1

Diagram 1 shows a sequence of stages in the synthesis of an extracellular enzyme in a

human pancreatic cell. The stages are labeled as Stage I, Stage II and Stage III. Stage I
shows a change in the specific part of the DNA strand.

Diagram 1
a) State the meaning of extracellular enzyme.
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[1 mark]
b) Explain the changes that occurred in the double helix of the DNA strand during
Stage 1.
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[2 marks]
c) Based on Diagram 1, state two differences between the structure of the protein
polypeptide molecule and the DNA molecule.
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[ 2 marks]
1

d) Name the extracellular enzyme produced.

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[1 mark]
e) Explain how the protein formed at the ribosome is transformed into the
extracellular enzyme so that it can be secreted from the cell.
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[3 marks]

Diagram 2 shows the action of enzyme maltase on substrate P.

Diagram 2
a) i) Name the molecules P and Q.
P:................................................

Q: .................................................
[2marks]
ii) The action of enzyme maltase on substrate P is specific
Explain this statement.
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[1 mark]
iii) Based on diagram 2, state two other characteristics of enzyme maltase.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
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2

2. ..............................................................................................................................
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[2 marks]
b) Explain effects on enzyme and the rate of enzyme reaction beyond the optimum
temperature.
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[3 marks]
c) Draw an arrow to match the industrial enzyme with its function correctly given in the
boxes below.
Amylase

Tenderise meat
Rennin

Ripening of cheese

Protease

Breakdown the cell wall of the seed coat

Cellulose

Convert starch to sugar in making of syrup

Lipase

Coagulant in cheese production

[3 marks]
3

Diagram 3.1 shows a series of reaction. Process X is the formation of molecules B, while
process Y is the breakdown of polypeptide.

Diagram 3.1
a) Based on Diagram 3.1,
i) Name molecules A and B
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[2 marks]
ii) Explain process X and Y
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[4 marks]
b) Diagram 3.2 shows two different types of food.
Based on Diagram 3.2,

Diagram 3.2
i)

What is the function of these foods in the body?

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[3 marks]

ii) Explain the content of amino acids in these foods as shown in diagram.
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[4 marks]
4

1a)

Extracellular enzymes are produced in the cell as well. However,

they are secreted from the cell to function externally.
For example, digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas are
secreted into the duodenum for enzymatic digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to take place.

b)

c)

the double helix of DNA unwind

An RNA strand is synthesised
the polypeptides consists of amino acids while DNA consists of
nucleotide units
the polypeptides is in the form of a single linear chain while
DNA is a double helix strand.

d)

amylase/ trypsin/ lipase

e)

- Proteins are synthesised at the ribosomes and transported

through the space within the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- The proteins depart from the rough ER are wrapped in transport
vesicles which bud off from the membranes of the rough ER
- These transport vesicles then fuse with the membranes of the
Golgi apparatus and release their contents into the
membranous space.
- The proteins are further modified in the Golgi apparatus.
- Secretory vesicles containing these modified proteins bud off
from golgi apparatus and travel to the plasma membrane
- The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and discharge
their contents, including extracellular enzymes to the exterior of
the cell.
P: maltose

3a)i)

Q: glucose
ii)

Enzyme maltase can only catalyse maltose/substrate P to form two

molecules of glucose as the active site of the enzyme has a
distinctive shape which complements the shape of the maltose.

iii)

Enzyme maltase is not destroyed at the end of the reaction, it can be

reused.
Enzyme maltase can catalyse the reaction in either direction.

b)

Beyond the optimum temperature, the rate of reaction decreases

and stop completely at a certain temperature.
Higher temperature causes the breaking of chemical bond which
hold the structure of enzymes.
5

The shapes of the enzymes are altered and the active site are
destroyed/
The enzymes are said to be denatured. Denatured enzymes cannot
catalyse the substrate to form products
3 a)i)

A- amino acids
B- Dipeptides

ii)

Process X- condensation process

Peptides bonds is formed to link two unit of amino acids together
by removing a water molecule
Process Y- hydrolysis process
Polypeptides is broken down by adding of water molecule. peptides
bond are broken down

b)i)

to form connective tissue/ haemoglobin/ keratin/ collagen/

myosin/ enzymes/ hormones/ antibodies

ii)

to form protein molecules in the plasma membrane

to produce new cell

chicken meat
contain all essential amino acids which cannot be synthesised by
the body. can only obtain from diet
animal protein is first class protein
soy bean
plant protein is second class protein as they do not contain all the
essential amino acids