
Condition Based Maintenance
Changing views of Maintenance
History and background of RCM
The RCM Process
The RCM team
The Seven Questions
Results of the Analysis

What is RCM?
Definition
A process used to determine what must be done to
ensure that any physical asset continues to do what its
users want it to do in its present operating context
Mitigate the consequences of failure
Yeah, but what is it?
Highly structured analysis process to:
Devise maintenance policy
Design for ease of maintenance & effective operation
Consensus from all stakeholders
Identification of critical maintenance practices
Reduction of counterproductive maintenance practice



Key Enabler of Condition Based Maintenance

CBM
+
is the application and integration of appropriate
processes, technologies, and knowledge based
capabilities to improve the reliability and maintenance
effectiveness of DoD systems and components. At its
core, CBM
+
is maintenance performed on evidence
of need provided by reliability centered maintenance
(RCM) analysis and other enabling processes
DoDI 4151.22, December 2, 2007
Condition Based Maintenance

Condition based maintenance plus (CBM
+
) is the primary
reliability driver in the total life-cycle systems management
(TLCSM) supportability strategy of the Department of Defense. In
concert with the other TLCSM enablers, such as continuous
process improvement (CPI), cause and effect predictive modeling,
and desired outcomes achieved through performance based
logistics (PBL), CBM
+
strives to optimize key performance
measures of materiel readiness - materiel availability, materiel
reliability, mean downtime, and ownership costs. Under the
authority in DoD Directive 5134.01 (Reference (a)), this
Instruction establishes policy and guidance for the Military
Departments and Defense Agencies for implementation of CBM
+
pursuant to DoD Directive 4151.18 and DoD Instruction 5000.2
(References (b) and (c)).
DoDI 4151.22, December 2, 2007
Condition Based Maintenance
What Does THAT Mean?
Do maintenance based upon the condition of the
asset; not on rigid time based schedules
Reservists change clean oil on schedule even though
the vehicle may have less than 100 miles since the last
oil change
More maintenance is not better maintenance
Excessive preventive maintenance creates failures
Infant mortality
Asset Health Monitoring is key to successful CBM
Sensor selection must be examined carefully
CBM is third generation maintenance and is an
important step toward prognostic maintenance

Changing Views of
Maintenance
BUILD HEAVY
PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE
Time Based
CBM/RCM
Reliability, Availability,
Maintainability, TOC
Views of Wear Out Patterns
Failure Patterns
Condition Based Maintenance
Origin of RCM
Boeing 747 and United Airlines
MSG-1 (Maintenance Steering Group)(1968)
DC-8 required 4 million man hours per 20,000 flight
hours
(200 man hours per flight hour)
Using RCM techniques 747 required 66,000 while
improving reliability
(3.3 man hours per flight hour)
MSG-2 & MSG-3 followed for many military and civilian aircraft
Nowlan & Heap, RCM, 1978
SAE standardized RCM requirements for industrial equipment
with:
JA-1011
JA-1012
NAVAIR standard 00-25-403
Record of Improved Safety
The RCM Analysis Team
Officer or Chief
Maintenance
Officer
or Chief
Maintainer
The RCM Process
Disciplined and highly structured
Synergy created by the multifunctional team
Collective wisdom of team members from all areas
Operations
Maintenance
Engineer
Logisticians
Specialists
Decisions based upon consensus
Cross functional information sharing leading to
deeper understanding of the asset by all
The Seven Questions
1. What are the functions and associated performance
standards of the asset in its present operating
context?
2. In what ways does it fail to fulfill its functions?
3. What causes each functional failure?
4. What happens when each failure occurs?
5. In what way does each failure matter?
6. What can be done to predict or prevent each failure?
7. What should be done if a suitable proactive task
cannot be found?
Break
1. Functions
What are the functions and associated performance
standards of the asset in its present operating
context?
What do its users want the asset to do?
Primary function the main purpose the asset was acquired.
Secondary functions
Safety - Comfort
Environmental - Appearance
Control - Protection
Containment - Economy/efficiency
What is the Operating Context?
Where, when, under what conditions
What are the required performance standards?
How much; how fast
Sample Function Statement
PRIMARY FUNCTION - To pump water from tank X to tank
Y at not less than 800 gallons per hour at temperatures
ranging from 40 degrees F to 120 degrees F.

SECONDARY FUNCTION - To contain water within the
pump, not permitting leaks exceeding 1 ounce per 8 hour
work shift
SECONDARY FUNCTION To prevent any contamination
at all of the water from lubricating oil.
SECONDARY FUNCTION To shut off automatically if the
water in tank Y rises above 90% capacity to prevent
overflow
Initial Capability
Pump
1000 GPH
Output 800 GPH
X Y
Deterioration (Not failed)
Pump
800 GPH
Output 800 GPH
2. Functional Failures
In what ways does it fail to fulfill its functions?
Failure The inability of any asset to do what its users
want it to do
Functional Failure The inability of an asset to fulfill a
function to a standard of performance which is
acceptable to the user.
Performance standard must be agreed to by all stakeholders
Total failure fails to pump any water at all
Partial failure pumps water at less than 800 GPM
Partial failure will likely be caused by different failure modes
than total failure
Partial failure is not the same as deterioration
Asset may fail by breaching either upper or lower limits

Failure
Pump
No water at
all
Output 800 GPH
Functional Failure (Partial)
Pump
799 GPH
Output 800 GPH
3. Failure Modes (FMEA)
What causes each functional failure?
Failure mode statements should contain a noun and
a verb
Bearing seized or impeller worn
Not broken, fails, or malfunctions
Ineffective Failure Mode statements lead to
unproductive failure management techniques
P: Number 3 engine missing.
S: Engine found on right wing after brief search.
P: Aircraft handles funny.
S: Aircraft warned to straighten up, fly right, and be
serious.
P: Something loose in cockpit.
S: Something tightened in cockpit.


3. Failure Modes (FMEA)
All maintenance is managed at the Failure Mode
level
Reactive maintenance identifies failure modes after
the fact
CBM requires that all potential failure modes be
identified beforehand in order to monitor, measure
and manage them

Categories of failure modes
Decreasing capability
Increase in desired performance
Initial incapability

Different Failures;
Different Failure Modes
Pump
No
water at
all
Output
800 GPH
Pump
799
GPH
Output
800 GPH
4. Failure Effects (FMEA)
What happens when each failure mode occurs?
Evidence of failure
What threat to safety or environment
How does it affect operations
What damage is done by the failure
What must be done to repair the failure
Consider down time vs repair time when measuring
effects
Best sources of FMEA data are the users who work
with the asset daily
5. Failure Consequences
In what way does each failure matter?
How and how much does each failure matter
Major consequences require great effort to
avoid, eliminate or minimize consequences
Minor consequences may be run to failure
Hidden failure requires special treatment
Consequence could be a multiple failure
Protected function fails while the protective device
is in a failed state
Different Failure Modes;
Different Failure
Consequences
Pump
No
water at
all
Output
800 GPH
Pump
799
GPH
Output
800 GPH
Different Operating Context;
Different Failure
Consequences
Output 800 GPH
Standby
Pump
Primary
Pump
Hidden Function; Hidden
Failure
Output 800 GPH
Standby
Pump
Primary
Pump
6. Failure Management
Techniques
What can be done to predict or prevent each
failure?
All tasks must be technically feasible and worth
doing. Proactive tasks (preventive)(age related
failures)
Scheduled restoration
Scheduled discard
Scheduled on-condition
Proactive Tasks (predictive)
On-condition maintenance
Condition Monitoring
Product quality variation
Primary effects monitoring
Human senses



Task Selection
7. Failure Management
Techniques
What if a suitable predictive or preventive
task cannot be found?
Default actions
Failure finding
For hidden failures of protective devices
Run to failure
Redesign
Outcomes of RCM Analysis
Revised maintenance schedules and practices

Revised Operating procedures

Recommended Engineering Changes

Database of maintenance requirements
Useful to provide documentation for decisions

Analysis team members gain a deeper understanding
of the asset
Questions?

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