Digital Communication Systems

over Bandlimited Channels:

Intersymbol Interference
Robert Morelos-Zaragoza
Department of Electrical Engineering
San Jose State University
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 2
Intersymbol interference (ISI)
Nyquist criterion for ISI-free data transmission:
ISI can be removed using a raised-cosine spectrumX(f)
with rolloff factor
f
X(f)
T
T/2
1
2T
1
2T
1
2T
-
W = (1+)
T

0
-W

=
= =
n
T
n
f X
T
f X 1 ) (
1
) (

San Jose State University ISI note Slide 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t/T
=0
=1
Raised-cosine spectrum
f
T
T/2
1
T
1
2T
1
2T
-
0
1
T
-
=0
=1
X(f)
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 4
Pulse shaping and matched filter design
Then
Pulse shaping and matched filters can be chosen as square-
root raised cosine (SRRC) filterswith
f
1
0
C(f)
) ( ) ( ) ( f X f G f G
R T
= =
W -W
Ideal bandlimited Channel
Transfer function:
. ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( W f f G f G f G f C f G f X
R T R T
= =
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 5
Square-Root Raised Cosine (SRRC) Filters
Rolloff factor,
Impulse response
W=
B
2
=
1
2T
(1+)
h( t ) =
1
T
si n[ ( 1- ) t / T] + ( 4t / T) cos[ ( 1+) t / T]
t / T [ 1- ( 4t / T)
2
]
x( t ) = h( t ) * h( t ) , where X( f ) is a
raised-cosine spectrum
X( f )
F
Note:
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 6
Eye diagram A simple illustrative example
Consider binary signaling with polar mapping (antipodal),
whereby a bit sequence {b
k
} is received as
, ) ( ) (

=
=
k
k
kT t x a t y
where a
k
=+1 if b
k
=0, a
k
=-1 if b
k
=1, and

=
T
t
t x c sin ) (
is the overall impulse response of a binary communication
system. For illustration purposes, let a pair of bits {b
0
,b
1
}, be
transmitted and assume that no further transmission occurs
before or after these bits.
We now examine the four possible pairs of transmitted bits.
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 7
Case 1: {b
0
,b
1
}={0,0}.
t
+x(t), +x(t-T)
y
00
(t) = x(t) + x(t-T)
+1
+1
T 2T 3T -T -2T
T 2T 3T -T -2T
t
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 8
Case 2: {b
0
,b
1
}={0,1}.
t
+x(t), -x(t-T)
y
01
(t) = x(t) - x(t-T)
+1
-1
T 2T 3T -T -2T
T 2T 3T -T -2T
+1
-1
t
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 9
Case 3: {b
0
,b
1
}={1,0}.
y
10
(t) = -y
01
(t)
Case 4: {b
0
,b
1
}={1,1}.
y
11
(t) = -y
00
(t)
An eye diagram can be constructed by overlapping the signals y
ij
(t),
{i,j}={0,1}
2
, in the interval [-T, 2T] (for illustrative purposes only.)
In a laboratory, the eye diagram is obtained by measuring a long
information bit sequence with an oscilloscope triggered at the symbol
rate 1/T (or a small sub-multiple of it) and sufficient persistency
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 10
y
00
(t) = x(t) + x(t-T)
+1
T 2T 3T -T -2T
y
11
(t) = -x(t) - x(t-T)
-1
T 2T 3T -T -2T
y
01
(t) = x(t) - x(t-T)
T 2T 3T -T -2T
+1
-1
y
10
(t) = -x(t) + x(t-T)
T 2T 3T -T -2T
+1
-1
t
t
t
t
t
+1
-1
T 2T -T
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 11
t
+1
-1
T 2T -T
best sampling times
Amplitude
Noise
margin
Eye diagram
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 12
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Normalized time, t/T
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Eye diagram of raised-cosine pulse. E/N
0
=100 dB, and = 0.25
Timing error margin
Matlab simulation: BPSK example
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 13
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Eye diagram of raised-cosine pulse. E/N
0
=20 dB, and = 0.25
Normalized time, t/T
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Matlab simulation: BPSK with AWGN
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 14
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Normalized time, t/T
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Eye diagram of raised-cosine pulse. E/N
0
=100 dB, and = 0.25
Noise margin
*
Erroneous sampling time
Effective E/N
0
is reduced
(i.e., less robust to noise)
Matlab simulation: BPSK with a timing error
Zero crossings
cause irreducible
errors
San Jose State University ISI note Slide 15
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Eye diagram of raised-cosine pulse. E/N
0
=20 dB, and = 0.25
Normalized time, t/T
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.1
Erroneous sampling time
T = nT+T/10
Matlab simulation: BPSK with AWGN and timing error