Titolo della lezione: Verb ‘to

be’ adjectives; articles

Verb ‘to be’

adjectives; articles
 Verb ‘to be’ Present
Interrogative Pronouns

‰to be
‰Who am I? I’m Nancy.
‰Who are you? You’re Mary.
‰Where is he? He’s in Edinburgh today.
‰Why is she late? She missed the bus.
‰Who are we? You’re our friends.
‰What are you? We’re supervisors.
‰Who are they? They’re your colleagues.
Commonly Used Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Auxiliary + Main verb

‰ is / are The employee is arriving late.

‰ has / have The company has employed two new
people.
‰ do / did I don’t remember you.
‰ can / could He can complete the work later.
‰ should / would The plane should land in New Jersey.
‰ will / shall I will tell them to come tomorrow.
‰ must / ought They must finish the report today.
Auxiliary Verbs – Examples Negations

Auxiliary Negations

‰ is / are The employee isn’t late.

‰ has / have The company hasn’t employed new
people.
‰ do / did I don’t remember you.
‰ can / could He can’t complete the work later.
‰ should / would The plane shouldn’t land in New
Jersey.
‰ will / shall I won’t tell them to come tomorrow.
‰ must / ought They mustn’t leave before five.
 Auxiliary Verbs – Examples
Negation Abbreviations

Auxiliary Abbreviations

‰ is / are isn’t = is not; aren’t = are not

‰ has / have hasn’t = has not; haven’t = have not
‰ do / did don’t = do not; didn’t = did not
‰ can / could can’t = cannot; couldn’t = could not
‰ should / would shouldn’t = should not;
wouldn’t = would not
‰ will / shall won’t = will not; shan’t = shall not
‰ must / ought mustn’t = must not;
oughtn’t = ought not
 Auxiliary Verbs
Examples Interrogatives

Auxiliary Questions

‰ is / are Is the employee late?

‰ has / have Has the company employed new
people?
‰ do / did Do you remember me?
‰ can / could Can he complete the work later?
‰ should / would Should the plane land in New Jersey?
‰ will / shall Will you tell them to come tomorrow?
‰ must / ought Must they finish the report today?
Auxiliary Verbs - Transformation

Auxiliary Transformation Present

‰ be am; are; is; are; are ; are

‰ have have; have; has; have; have; have

‰ do do; do; does; do; do; do

 Basic Verb Forms

Work - lavorare

‰ Base form: People work from nine to five.

‰ Infinitive: Tell them to work on Saturday.
‰ Past tense: They worked last Saturday.
‰ Past participle: They have worked too long.
‰ Present Participle: They are working here today.
‰ Gerund (noun): Working can be fun.
 The definite and indefinite articles
□ Definite Article - the
• the - form remains unchanged
• pre vowel sound – the air / the apple / ► pronunciation changes
the engineer / the employee / the office

• pre unvoiced ‘h’ – the hour / the heir ► pronunciation changes

• pre consonants ‘b,p,s,t,r etc.’- the house / the

desk / the computer file / the time / the European
□ Indefinite Article – a / an

• pre vowel sound – an engineer / an operator /

an analyst / an architect / an executive
• pre consonant – a file / a consultant / a register/
a computer operator / a university / a European
 The Adjectives

•English has no grammatical • There is no agreement between the

gender adjectives and the subject
e.g; There is one impatient There are fifty impatient customers at
customer at the information the information desk.
desk.

• adjectives preceed the noun • What kind? Which one? How many?
The young computer operator How much?
arrived on time.
a) The enthusiastic trainee is on
time. (singular)
b) The enthusiastic trainees are
on time. (plural)
c) There are twenty people in • How many?
our office.
• adjectives of nationality always
begin with a capital letter:
Italian, Belgian, British, French.
 Adjectives – nationality, colour,
description
Spanish Italian Kuwaiti •What nationality is he? He’s Spanish.
•What nationality are they? They’re Kuwaiti.

black – white •What colour is your hair? It’s black.

red – blue •My car is red. I have a red car.
green – yellow

tall – short •Is your son tall? My son’s a tall boy, but
old – young his friend is short.
fat – thin • Is your dog old? I have a young dog.

expensive – cheap •How much is your car? It’s an expensive

fast –slow car.
boring – interesting •He’s a fast worker but I’m a slow one.
•I only read interesting books.

right - wrong • It’s the right answer. They are wrong

answers.