Ee101 Diodes 1

EE101: Diode circuits
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
* A diode may be thought of as an electrical counterpart of a directional valve
(check valve).
* A check valve presents a small resistance if the pressure p > 0, but blocks the
ow (i.e., presents a large resistance) if p < 0.
* Similarly, a diode presents a small resistance in the forward direction and a large
resistance in the reverse direction.
* In the forward direction, the diode resistance R
D
= V/i would be a function of
V. However, it is often a good approximation to treat it as a constant (small)
resistance.
* In the reverse direction, the diode resistance is much larger and may often be
treated as innite (i.e., the diode may be replaced by an open circuit).
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
(check valve).
D
resistance.
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
(check valve).
D
resistance.
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
(check valve).
D
resistance.
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
(check valve).
D
resistance.
Diodes
flow
pressure V
i
(check valve).
D
resistance.
Simple models: R
on
/R
o
model
V V
i i R = R
on
if V > 0
R = R
o
if V < 0
* Since the resistance is dierent in the forward and reverse directions, the i V
relationship is not symmetric.
* Examples:
10
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

V (Volts) V (Volts)
i
(
m
A
)
R
on
= 5
R
o
= 500
R
on
= 0.1
R
o
= 1 M
Simple models: R
on
/R
o
model
V V
i i R = R
on
if V > 0
R = R
o
if V < 0
* Examples:
10
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

V (Volts) V (Volts)
i
(
m
A
)
R
on
= 5
R
o
= 500
R
on
= 0.1
R
o
= 1 M
Simple models: R
on
/R
o
model
V V
i i R = R
on
if V > 0
R = R
o
if V < 0
* Examples:
10
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

V (Volts) V (Volts)
i
(
m
A
)
R
on
= 5
R
o
= 500
R
on
= 0.1
R
o
= 1 M
Simple models: R
on
/R
o
model
V V
i i R = R
on
if V > 0
R = R
o
if V < 0
* Examples:
10
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

V (Volts) V (Volts)
i
(
m
A
)
R
on
= 5
R
o
= 500
R
on
= 0.1
R
o
= 1 M
Simple models: ideal switch
S
i
i
i
i
V V V
i
V
S closed, V > 0
S open, V < 0
* V > 0 Volts S is closed (a perfect contact), and it can ideally carry any
amount of current. The voltage drop across the diode is 0 V.
* V < 0 Volts S is open (a perfect open circuit), and it can ideally block any
reverse voltage. The current through the diode is 0 A.
* The actual values of V and i for a diode in a circuit get determined by the i -V
relationship of the diode and the constraints on V and i imposed by the circuit.
S
i
i
i
i
V V V
i
V
S closed, V > 0
S open, V < 0
S
i
i
i
i
V V V
i
V
S closed, V > 0
S open, V < 0
S
i
i
i
i
V V V
i
V
S closed, V > 0
S open, V < 0
Shockley diode equation
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
=Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 10
23
J/K.
q =electron charge = 1.602 10
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T
25 mV at room temperature (27

C).
* I
s
is called the reverse saturation current.
* For a typical low-power silicon diode, I
s
is of the order of 10
13
A.
* Although I
s
is very small, it gets multiplied by a large exponential factor, giving
a diode current of several mA for V 0.7 V.
* The turn-on voltage (V
on
) of a diode depends on the value of I
s
. V
on
may be
dened as the voltage at which the diode starts carrying a substantial forward
current (say, a few mA).
For a silicon diode, V
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
23
J/K.
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T

C).
* I
s
s
13
A.
* Although I
s
on
s
. V
on
may be
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
23
J/K.
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T

C).
* I
s
s
13
A.
* Although I
s
on
s
. V
on
may be
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
23
J/K.
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T

C).
* I
s
s
13
A.
* Although I
s
on
s
. V
on
may be
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
23
J/K.
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T

C).
* I
s
s
13
A.
* Although I
s
on
s
. V
on
may be
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
k
B
23
J/K.
19
Coul.
T =temperature in

K.
V
T

C).
* I
s
s
13
A.
* Although I
s
on
s
. V
on
may be
on
0.7 V.
For a GaAs diode, V
on
1.1 V.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
Example: I
s
= 1 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
V x = V/V
T
e
x
i (Amp)
0.1 3.87 0.47910
2
0.46910
11
0.2 7.74 0.22910
4
0.22910
9
0.3 11.6 0.11010
6
0.11010
7
0.4 15.5 0.52510
7
0.52510
6
0.5 19.3 0.25110
9
0.25110
4
0.6 23.2 0.12010
11
0.12010
2
0.62 24.0 0.26010
11
0.26010
2
0.64 24.8 0.56510
11
0.56510
2
0.66 25.5 0.12210
12
0.12210
1
0.68 26.3 0.26510
12
0.26510
1
0.70 27.1 0.57510
12
0.57510
1
0.72 27.8 0.12510
13
0.125
V (Volts)
i

(
A
m
p
)
1
i

(
m
A
)
20
40
60
80
100
0
log scale
linear scale
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10
-6
10
-12
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
Example: I
s
= 1 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
V x = V/V
T
e
x
i (Amp)
0.1 3.87 0.47910
2
0.46910
11
0.2 7.74 0.22910
4
0.22910
9
0.3 11.6 0.11010
6
0.11010
7
0.4 15.5 0.52510
7
0.52510
6
0.5 19.3 0.25110
9
0.25110
4
0.6 23.2 0.12010
11
0.12010
2
0.62 24.0 0.26010
11
0.26010
2
0.64 24.8 0.56510
11
0.56510
2
0.66 25.5 0.12210
12
0.12210
1
0.68 26.3 0.26510
12
0.26510
1
0.70 27.1 0.57510
12
0.57510
1
0.72 27.8 0.12510
13
0.125
V (Volts)
i

(
A
m
p
)
1
i

(
m
A
)
20
40
60
80
100
0
log scale
linear scale
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10
-6
10
-12
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
exp
V
V
T
, where V
T
= k
B
T/q .
Example: I
s
= 1 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
V x = V/V
T
e
x
i (Amp)
0.1 3.87 0.47910
2
0.46910
11
0.2 7.74 0.22910
4
0.22910
9
0.3 11.6 0.11010
6
0.11010
7
0.4 15.5 0.52510
7
0.52510
6
0.5 19.3 0.25110
9
0.25110
4
0.6 23.2 0.12010
11
0.12010
2
0.62 24.0 0.26010
11
0.26010
2
0.64 24.8 0.56510
11
0.56510
2
0.66 25.5 0.12210
12
0.12210
1
0.68 26.3 0.26510
12
0.26510
1
0.70 27.1 0.57510
12
0.57510
1
0.72 27.8 0.12510
13
0.125
V (Volts)
i

(
A
m
p
)
1
i

(
m
A
)
20
40
60
80
100
0
log scale
linear scale
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10
-6
10
-12
Shockley equation and simple models
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
* For many circuits, Model 1 is adequate since R
on
is much smaller than other
resistances in the circuit.
* If V
on
is much smaller than other relevant voltages in the circuit, we can use
V
on
0 V, and the diode model reduces to the ideal diode model seen earlier.
* Note that the battery shown in the above models is not a source of power!
It can only absorb power (see the direction of the current), causing heat
dissipation.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
on
* If V
on
V
on
dissipation.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
on
* If V
on
V
on
dissipation.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
on
* If V
on
V
on
dissipation.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
on
* If V
on
V
on
dissipation.
p n
V
i i
V
i = I
s
e
V/V
T
1
, I
s
= 10
13
A, V
T
= 25 mV.
Model 1:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
0
20
60
80
100
i

(
m
A
)
40
Model 1
equation
Shockley
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0

V > V
on
V < V
on
i
V
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.7 V
Model 2:
(open circuit)
V (Volts)
Shockley
equation
Model 2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
V
on
V > V
on
V < V
on
i
R
on
slope = 1/R
on
V
on
V
on
= 0.668 V
R
on
= 0.5
on
* If V
on
V
on
dissipation.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
* In the reverse direction, an ideal diode presents a large resistance for any applied
voltage.
* A real diode cannot withstand indenitely large reverse voltages and breaks
down at a certain voltage called the breakdown voltage (V
BR
).
* When the reverse bias V
R
> V
BR
, the diode allows a large amount of current.
If the current is not constrained by the external circuit, the diode would get
damaged.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
voltage.
BR
).
R
> V
BR
damaged.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
voltage.
BR
).
R
> V
BR
damaged.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
voltage.
BR
).
R
> V
BR
damaged.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)
Symbol for a Zener diode

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
* A wide variety of diodes is available, with V
BR
ranging from a few Volts to a few
thousand Volts! Generally, higher the breakdown voltage, higher is the cost.
* Diodes with high V
BR
are generally used in power electronics applications and
are therefore also designed to carry a large forward current (tens or hundreds of
Amps).
* Typically, circuits are designed so that the reverse bias across any diode is less
than the V
BR
rating for that diode.
* Zener diodes typically have V
BR
of a few Volts, which is denoted by V
Z
. They
are often used to limit the voltage swing in electronic circuits.
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
BR
BR
Amps).
than the V
BR
BR
Z
. They
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
BR
BR
Amps).
than the V
BR
BR
Z
. They
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
BR
BR
Amps).
than the V
BR
BR
Z
. They
Reverse breakdown
0
20
20
40
V (Volts)
i

(
m
A
)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
V
i
BR
BR
Amps).
than the V
BR
BR
Z
. They
Diode types
Apart from their use as switches, diodes are also used for several other purposes. The
choice of materials used, fabrication techniques, and packaging depend on the
functionality expected from the device.
* Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light when a forward bias is applied.
Typically, LEDs are made of III-V semiconductors.
An LED emits light of a specic wavelength (e.g., red, green, yellow, blue).
White LEDs combine individual LEDs that emit the three primary colors (red,
green, blue) or use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a
blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light.
* Semiconductor lasers are essentially light-emitting diodes with structural
modications that establish conditions for coherent light.
(source: wikipedia)
Diode types
(source: wikipedia)
Diode types
(source: wikipedia)
Diode types
(source: wikipedia)
Diode types
* Solar cells are generally silicon diodes designed to generate current eciently
when solar radiation is incident on the device. A solar panel has a large
number of individual solar cells connected in series/parallel conguration.
A solar cell can be modelled as a diode in parallel with a current source
(representing the photocurrent). In addition, parasitic series and shunt
resistances need to be considered.
photo
current
p
n
R
series
R
shunt
* Photodiodes are used to detect optical signals (DC or time-varying) and to
convert them into electrical signals which can be subsequently processed by
electronic circuits. They are used in bre-optic communication systems, image
processing, etc.
A photodiode works on the same principle as a solar cell, i.e., it converts light
into a current. However, its design is optimized for high-sensitivity, low-noise, or
high-frequency operation, depending on the application.
Diode types
photo
current
p
n
R
series
R
shunt
processing, etc.
Diode types
photo
current
p
n
R
series
R
shunt
processing, etc.
Diode circuit analysis
* In DC situations, for each diode in the circuit, we need to establish whether it is
on or o, replace it with the corresponding equivalent circuit, and then obtain
the quantities of interest.
* In transient analysis, we need to nd the time points at which a diode turns on
or o, and analyse the circuit in intervals between these time points.
* In AC (small-signal) situations, the diode can be replaced by its small-signal
model, and phasor analysis is used. We will illustrate this procedure for a BJT
amplier later.
* Note that there are diode circuits in which the exponential nature of the diode
I-V relationship is made use of. For these circuits, computer simulation would be
required to solve the resulting non-linear equations.
amplier later.
amplier later.
amplier later.
Diode circuit example
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
which is not consistent with our
assumption of D being o.
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
Remark: Often, we can gure out by inspection if a diode is on or o.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i=?
D
A B
C
I
D
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
V
D
Case 1: D is off.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
AB
= V
AC
=
3
9
36 = 12 V,
D must be on.
36 V
3 k
6 k
1 k
i
A B
C
Case 2: D is on.
R
1
R
2
R
3
0.7 V
Taking V
C
= 0 V,
V
A
36
6 k
+
V
A
3 k
+
V
A
0.7
1 k
= 0 ,
V
A
= 4.47 V, i = 3.77 mA.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
(t) for a triangular input:
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
First, let us show that D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
can only conduct in the forward direction.
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A
(a) Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
(b) Plot V
o
5 V to +5 V, 500 Hz .
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
0.7 V
V
D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Consider D
1
to be on V
AB
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Note that i
1
> 0, since D
1
V
AB
> 1.7 V D
2
cannot conduct.
Similarly, if D
2
is on, V
BA
> 0.7 V, i.e., V
AB
< 0.7 V D
1
cannot conduct.
Clearly, D
1
on D
2
o, and D
2
on D
1
o.
Diode circuit example (continued)
* For 0.7 V < V
i
< 1.7 V, both D
1
and D
2
are o.
no drop across R, and V
o
= V
i
. (1)
* For V
i
< 0.7 V, D
2
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 i
2
R
2
.
Use KVL to get i
2
: V
i
+ i
2
R
2
+ 0.7 + Ri
2
= 0.
i
2
=
V
i
+ 0.7
R + R
2
, and
V
o
= 0.7 R
2
i
2
=
R
2
R + R
2
V
i
0.7
R
R + R
2
. (2)
* For V
i
> 1.7 V, D
1
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Use KVL to get i
1
: V
i
+ i
1
R + 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
= 0.
i
1
=
V
i
1.7
R + R
1
, and
V
o
= 1.7 + R
1
i
1
=
R
1
R + R
1
V
i
+ 1.7
R
R + R
1
. (3)
* Using Eqs. (1)-(3), we plot V
o
versus V
i
.
(SEQUEL le: ee101 diode circuit 1.sqproj)
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
A
B
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1

5 0 5
0.7 1.7
5
0
5
V
o
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
* For 0.7 V < V
i
< 1.7 V, both D
1
and D
2
are o.
o
= V
i
. (1)
* For V
i
< 0.7 V, D
2
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 i
2
R
2
.
Use KVL to get i
2
: V
i
+ i
2
R
2
+ 0.7 + Ri
2
= 0.
i
2
=
V
i
+ 0.7
R + R
2
, and
V
o
= 0.7 R
2
i
2
=
R
2
R + R
2
V
i
0.7
R
R + R
2
. (2)
* For V
i
> 1.7 V, D
1
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Use KVL to get i
1
: V
i
+ i
1
R + 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
= 0.
i
1
=
V
i
1.7
R + R
1
, and
V
o
= 1.7 + R
1
i
1
=
R
1
R + R
1
V
i
+ 1.7
R
R + R
1
. (3)
o
versus V
i
.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
A
B
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1

5 0 5
0.7 1.7
5
0
5
V
o
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
* For 0.7 V < V
i
< 1.7 V, both D
1
and D
2
are o.
o
= V
i
. (1)
* For V
i
< 0.7 V, D
2
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 i
2
R
2
.
Use KVL to get i
2
: V
i
+ i
2
R
2
+ 0.7 + Ri
2
= 0.
i
2
=
V
i
+ 0.7
R + R
2
, and
V
o
= 0.7 R
2
i
2
=
R
2
R + R
2
V
i
0.7
R
R + R
2
. (2)
* For V
i
> 1.7 V, D
1
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Use KVL to get i
1
: V
i
+ i
1
R + 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
= 0.
i
1
=
V
i
1.7
R + R
1
, and
V
o
= 1.7 + R
1
i
1
=
R
1
R + R
1
V
i
+ 1.7
R
R + R
1
. (3)
o
versus V
i
.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
A
B
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1

5 0 5
0.7 1.7
5
0
5
V
o
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
* For 0.7 V < V
i
< 1.7 V, both D
1
and D
2
are o.
o
= V
i
. (1)
* For V
i
< 0.7 V, D
2
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 i
2
R
2
.
Use KVL to get i
2
: V
i
+ i
2
R
2
+ 0.7 + Ri
2
= 0.
i
2
=
V
i
+ 0.7
R + R
2
, and
V
o
= 0.7 R
2
i
2
=
R
2
R + R
2
V
i
0.7
R
R + R
2
. (2)
* For V
i
> 1.7 V, D
1
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Use KVL to get i
1
: V
i
+ i
1
R + 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
= 0.
i
1
=
V
i
1.7
R + R
1
, and
V
o
= 1.7 + R
1
i
1
=
R
1
R + R
1
V
i
+ 1.7
R
R + R
1
. (3)
o
versus V
i
.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
A
B
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1

5 0 5
0.7 1.7
5
0
5
V
o
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
* For 0.7 V < V
i
< 1.7 V, both D
1
and D
2
are o.
o
= V
i
. (1)
* For V
i
< 0.7 V, D
2
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 i
2
R
2
.
Use KVL to get i
2
: V
i
+ i
2
R
2
+ 0.7 + Ri
2
= 0.
i
2
=
V
i
+ 0.7
R + R
2
, and
V
o
= 0.7 R
2
i
2
=
R
2
R + R
2
V
i
0.7
R
R + R
2
. (2)
* For V
i
> 1.7 V, D
1
conducts. V
o
= 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
.
Use KVL to get i
1
: V
i
+ i
1
R + 0.7 + 1 + i
1
R
1
= 0.
i
1
=
V
i
1.7
R + R
1
, and
V
o
= 1.7 + R
1
i
1
=
R
1
R + R
1
V
i
+ 1.7
R
R + R
1
. (3)
o
versus V
i
.
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
A
B
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1

5 0 5
0.7 1.7
5
0
5
V
o
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
t (msec)
t (msec)
t

(
m
s
e
c
)
t

(
m
s
e
c
)
1 V
1 k
1.5 k
0.5 k
B
A

0

1

2

0 1 2

5 0 5
0
5

0

0
.
5

1

1
.
5

2
0 1 2
0
5
5 5
5 0 5
V
o
R
1
R
2
D
2
R
i
2
i
1
D
1
V
i
V
o
V
o
t
2
t
1
Point-by-point construction of
are shown as examples.
Two time points, t
1
and t
2
,
V
o
versus t:
V
i
V
i
D
1
o
D
2
on
D
1
on
D
2
o
D
1
o
D
2
o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
will the diode turn on?
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
For D to change to the on state, V
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
Plot V
o
versus V
i
for 5 V < V
i
< 5 V.
I
D
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
D
0.7 V
V
D
1 k
0.5 k
D on
0.7 V
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
o
= V
i
0.7
D off
V
i
V
o
R
2
R
1
V
D
V
o
=
R
2
R
1
+R
2
V
i
At what value of V
i
In the o state, V
D
=
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
V
i
.
D
= 0.7 V.
i.e., V
i
=
R
1
+ R
2
R
1
0.7 = 1.05 V.

5 0 5
1.05
0
5
5
V
o
V
i
D on D o
1 k
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
V
o
D
1
D
2
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
Since i > 0, this can happen only when V
i
> 5.7 V.
D
1
on (forward), D
2
in reverse breakdown
For a current to ow, we have two possibilities:
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
+ 5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
< -5.7 V.
D
2
on (forward), D
1
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
0
1.5
1.5

8 4 4 8 0
D
2
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
2
r.b.
V
o
V
i
(breakdown) (breakdown)
1 k
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
V
o
D
1
D
2
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
> 5.7 V.
D
1
on (forward), D
2
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
+ 5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
< -5.7 V.
D
2
on (forward), D
1
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
0
1.5
1.5

8 4 4 8 0
D
2
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
2
r.b.
V
o
V
i
1 k
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
V
o
D
1
D
2
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
> 5.7 V.
D
1
on (forward), D
2
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
+ 5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
< -5.7 V.
D
2
on (forward), D
1
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
0
1.5
1.5

8 4 4 8 0
D
2
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
2
r.b.
V
o
V
i
1 k
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
V
o
D
1
D
2
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
> 5.7 V.
D
1
on (forward), D
2
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
+ 5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
< -5.7 V.
D
2
on (forward), D
1
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
0
1.5
1.5

8 4 4 8 0
D
2
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
2
r.b.
V
o
V
i
1 k
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
V
o
D
1
D
2
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
> 5.7 V.
D
1
on (forward), D
2
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
5 V 0.7 V
1 k
1 k
V
o
= i R
2
=
V
i
+ 5.7
R
1
+R
2
R
2
i
< -5.7 V.
D
2
on (forward), D
1
i
V
i
V
o
R
1
R
2
0
1.5
1.5

8 4 4 8 0
D
2
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
1
r.b. D
2
r.b.
V
o
V
i
Diode circuit example (voltage limiter)
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
R
D
2
D
1
V
o
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
1
on (forward), D
2
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
i
> 5.7 V
V
o
= 5.7 V
C
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
2
on (forward), D
1
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
o
= 5.7 V
V
i
< 5.7 V
A
In the range, 5.7 V < V
i
< 5.7 V, no current ows, and V
o
= V
i
. B

8 4 0 4 8
4
8
0
4
8
V
i
V
o
A B C
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
R
D
2
D
1
V
o
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
1
on (forward), D
2
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
i
> 5.7 V
V
o
= 5.7 V
C
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
2
on (forward), D
1
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
o
= 5.7 V
V
i
< 5.7 V
A
i
o
= V
i
. B

8 4 0 4 8
4
8
0
4
8
V
i
V
o
A B C
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
R
D
2
D
1
V
o
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
1
on (forward), D
2
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
i
> 5.7 V
V
o
= 5.7 V
C
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
2
on (forward), D
1
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
o
= 5.7 V
V
i
< 5.7 V
A
i
o
= V
i
. B

8 4 0 4 8
4
8
0
4
8
V
i
V
o
A B C
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
R
D
2
D
1
V
o
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
1
on (forward), D
2
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
i
> 5.7 V
V
o
= 5.7 V
C
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
2
on (forward), D
1
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
o
= 5.7 V
V
i
< 5.7 V
A
i
o
= V
i
. B

8 4 0 4 8
4
8
0
4
8
V
i
V
o
A B C
1 k
V
on
= 0.7 V, V
Z
= 5 V.
Plot V
o
versus V
i
.
V
i
R
D
2
D
1
V
o
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
1
on (forward), D
2
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
i
> 5.7 V
V
o
= 5.7 V
C
1 k
i
0.7 V
5 V
D
2
on (forward), D
1
V
i
R
V
o
D
2
D
1
V
o
= 5.7 V
V
i
< 5.7 V
A
i
o
= V
i
. B

8 4 0 4 8
4
8
0
4
8
V
i
V
o
A B C
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
(t) = 0 V at t = 0, and assume the diode to be ideal, with V
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
. As a result, the capacitor charges.
Since the on resistance of the diode is small, time constant T/4; therefore the
charging process is instantaneous V
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
starts falling. The capacitor holds the charge it had at t = T/4 since
the diode prevents discharging.
SEQUEL le: ee101 diode circuit 5.sqproj
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
Peak detector

time (msec)
0 1 2
V
o
V
i
0
10
-10
C
D
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
Let V
o
on
= 0 V.
For 0 < t < T/4, V
i
rises from 0 to V
m
o
(t) = V
i
(t).
For t > T/4, V
i
Peak detector (continued)
5 k

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R
C
D
0
10
-10
1 F V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
If a resistor is added in parallel, a discharging path is provided for the capacitor, and
the capacitor voltage falls after reaching the peak.
When V
i
> V
o
, the capacitor charges again. The time constant for the charging
process is = R
Th
C, where R
Th
= R R
on
is the Thevenin resistance seen by the
capacitor, R
on
being the on resistance of the diode.
Since T, the charging process is instantaneous.
SEQUEL le: ee101 diode circuit 5a.sqproj
5 k

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R
C
D
0
10
-10
1 F V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
When V
i
> V
o
process is = R
Th
C, where R
Th
= R R
on
capacitor, R
on
5 k

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R
C
D
0
10
-10
1 F V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
When V
i
> V
o
process is = R
Th
C, where R
Th
= R R
on
capacitor, R
on
5 k

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R
C
D
0
10
-10
1 F V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
When V
i
> V
o
process is = R
Th
C, where R
Th
= R R
on
capacitor, R
on
5 k

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R
C
D
0
10
-10
1 F V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
When V
i
> V
o
process is = R
Th
C, where R
Th
= R R
on
capacitor, R
on
Peak detector (with V
on
= 0.7 V)

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R C
D
0
10
-10
0
10
-10
1 F
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
R = 1 M
R = 5 k
With V
on
= 0.7 V, the capacitor charges up to (V
m
0.7 V).
Apart from that, the circuit operation is similar.
on
= 0.7 V)

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R C
D
0
10
-10
0
10
-10
1 F
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
R = 1 M
R = 5 k
With V
on
m
0.7 V).
on
= 0.7 V)

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R C
D
0
10
-10
0
10
-10
1 F
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
R = 1 M
R = 5 k
With V
on
m
0.7 V).
on
= 0.7 V)

time (msec)
0 1 2

V
o
V
i
R C
D
0
10
-10
0
10
-10
1 F
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
V
i
(V)
V
o
(V)
R = 1 M
R = 5 k
With V
on
m
0.7 V).
Clamped capacitor
0
10
20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)
V
i
V
o
i
D
V
C
V
C
V
o
V
i
C
D
* Assume V
on
= 0 V for the diode.
When D conducts, V
D
= V
o
= 0 V
C
+ V
i
= 0, i.e., V
C
= V
i
.
* V
C
can only increase with time (or remain constant) since i
D
can only be
positive.
* The net result is that the capacitor gets charged to a voltage V
C
= V
i
,
corresponding to the maxmimum negative value of V
i
, and holds that voltage
thereafter. Let us call this voltage V
0
C
(a constant).
* V
o
(t) = V
C
(t) + V
i
(t) = V
0
C
+ V
i
(t), which is a level-shifted version of V
i
.
Clamped capacitor
0
10
20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)
V
i
V
o
i
D
V
C
V
C
V
o
V
i
C
D
* Assume V
on
When D conducts, V
D
= V
o
= 0 V
C
+ V
i
= 0, i.e., V
C
= V
i
.
* V
C
D
can only be
positive.
C
= V
i
,
i
0
C
(a constant).
* V
o
(t) = V
C
(t) + V
i
(t) = V
0
C
+ V
i
i
.
Clamped capacitor
0
10
20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)
V
i
V
o
i
D
V
C
V
C
V
o
V
i
C
D
* Assume V
on
When D conducts, V
D
= V
o
= 0 V
C
+ V
i
= 0, i.e., V
C
= V
i
.
* V
C
D
can only be
positive.
C
= V
i
,
i
0
C
(a constant).
* V
o
(t) = V
C
(t) + V
i
(t) = V
0
C
+ V
i
i
.
Clamped capacitor
0
10
20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)
V
i
V
o
i
D
V
C
V
C
V
o
V
i
C
D
* Assume V
on
When D conducts, V
D
= V
o
= 0 V
C
+ V
i
= 0, i.e., V
C
= V
i
.
* V
C
D
can only be
positive.
C
= V
i
,
i
0
C
(a constant).
* V
o
(t) = V
C
(t) + V
i
(t) = V
0
C
+ V
i
i
.
Clamped capacitor
0
10
20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)
V
i
V
o
i
D
V
C
V
C
V
o
V
i
C
D
* Assume V
on
When D conducts, V
D
= V
o
= 0 V
C
+ V
i
= 0, i.e., V
C
= V
i
.
* V
C
D
can only be
positive.
C
= V
i
,
i
0
C
(a constant).
* V
o
(t) = V
C
(t) + V
i
(t) = V
0
C
+ V
i
i
.
Voltage doubler
10
0
10
20
10
0
10
20
Diode clamp Peak detector
A B
R
100 k
C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

V
C1
V
on
= 0 V V
on
= 0.7 V
C1
C2
V
A
V
B
V
C
D1
D2
* The diode clamp shifts V
A
up by V
m
(the amplitude of the AC source), making V
B
go from
0 to 2 V
m
.
* The peak detector detects the peak of V
B
(2 V
m
w.r.t. ground), and holds it constant.
* Note that it takes a few cycles to reach steady state. Plot V
C1
, i
D1
, i
D2
versus t and explain
the initial behaviour of the circuit.
(SEQUEL le: ee101 voltage doubler.sqproj)
Voltage doubler
10
0
10
20
10
0
10
20
A B
R
100 k
C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

V
C1
V
on
= 0 V V
on
= 0.7 V
C1
C2
V
A
V
B
V
C
D1
D2
A
up by V
m
B
go from
0 to 2 V
m
.
B
(2 V
m
C1
, i
D1
, i
D2
Voltage doubler
10
0
10
20
10
0
10
20
A B
R
100 k
C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

V
C1
V
on
= 0 V V
on
= 0.7 V
C1
C2
V
A
V
B
V
C
D1
D2
A
up by V
m
B
go from
0 to 2 V
m
.
B
(2 V
m
C1
, i
D1
, i
D2
Voltage doubler
10
0
10
20
10
0
10
20
A B
R
100 k
C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

V
C1
V
on
= 0 V V
on
= 0.7 V
C1
C2
V
A
V
B
V
C
D1
D2
A
up by V
m
B
go from
0 to 2 V
m
.
B
(2 V
m
C1
, i
D1
, i
D2
Voltage doubler
10
0
10
20
10
0
10
20
A B
R
100 k
C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (msec)

V
C1
V
on
= 0 V V
on
= 0.7 V
C1
C2
V
A
V
B
V
C
D1
D2
A
up by V
m
B
go from
0 to 2 V
m
.
B
(2 V
m
C1
, i
D1
, i
D2

Ee101 Diodes 1

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EE101: Diode circuits

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