ECP2216 Microcontroller and Microprocessor Systems Laboratory Experiment 1

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MP1: Familiarization with the SK-8051 Trainer and Programming Fundamentals

Objectives:
To get familiarised with the SK-8051 trainer.
To demonstrate program development procedures using the trainer.
To program the trainer using basic instructions.

Equipment:
SK-8051 Trainer
Desktop computer with RS232 interface
RS232 cable

Software:
FET89C5X IDE for MCS-51 assembly language programming
Tera Term Pro terminal program for serial communication

(A) Introduction to SK-8051 Trainer

The SK-8051 is built around the Atmel AT89C51 microcontroller, which is compatible with
the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. There are a lot of features on
board. However, this laboratory sheet will provide only sufficient information to enable you to
successfully complete the laboratory exercises.

Table 1.1 gives the address map of the SK-8051. It uses the Von Neuman architecture: the
64Kbytes are used for both program and data memory. I/O devices are also memory-mapped
as given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.1 Address map of SK-8051
Address Description Remarks
0000..7FFF ROM Program memory (ROM)
8000..FEFF RAM Program memory & data memory (RAM)
FF00..FFFF I/O I/O devices

Table 1.2 I/O map of SK-8051
Address Definition Remarks
FF00 LCD_CMD LCD command and data registers
FF01 LCD_DATA
FF10 KEYPAD 8 bit buffer input for keypad
FF20 PORT_A 8255 PPI
FF21 PORT_B
FF22 PORT_C
FF23 PPI_CMD
FF28 BUTTON 8 bit inverted buffer input
FF2C FND 8 bit latched output for FND
FF38 L563 8 bit inverted latch output for LED

The trainer has a monitor program stored in a 32-Kbytes EPROM. The user program can be
downloaded to any part of RAM with addresses from 8000H to FEFFH. This RAM is used for
both program and data memory.

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The SK-8051 can operate in either keypad or serial mode. In keypad mode, all the controls are
issued from the trainers keypad. In serial mode, the terminal program at the host PC takes the
users PC keyboard commands and sends them to the microcontroller through the RS232
serial interface.

7 seg display
Addr: FF2CH
Matrix display
Addr: FF30H
Input buttons
Addr: FF28H
8-bit LED
Addr: FF38H
Hex keypad
Addr: FF10H


A.1 Keypad Mode of SK-8051

After switching on the trainer, press RES to get into the keypad mode. The LCD will display
the message "SK-8051 (Ver. B) Keypad Monitor..". In keypad mode, all commands come
from the keypad. Table 1.3 lists the keys and the corresponding operations.
Table 1.3 SK-8051 Keypad keys and operations
Key Operation
RES Reset the system
ADDR Used to jump to specific address location of the memory
INC Increases the address location by one
DEC Decreases the address location by one
DATA Used to change the data(1 byte) at the current address location
GO Starts execution of the user program at the current address
location
INT0 Interrupt 0 of the microcontroller. Low when pressed
T0 Timer 0 interrupt. Low when pressed
STEP Single step. Connected to INT1 of the microcontroller. Used at
keypad and serial mode.

Objective: To load opcodes & operands in the memory & run the program to turn on LEDs
one at a time.
Enter the following hexadecimal values at the specified memory locations using
the keypad of the trainer following the steps below.
The code and the data to be entered:
8000 30 8B FD 75
81 50 90 FF
8008 38 74 01 F0
23 80 FC FF

First screen Second screen

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Procedure:
1. Press RES to reset the system and return to keypad mode.
2. Press ADDR to go to address 8000H.
3. Press DATA to input data starting at 8000H, as shown in the first screen.
4. Once all 8 bytes of data have been entered, press ADDR to change to address 8008H.
5. Press DATA to input data starting at 8008H, as shown in the second screen.
6. Once the data has been entered, press ADDR and change the address 8000H.
7. Press GO to execute the program at 8000H. The LCD will display the message "Now
program is running at 8000H".
8. Press STEP to execute the next instruction.
9. Continue to single-step the program by repeatedly pressing STEP, observe the LEDs and
complete the keypad columns of Table A1.1 in the Answer Sheet.

A.2 Serial Mode of SK-8051
To use the serial mode, you need a terminal program. Run "Tera Term Pro" from the
computer. Select Serial on Tera Term: New Connection dialog box. Do not change any
other settings. Should you have any enquiries, ask the instructor.

Press RES and then press any numeric keys on the trainer, it will now be in serial mode. The
LCD will display the message "SK-8051 (Ver. B) Serial monitor..".
The terminal program will display the following message on the PC screen:
SK_8051 Serial Monitor program.
Copyright reserved by SYSTEMKIT Co.

SK8051>_
"H" is the command to invoke the help menu. The following commands are useful:
"D" to dump the contents of external memory. The default dump location is from
8000H. If a command like "D9000" is entered, the memory dump will start at address
9000H. "Enter" to continue dumping and "." to stop.
"M" to revise the data in the external data memory. The default starting address is
8000H. If a command like "M9000" is entered, it will start at address 9000H. "Enter"
to increase the address location and "." to stop.
"G" to start the program execution. The default starting address for program execution
is 8000H. If a command like "G8100H" is entered, program execution starts from
8100H.
You can assemble and download your program via the PC. Let us create and assemble the
led.asm program and download the hex code to the trainer.

Objective: To write the above program with mnemonics, to assemble, download & execute.
Procedure:
1. Execute Fet89c5x IDE from Windows Desktop.
2. Write the following assembly language program (case insensitive).
ORG 8000H
L563 EQU 0FF38H
JNB IE1, $
MOV SP, #50H
MOV DPTR, #L563
MOV A, #01H
LOOP: MOVX @DPTR, A
RL A
SJMP LOOP
END
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3. Save the program as led.asm.
4. Assemble & link the program by selecting Compile from the pull-down menu and
invoke Build, or simply press CTRL+F8.
5. If no error is reported, exit Fet89c5x IDE (optional) & invoke Tera Term Pro.
6. Reset the kit & press any hex key on the keypad.
7. Download the file led.hex from the PC to the kit. (At the SK8051> prompt, press L
to signal the trainer that a program is to be downloaded. Select File from the menu and
then Send File to select led.hex from the dialog box. Click Open to send the file). At
the end of file downloading, the trainer will respond with the SK8051> prompt.
8. Type g8000 at the prompt (in Tera Term Pro) and press Enter (on the computer).
9. Single-step the program by repeatedly pressing the STEP key on the keypad & observe
the effect.
10. Record the results in the serial columns of Table A1.1 and compare with the results
obtained from the keypad mode.

(B) Programming Exercises

IMPORTANT: Read Appendix A carefully on what you need to do in order to
single-step through a program in this section.

B.1 Arithmetic Instructions
Objective: To observe execution of arithmetic instructions.
Procedure:
1. Follow the steps as outlined in Serial Mode of SK-8051 for writing, saving & assembling
the following program as EXB1.asm.
ORG 0B000H
JNB IE0, $
MOV A, #16H
MOV B, #29H
ADD A, B
DA A ; 1st DA A
MOV B, #54H
ADD A, B
DA A ; 2nd DA A
MOV A, #29H
INC A
DA A ; 3rd DA A
MOV A, #49H
MOV 30H, A
ADD A, 30H
DA A ; 4th DA A
ADD A, #72H
DA A ; 5th DA A
SJMP $
END
2. Download patch.hex from C:\SK8051, following the steps specified in previous part.
3. Next, download EXB1.hex on to the trainer.
4. Run the program by typing g8000 at the prompt (in Tera Term Pro) & press Enter.
5. Single-step the program by repeatedly pressing the INT0 key on the keypad & observe
the effect.
6. Single step through the instructions and note down the value of the accumulator (ACC),
program status word register (PSW), program counter (PC) and the next instruction in
Table B1 of the Answer Sheet.
7. Was the value in the accumulator adjusted after every DA A instruction? Why?
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B.2 Program Flow Control
Objective: To study the execution and usage of program flow control instructions.

The following program illustrates the use of the CJNE instruction. Assemble the program and
download the hex file to the trainer. The program stores the value 0H in internal memory
location 20H before executing the rest of the code. Run the program by typing g8000 in
Tera Term Pro and press Enter. Single-step the program by repeatedly pressing the
INT0 key on the keypad and observe the effect. Note down the value of carry flag (after the
CJNE instruction) and the final state of Port 1 (P1). Repeat this by changing the value stored
in internal memory location 20H with 7FH and then with FFH. Record your observation in
Table B2 on the Answer Sheet. What conclusion can be drawn? See Appendix B for more
information.

ORG 0B000H
JNB IE0, $

MOV PSW,#0H ; initialise PSW to 0H
MOV 20H, #0H ; move 0H to memory location 20H

MOV P1, #0FFH ; move FFH to P1
MOV R0, #20H ; move 20H to R0
CJNE @R0, #7FH, J1 ; compare data pointed by R0 with immediate data 7FH,
; jump to J1 if not equal
CLR P1.0 ; clear bit 0 of P1
SJMP J3 ; short jump to J3

J1: JC J2 ; jump to J2 if carry flag is set
CLR P1.1 ; clear bit 1 of P1
SJMP J3 ; short jump to J3

J2: CLR P1.2 ; clear bit 2 of P1

J3: SJMP $ ; always jump back to itself (program ends)
END













Important Note:
Lab Assessment will be carried out during the lab session. It is the student's
responsibility to complete the given tasks and report to the lab supervisor
for assessment.



(End of experiment)
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Appendix A

Single Step Patch

The single step operation provided by the monitor does not preserve the PSW (Program
Status Word). Program flows that depend on the flags (Z & C) are not correct in single step.

In order to overcome this monitor program bug download the monitor patch with file name
PATCH.HEX into the trainer before you download your own program.

This patch is only for single step operation in serial monitor mode. The main monitor program
handles the file downloading, system initialization, keypad mode and serial interface to the
computer.

The starting address of the patch code is at 8000H. It is about 33kbytes. The user has to first
download this patch upon power up if he wants to use the single step feature in serial monitor
mode. The user program has to be at address B000H. The first instruction must be "JNB IE0,
$" to enable single step operation.

With the patch and user program downloaded, program execution must begin at 8000H. In
serial monitor mode, this is accomplished by pressing G at the keyboard. Then the monitor
program displays the text "Program started at 8000H" at the terminal program. This will
execute the patch initialization code. After initialization, the LCD displays a text "SK-8051
(PATCH) SERIAL MONITOR..". Then PC (Program Counter) is set to B000H to start
executing the user program.

Each press of INT0 key executes one instruction at current PC. The SFRs (Special Function
Registers) are displayed, followed by Internal RAM dump from 00H to 7FH. Then the next
instruction at current PC is decoded and displayed at the terminal. Note that the memory
contents for address above the current SP (Stack Pointer) are not preserved. The patch uses
this memory area to preserve the microcontroller current context in single step operation. Also
the register bank #3 is reserved for this patch.

To stop this operation, press RES key to reset the trainer to keypad monitor mode. Then press
any of the hex keypad to enter serial monitor mode.















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Appendix B

ADD A, <src-byte>
Function: Add
Description: ADD adds the byte variable indicated to the Accumulator, leaving the result in the
Accumulator. The carry and auxiliary-carry flags are set, respectively, if there is a carry-out from bit 7
or bit 3, and cleared otherwise. When adding unsigned integers, the carry flag indicates an overflow
occurred.

OV is set if there is a carry-out of bit 6 but not out of bit 7, or a carry-out of bit 7 but not bit 6; otherwise,
OV is cleared. When adding signed integers, OV indicates a negative number produced as the sum of
two positive operands, or a positive sum from two negative operands.

Four source operand addressing modes are allowed: register, direct, register-indirect, or immediate.

CJNE <dest-byte>,<src-byte>, rel
Function: Compare and Jump if Not Equal.
Description: CJNE compares the magnitudes of the first two operands and branches if their values
are not equal. The branch destination is computed by adding the signed relative-displacement in the
last instruction byte to the PC, after incrementing the PC to the start of the next instruction. The carry
flag is set if the unsigned integer value of <dest-byte> is less than the unsigned integer value of <src-
byte>; otherwise, the carry is cleared. Neither operand is affected.

The first two operands allow four addressing mode combinations: the Accumulator may be compared
with any directly addressed byte or immediate data, and any indirect RAM location or working register
can be compared with an immediate constant

CLR bit
Function: Clear bit
Description: CLR bit clears the indicated bit (reset to 0). No other flags are affected. CLR can operate
on the carry flag or any directly addressable bit.

DA A
Function: Decimal-adjust Accumulator for Addition
Description: DA A adjusts the eight-bit value in the Accumulator resulting from the earlier addition of
two variables (each in packed-BCD format), producing two four-bit digits. Any ADD or ADDC
instruction may have been used to perform the addition.

If Accumulator bits 3 through 0 are greater than nine (xxxx1010-xxxx1111), or if the AC flag is one, six
is added to the Accumulator producing the proper BCD digit in the low-order nibble. This internal
addition sets the carry flag if a carry-out of the low-order four-bit field propagates through all high-order
bits, but it does not clear the carry flag otherwise.

If the carry flag is now set, or if the four high-order bits now exceed nine (1010xxxx-1111xxxx), these
high-order bits are incremented by six, producing the proper BCD digit in the high-order nibble. Again,
this sets the carry flag if there is a carry-out of the high-order bits, but does not clear the carry. The
carry flag thus indicates if the sum of the original two BCD variables is greater than 100, allowing
multiple precision decimal addition. OV is not affected.

All of this occurs during the one instruction cycle. Essentially, this instruction performs the decimal
conversion by adding 00H, 06H, 60H, or 66H to the Accumulator, depending on initial Accumulator
and PSW conditions.

Note: DA A cannot simply convert a hexadecimal number in the Accumulator to BCD notation, nor
does DAA apply to decimal subtraction.




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INC <byte>
Function: Increment
Description: INC increments the indicated variable by 1. An original value of 0FFH overflows to 00H.
No flags are affected. Three addressing modes are allowed: register, direct, or register-indirect.

Note: When this instruction is used to modify an output port, the value used as the original port data
will be read from the output data latch, not the input pins.

JC rel
Function: Jump if Carry is set
Description: If the carry flag is set, JC branches to the address indicated; otherwise, it proceeds with the next
instruction. The branch destination is computed by adding the signed relative-displacement in the second
instruction byte to the PC, after incrementing the PC twice. No flags are affected.

JNB bit, rel
Function: Jump if Bit Not set
Description: If the indicated bit is a 0, JNB branches to the indicated address; otherwise, it proceeds
with the next instruction. The branch destination is computed by adding the signed relative-
displacement in the third instruction byte to the PC, after incrementing the PC to the first byte of the
next instruction. The bit tested is not modified. No flags are affected.

MOV <dest-byte>,<src-byte>
Function: Move byte variable
Description: The byte variable indicated by the second operand is copied into the location specified
by the first operand. The source byte is not affected. No other register or flag is affected.

This is by far the most flexible operation. Fifteen combinations of source and destination addressing
modes are allowed.

MOVX <dest-byte>,<src-byte>
Function: Move External
Description: The MOVX instructions transfer data between the Accumulator and a byte of external
data memory, which is why X is appended to MOV. There are two types of instructions, differing in
whether they provide an 8-bit or 16-bit indirect address to the external data RAM.

SJMP rel
Function: Short Jump
Description: Program control branches unconditionally to the address indicated. The branch
destination is computed by adding the signed displacement in the second instruction byte to the PC,
after incrementing the PC twice.

Therefore, the range of destinations allowed is from 128 bytes preceding this instruction 127 bytes
following it.

RL A
Function: Rotate Accumulator Left
Description: The eight bits in the Accumulator are rotated one bit to the left. Bit 7 is rotated into the bit
0 position. No flags are affected.


Program Status Word (PSW) Register
MSB LSB CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

CY Carry Flag
AC Auxiliary Carry Flag
F0 Flag 0
RS1/RS0 Register Bank Select
OV Overflow Flag
P Parity Bit
(End)