SALTS

What is salt?

In the preparation of salts, we must identify the type of salt. This can be done by
analysing the cations and the anions that are present in salts.
Two types of salts
Soluble salt salts that can be dissolve in water at room temperature
Insoluble salt salts cannot be dissolve in water at room temperature
Type of salt Solubility in water
Sodium salts
Potassium salts
Ammonium salts
All dissolves in water
Nitrate salts All dissolves in water
Chloride salts
All dissolves in water, Except: Lead(II !hloride, PbCl
2
Sil"er !hloride, AgCl
#er!ur$ !hloride, HgCl
Sulphate salts
All dissolves in water Except: Lead(II sulphate, PbSO
4
%arium sulfat, BaSO
4
Cal!ium sulfat, CaSO
4
Carbonate salts
All did not dissolves in water, Except: Sodium !arbonate, Na
2
CO

Potassium !arbonate, !
2
CO

Ammonium !arbonate, "NH

4
#
2
CO

Special Properties of lead(II) chloride and lead(II) iodide

NOTES: Lead halide su!h as lead(II !hloride (PbCl
2
, lead(II bromide (PbB$
2
, and
lead(II iodide (Pb%
2
did not dissol"e in cold wate$ but dissol"e in &ot wate$&
'
White pre!ipitate of
PbCl
(
White pre!ipitate
dissol"es in hot
water
White pre!ipitate formed
when the water is !ooled
down&
Salt is an ionic co'po(nd )o$'ed w&en t&e &yd$ogen ion* H
+
)$o' acid
is $eplaced by a 'etal ion o$ a''oni(' ion* NH
4
+
PbCl
2
are soluble in
hot water&
)se of salts*
Item Use Example
+ood preparation
+la"or
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Sodium chloride
Preser"ati"es
Sodium chloride salted fish
Sodium ben!oate sauce
Sodium nitrite processed meat" burger
%a,in- powder Sodium hydrogen carbonate
A-ri!ulture
Nitro-en fertili.ers
#otassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Pesti!ide
$opper(II) sulphate
Iron(II) sulphate
#edi!ine
/edu!e stoma!h a!idi!
(-astri!
$alcium carbonate
$alcium hydrogen carbonate
Sniff salt (fainted %mmonium carbonate
Plaster of Paris (!ement
to support bro,en bone
$alcium sulphate
A, P$epa$ation o) Salt
0he pro!edure of preparation salt depends to the t$pe of salt&
a& %nsol(ble salt is prepared throu-h p$ecipitation $eaction&
b& Sol(ble salt is prepared b$ one of these rea!tions*
i& A!id and al,ali
ii& A!id and metal o1ide
(
2ellow pre!ipitate of
PbI
(
2ellow !r$stals formed when
the water is !ooled down&
2ellow pre!ipitate
dissol"es in hot water
PbI
2
are also soluble
in hot water&
iii& A!id and metal !arbonate
i"& A!id and rea!ti"e metal
a, %nsol(ble Salts
i, P$epa$ing %nsol(ble Salts
'& Insoluble salts !an be prepared throu-h p$ecipitation rea!tions or do(ble deco'position
rea!tions&
(& Pre!ipitation or double de!omposition rea!tion in"ol"es*
3 two a-(o(es sol(tions.sol(ble salts were mi1 to-ether
3 one of the solutions !ontains the cations of the insoluble salt&
3 one of the solutions !ontains the anions of the insoluble salt&
3 the ions of the two a4ueous solutions abo"e inte$c&ange to produ!e two new
!ompound
whi!h is insol(ble salt or p$ecipitate, and a4ueous solution&
3 the pre!ipitate produ!ed is obtained b$ )ilt$ation& 0he $esid(e left in the filter paper is
the
insol(ble salt& 0he filtrate is sol(ble salt&
3 the $esid(e.p$ecipitate "insol(ble salt# then rinsed with distilled water to remo"e an$
other
ions as impurities&
5
Anion
"Non/'etal ion#
Cation
"0etal ion#
n n m m
C&e'ical and ionic e-(ations
C&e'ical e-(ation 1 02"a-# + N3"a-# 4 03"s# + N2"a-#
sol(tion sol(tion p$ecipitate sol(tion
6
Na
+
Na
+
NO
3
-
NO
3
-
PbCl
(
Pb
2+
ions co'bined
wit& Cl
/
ions to )o$'
w&ite p$ecipitate
Na
+
ions and NO

/
ions do not
ta5e pa$t in t&e $eaction and
a$e )$ee to 'ove in t&e sol(tion
Ioni! e4uation: Pb
(7
7 (Cl
3
PbCl
(
8lass rod
/esidue9pre!ipitate
(Insoluble salt
+iltrate
(Soluble salt
#i1ture of solutions
+ilter funnel
+ilter paper
/etort stand
%onic e-(ation 1 0
+
"a-# + 3
/
"a-# 4 03"s#
Study this reaction carefully
In the formation of the pre!ipitate of barium sulphate, %aS:6, the !hemi!al e4uation !an be
written:
BaCl2(aq) !a2"#$ (aq) Ba"#$(s) 2!aCl (aq)
Ions Ba
2
Cl
%
!a

"#$
2%
Ba"#$ !a

Cl
%

Ioni! e4uation : %a
(7
7 S:
6
(3
%aS:
6
(shows the ions that ta&e part in the reaction to form precipitate'insoluble salts)
(ore e)amples*
Insoluble Salt Ions Ionic equation
+nC#, +n
2
, C#,
2%
+n
2
C#,
2%
+nC#,
-gCl -g

, Cl
%
-g

Cl
%
-gCl
Ba"#$ Ba
2
, "#$
2%
Ba
2
"#$
2
Ba"#$
.bCl2 .b
2
, Cl
%
.b
2
Cl
%
.bCl2
.b"#$ .b
2
, "#$
2%
.b
2
"#$
2%
.b"#$
CaC#, Ca
2
, C#,
2%
Ca
2
C#,
2%
CaC#,
ii, P$epa$ation and p($i)ication o) insol(ble salts
#reparation of #lumbum(II) iodide
Chemi!al e4uation : Pb(N:
5

(
(a4 7 (;I (a4 < PbI
(
(s 7 (;N:
5
(a4
Ioni! e4uation : Pb
(7
(a4 7 (I
3
(a4 < PbI
(
(s
Step 61 P$epa$ation
=
'& (> !m
5
lead(II nitrate >&' mol dm
35
solution is measured with measurin- !$linder => ml,
and poured into a bea,er&
(& (> !m
5
potassium iodide >&' mol dm
35
solution is measured with measurin- !$linder =>
ml
and poured into a bea,er !ontains lead(II nitrate solution&
5& 0he mi1ture is stirred with a -lass rod& A $ellow pre!ipitate is formed&
6& 0he mi1ture is filtered to obtain the $ellow solids of lead(II iodide as the residue&
Step 21 P($i)ication
?
7 <
(> !m
5
Lead(II nitrat
>&' mol dm
35
(> !m
5
potassium iodide
>&' mol dm
35
8lass rod
Pre!ipitate of lead(II iodide
($ellow
Sodium nitrate solution
#i1ture of solutions
+ilter funnel
+ilter paper
/etort stand
%ea,er
=& 0he residue is rinsed with distilled water to remo"e other ions in it&
?& 0he $ellow solid is dried b$ pressin- between two pie!es of filter paper&
EAS3 LAH 7
@
8lass rod
Aistilled water
Pre!ipitate of lead(II
iodide
Pre!ipitate of lead(II
iodide
+ilter paper
b, Sol(ble Salt
i, P$epa$aing Sol(ble Salt
- Sodium salts
- Potassium salts -cid al&ali salts water
- Ammonium salts
"oluble "alts
-cid metal oxide salts water
- #thers salts -cid reactie metal salts hydrogen gas
-cid metal carbonate salt water carbon
dio)ide
Notes: /ea!ti"e metal is 'agnesi('* al('ini('* and 8inc
)nrea!ti"e metal is i$on* lead* silve$
a& Sodi('* potassi(' o$ a''oni(' salts prepared from acid and al5ali rea!tion&
Salt %l&ali %cid $hemical e'uation
NaCl Na:B BCl Na:B 7 BCl < NaCl 7 B
(
:
;
(
S:
6
;:B B
(
S:
6
(;:B 7 B
(
S:
6
< ;
(
S:
6
7 (B
(
:
NB
6
N:
5
NB
5
9NB
6
:B BN:
5
NB
5
7 BN:
5
< NB
6
N:
5
7 B
(
:
CB
5
C::Na Na:B CB
5
C::B
Na:B 7 CB
5
C::B < CB
5
C::Na 7
B
(
:
Note: 0o prepare the abo"e salts, tit$ation tec&ni-(e is use&
b& Soluble salt (e1!ept sodi('* potassi(' and a''oni(' salt is prepared usin- these
methods
3 A!id and metal
3 A!id and metal o1ide
3 A!id and metal !arbonate
(ame of Salt
%cid that must be
used
Substance that can be use to react with acid
Metal Metal oxide Metal carbonate
CnCl
(
BCl Cn Cn: CnC:
5
#-(N:
5
BN:
5
#- #-: #-C:
5
D
CuS:
6
B
(
S:
6 E
Cu: CuC:
5
Pb(N:
5

(
BN:
5 E
Pb: PbC:
5
Write a !hemi!al e4uation for ea!h e1periment abo"e&
/emember this notes o,
'& #etal that is less $eactive from h$dro-en su!h as !opper, lead and
sil"er9ar-entum did not rea!t with dil(te acid&
(& #etal, metal o1ide and metal !arbonate abo"e is a solid that !annot
dissol"es in
water, hen!e durin- rea!tion that solid must be added e1!essi"el$ to ma,e
sure
all h$dro-en ions in a!id is !ompletel$ rea!ted& F1!ess solid !an be
e1pellin-
throu-h )ilt$ation&
5& Impure soluble salt !an be purified throu-h c$ystalli8ation pro!ess&
ii, P$epa$ation and p($i)ication o) sol(ble salts
%) #reparing soluble salt through reaction between acid and al&ali)

P$epa$ation o) Sol(ble Sodi('* Potassi(' and a''oni(' Salts
Soluble salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium !an be prepared b$ the rea!tion between
an
a!id and al,ali&
Acid "a-# + al5ali "a-# Salt "a-# + 9ate$ "l#
#rocedure *
)sin- pipette, (= !m
5
of al,ali solution is measured and
transferred into a !oni!al flas,&
0wo drops of phenolphthalein are added to the al,ali solution&
Ailute a!id is pla!e in a burette& 0he initial readin- is re!orded&
A!id is added slowl$ into the al,ali solution while sha,in-
the !oni!al fla,s, until the pin, solution turn !olourless&
0he final readin- of the burette is re!orded&
0he "olume of a!id added, G !m
5
is !al!ulated&
0he e1periment is repeated b$ addin- G !m
5
of a!id to
(= !m
5
of al,ali solution in a bea,er without usin-
phenolphthalein as an indi!ator&
0he mi1ture is transferred into a e"aporatin- dish&
0he mi1ture is heated until saturated and the saturated solution
is allowed to !ool at room temperature&
H
Salt !r$stals formed are filtered and rinsed with a little of !old distilled water&
Salt !r$stals are dried b$ pressin- it between filter papers (or in o"en
The reaction between acid and al&ali is &nown as what process+
,efer to acids and bases notes o&) -on.t worry I.ll help you)/
0ita bu&an along &ita cuma na& tolong)

Example* #reparing sodium chloride
Step 61 P$epa$ation "Tit$ation#
'& (=&> !m
5
sodium h$dro1ide solutions is pipette into !oni!al flas,&
(& 0wo drops of phenolphthalein indi!ator are added into !oni!al flas,& 0he !olour of
solution is re!orded&
5& A => !m
5
burette is filled with h$dro!hlori! a!id& 0he initial burette readin- is re!orded&
6& B$dro!hlori! a!id is added -raduall$ from a burette into !oni!al flas, and swirlin- the
!oni!al flas,&
=& 0itration is stopped when phenolphthalein !han-es from pin, to !olourless& 0he final
burette readin- is re!orded&
?& 0he "olume of h$dro!hlori! a!id used is !al!ulated&
@& 0he e1periment is repeated b$ addin- h$dro!hlori! a!id (,nown "olume to (=&> !m
5

sodium h$dro1ide in a bea,er without usin- phenolphthalein&
Step 21 P$epa$ation "C$ystalli8ation#
'>
/etort
stand
%urette
B$dro!hlori! a!id
Coni!al flas,
(= !m
5
Na:B 7 phenolphthalein
indi!ator
D& 0he mi1ture is transferred into a e"aporatin- dish&
H& 0he !olourless solution is slowl$ heated9e"aporated until its saturated or to about one3
third ('95 of the ori-inal "olume&
'>& 0he saturated solution is then !ooled to allow !r$stalli.ation to o!!ur&
Step 1 P($i)ication
'>& 0he white !r$stals formed are then filtered, rinsed with a little distilled
water and dried b$ pressin- between filter paper&

Note: P&enolp&t&alein indi!ator is used at the be-innin- of the e1periment to determine the
"olume
of h$dro!hlori! a!id that is re4uired to rea!t !ompletel$ with (= !m
5
of sodium
h$dro1ide&
Bowe"er e1periment is repeated without usin- phenolphthalein so that the salt prepared
will
not !ontaminated b$ the indi!ator&
''
%unsen burner
F"aporatin- dish
Salt solution
8lass rod
Aistilled water
Copper(II sulphate
+ilter funnel
1) #reparing soluble salt through reaction between acid
i) Metal oxide) ii) Metal iii) Metal carbonate
P$oced($e To P$epa$e a Sol(ble Salt "not Na* ! o$ NH
4
+
#
=> !m
5
of a!id is measured usin- a measurin- !$linder and poured into a bea,er& 0he
a!id is heated slowl$&
)sin- a spatula, metal 9 metal o1ide 9 metal !arbonate powder is added a little at a time
while stirrin- the mi1ture with a -lass rod&
0he addition of the solid powder is stopped when some solids no lon-er dissol"e
an$more& (the solid is excess and all the acid is completely neutralised by the solid
0he mi1ture is filtered to remo"e the e1!ess solid powder&
'(
!eatin"
Acid
Powde$
o) 1
0etal oxide
0etal ca$bonate
0etal
Excess o) solid powde$
:ilt$ate "Salt sol(tion#
0he filtrate is transferred to an e"aporatin- dish&
0he filtrate is heated until saturated& (0he filtrate is e"aporated to about one3third ('95 of
the ori-inal "olume
0he saturated solution is then allowed to !ool to room temperature and the salt !r$stals
are formed&
0he !r$stals are filtered and rinsed with a little !old distilled water&
Salt !r$stals are then dried b$ pressin- it between filter papers&
Example* #reparing copper(II) sulphate
(Sulphuric acid and copper(II) oxide powder)

Step 61 P$epa$ation
'& => !m
5
sulphuri! a!id >&' mol dm
35
is put in a bea,er and is heated&
(& )sin- spatula !opper(II o1ide powder is added a little at a time to the hot sulphuri! a!id
while stirrin- !ontinuousl$ with -lass rod&
5& 0he addition of !opper(II o1ide is stopped when solids powder remain undissol"ed&
'5
1111111111111111
Copper(II o1ide
8lass rod
%ea,er
Wire -au.e
=> !m
5
sulphuri! a!id >&' mol dm
35
0ripod
%unsen
burner
Spatula
Stir
Heating
Sat($ated sol(tion
C$ystals
:ilt$ate
6& 0he mi1ture is filtered to remo"e the e1!ess !opper(II o1ide&
=& 0he filtrate is transferred to an e"aporatin- dish&
?& 0he filtrate is slowl$ heated9e"aporated until its saturated, or to about one3third ('95 of
the ori-inal "olume&
@& 0he saturated solution is then allowed to !ool to room temperature&
Step 1 P($i)ication
'6
8lass rod
/ea!tant mi1ture
F1!ess !opper(II o1ide
Copper(II sulphate solution
%unsen burner
F"aporatin- dish
EEEEEEEEEEEE
Copper(II sulphate
solution
D& 0he !r$stals are filtered and rinsed with a little !old distilled water&
H& Salt !r$stals are then dried b$ pressin- it between filter papers&
;E0E0BE;<, TH%S NOTES O!
)nrea!ti"e metal su!h as lead "Pb#* coppe$ "C(#* and silve$ "Ag# !annot
rea!t with dilute asid& So to prepare salt !ontains lead ions (Pb
(7
, !opper ions
(Cu
(7

or sil"er ions (A-
7
, we must use either oxide powde$ or ca$bonate powde$
onl$&
F1ample: Cu: 7 B
(
S:
6
CuS:
6
7 B
(
: (o,
CuC:
5
7 B
(
S:
6
CuS:
6
7 B
(
: 7 C:
(
(o,
Cu 7 B
(
S:
6
no rea!tion (not o,
B, P&ysical C&a$acte$istics o) C$ystals,
A salt is made up of positi"e and ne-ati"e ions& When these ions are pa!,ed
!losel$ with a $eg(la$ and $epeated a$$ange'ent in an o$de$ly 'anne$, a
solid with definite -eometr$ ,nown as c$ystal lattice is formed&

All !r$stals ha"e these ph$si!al !hara!teristi!s:
a /e4ular -eometr$ shapes, su!h as !ubi! or he1a-onal&
b +lat fa!es, strai-ht ed-es and sharp an-les&
'=
8lass rod
Aistilled water
Copper(II sulphate
! Same an-le between adIa!ent fa!es&
d All !r$stals of the same salt ha"e the same shape althou-h the si.es ma$ be different&
Start to memori!e the solubility of a salt in water 20)
It will help you a lot to better understand this chapter)
0(234E-GE IS #23E,
The solubility of a salt in water depends on the types of cations and anions present.
C,
=(alitative
Analysis o)
Salts
What is Jualitati"e anal$sis?

In the qualitati/e analysis of salts, we need to identify the ions that are present in
salts. This can be done by analysing their ph#sical and chemical properties.
'?
Salt Solubilit# in $ater
"odium, potassium and
ammonium salts
(Na
+
, K
+
% NH4
+
)
-ll are soluble
Nitrate salt (NO3
%
) -ll are soluble
&hloride salt (Cl
-
)
-ll chloride salts are soluble in water except
Pb&l'% A"&l and !"&l'
Sulphate salt (SO4
2-
)
-ll sulphate salts are soluble in water except
PbSO(% )aSO( and &aSO(
&arbonate salt (CO3
2-
)
-ll carbonate salts are insoluble except Na'&O3%
*'&O3 and (N!()'&O3
=(alitative analysis is a c&e'ical tec&ni-(e (sed to dete$'ine w&at
s(bstances a$e p$esent in a 'ixt($e b(t not t&ei$ -(antities,
Obse$vations on t&e p&ysical p$ope$ties o) salts
6, Colo($ and sol(bility in wate$
Certain physical properties of salts such colour and solubitity in water are obser/ed to help us infer certain
cations and anions that are present in salts.

The table shows the colour of salts in solid , in aqueous solution and the solubility of salts in water
Salt &olour in solid
Solubilit# in
$ater
&olour in Aqueous solution
0. -mmonium chloride !1$Cl white soluble colourless
2. -mmonium nitrate!1$(!#,), white soluble colourless
,. Calcium carbonate CaC#, white insoluble %
$. Calcium nitrate Ca(!#,)2 white soluble colourless
2. (agnesium sulphate (g"#$ white soluble colourless
3. (agnesium carbonate (gC#, white insoluble %
4. +inc sulphate +n "#$ white soluble colourless
5. +inc nitrate +n(!#,)2 white soluble colourless
6. 7ead(II) chloride , .bCl2 white insoluble %
08. 7ead(II) sulphate , .b"#$ white insoluble %
00. 7ead(II) carbonate , .bC#, white insoluble %
02. Copper(II) chloride , CuCl2 Blue soluble Blue
0, Copper(II) sulphate , .b"#$ Blue soluble Blue
0$. Copper(II) carbonate , .bC#, 9reen insoluble %
02. Iron(II) sulphate , :e"#$ 9reen soluble .ale green
03. Iron(III) chloride , :eCl, Brown ' ;ellow soluble Brown';ellow' ;ellowish brown
04. "odium nitrate , !a!#, white soluble colourless
05, "odium carbonate , !a2C#, white soluble colourless
06. .otassium nitrate , <!#, white soluble colourless
28. .otassium carbonate , <2C#, white soluble colourless
The table shows the colour of different cations in the solid form or in aqueous solution
Obseration Inference
Blue solution Ion copper (Cu
2
) present
.ale green solution Ion Iron(II) :e
2
present
;ellow';ellowish%
brown'brown solution
Ion Iron (III) :e
,
present
'@
9reen solid 1ydrated :e
2
, CuC#,
Brown solid 1ydrated :e
,
salt
=hite solid
"alts of !a

, <

,!1$

, (g
2
, Ca
2
-l
,
, +n
2
, .b
2
(If the anions are
colourless
Colourless solution !a

, <

,!1$

, (g
2
, Ca
2
, -l
,
, +n
2
, .b
2
The table shows the solubility of different types of salts in water
&ompounds Solubilit# in $ater
"odium salts
.otassium salts
-mmonium salts
-ll are soluble
!itrate salts
-ll are soluble
Chloride salts
-ll are soluble e)cept -gCl, 1gCl and .bCl2 (soluble in hot water)
"ulphate salts
-ll are soluble e)cept Ba"#$, .b"#$ and Ca"#$
Carbonate salts -ll are insoluble e)cept sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and
ammonium carbonate
2, Tests )o$ gases
9ases are often produced from reactions carried out during laboratory tests on salts. By identifying the
gases e/ol/ed,it is possible to infer the types of cations and anions that are present in a salt.
The table shows the test and the result of different gases
+as ,est -esult
'D
#)ygen gas, #2
Test with a glowing wooden
splinter
=ooden splinter is re&indled 'lighted
1ydrogen gas , 12
Test with a lighted wooden
splinter
9as e)plodes with a pop sound
Carbon dio)ide gas , C#2
Bubble the gas produced
into lime water
7ime water turns mil&y
-mmonia gas, !1,
Test with moist red litmus
paper
(oist red litmus paper turns blue
Chlorine gas, Cl2
Test with moist blue litmus
paper
(oist blue litmus paper turns red and
then turns white
1ydrogen chlorine gas ,
1Cl
Test with a drop of
concentrated ammonia !1,
solution
>ense white fumes
"ulphur dio)ide gas , "#2
Bubble the gas produced
into purple acidified
potassium manganate (?II),
<(n#$ solution
.urple acidified potassium manganate
(?II),<(n#$ solution decolourises
!itrogen dio)ide gas , !#2
Test with moist blue litmus
paper
moist blue litmus paper turns red
, Action o) &eat on salts
.ffect of heat on carbonate salts
&arbonaate salt
&olour of salt
before heatin"
&olour of residue
.ffect on lime $ater
!ot cold
'H
Copper (II)
carbonate, CuC#,
9reen powder Blac& powder Blac& powder
The gas liberated turns
lime water mil&y'chal&y
+inc carbonate ,
+nC#,
=hite solid ;elow solid =hite solid
The gas liberated turns
lime water mil&y'chal&y
7ead(II) carbonate,
.bC#,
=hite solid Brown sold ;elow solid
The gas liberated turns
lime water mil&y'chal&y
"odium carbonate,
!a2C#,
=hite solid =hite solid =hite solid !o change
Calcium carbonate,
CaC#,
=hite solid =hite solid =hite solid
The gas liberated turns
lime water mil&y'chal&y
.otassium
carbonate, <2C#,
=hite solid =hite solid =hite solid !o change
(agnesium
carbonate, (gC#,
=hite solid =hite solid =hite solid
The gas liberated turns
lime water mil&y'chal&y
.ffect of heat on nitrate salts
Nitrate Salt
&olour of salt
before heatin"
&olour of residue
,est on "ases liberated
!ot cold
Copper (II) nitrate,
Cu(!#,)2
Blue solid
Blac&
powder
Blac&
powder
- brown gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
+inc nitrate,
+n(!#,)2
=hite solid
;ellow
solid
=hite
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
7ead(II) nitrate,
.b(!#,)2
=hite solid Brown solid
;ellow
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
"odium nitrate,
!a!#,
=hite solid =hite solid
=hite
solid
- colourless gas that re&indles a
glowing splinter is liberated
Calcium nitrate,
Ca(!#,)2
=hite solid =hite solid
=hite
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
.otassium nitrate,
<!#,
=hite solid =hite solid
=hite
solid
- colourless gas that re&indles a
glowing splinter is liberated
(>
(agnesium nitrate,
(g(!#,)2
=hite solid =hite solid
=hite
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
Iron(II) nitrate,
:e(!#,)2
.ale 9reen
solid
.ale 9reen
solid
.ale
9reen
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
Iron(III) nitrate,
:e(!#,),
Brown solid
@eddish%
Brown solid
@eddish%
Brown
solid
- browan gas that turns blue litmus
paper red is liberated.
The gas liberated also ignites a
glowing splinter
The table shows the comparison of the effect of heat on carbonate and nitrate salts
/etal .ffect of heat on carbonate salt .ffect of heat on nitrate salt
.otassium
"odium
-re not decomposed by heat >ecompose to nitrite salt and o)ygen gas.
Calcium
(agnesium
-luminium
+inc
Iron
Tin
7ead
Copper
>ecompose to metal o)ide and
carbon dio)ide gas.
>ecompose to metal o)ide, nitrogen dio)ide
gas and o)ygen gas.
(ercury
"il/er
9old
>ecompose to metal, carbon
dio)ide gas and o)ygen gas.
>ecompose to metal , nitrogen dio)ide gas
and o)ygen gas.

(ost sulphate salts are not decomposed by heat. #nly a few sulphate such as iron(II) sulphate,Ainc
sulphate and copper sulphate decompose to sulphur dio)ide or sulphur trio)ide gas when heated.
-ll chloride salts are stable when heated e)cept ammonium chloride. -mmonium chloride sublimes and
decomposes to produce ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
The table shows the deduction of the types of ion present based on the gas produced
,#pe of "as produced ,#pe of ion present(anion)
C#2 Carbonate ion (C#,
2%
) present e)cept Na'&O3 and *'&O3
#2 !itrate ion (!#,
%
) present
!#2 !itrate ion (!#,
%
) present e)cept NaNO3 and *NO3
"#2 "ulphate ion ("#$
2%
) present
!1, -mmonim ion (!1$

) present
('
,ests for anions
-ea"ent 0 &ondition Obseration Anion Ionic .quation (if an#)
2 cm
,
the un&nown solution
dilute hydrochloric acid ' nitric
acid ' sulphuric acid pour
into a test tube gas liberated
is immediately bubbled through
lime water.
Effervescence.
Colourless gas
turns lime water
milky.
CO3
2-
ion CO3
2-
+ 2H
+
CO2 +
H2O
2 cm
,
of nitric acid 2 cm
,
of
the un&nown solution pour
into a test tube + 2 cm
,

sil/er nitrate solution
White reciitate
is forme!.
Cl
-
ion "g
+
+ Cl
-
"gCl
2 cm
,
of dilute hydrochloric
acid ' nitric acid + 2 cm
,
of the
un&nown solution pour into
a test tube + 2 cm
,
of
barium chloride ' barium nitrate
solution sha&e well
White reciitate
is forme!.
#O$
2-
ion %a
2+
+ #O$
2 -
%a#O$


2 cm
,
of the un&nown solution
pour into a test tube
2 cm
,
of dilute sulphuric acid +
2 cm
,
of iron(II) sulphate
solution sha&e well.
Then drop carefully and slowly
a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid along the side of
a slanting test tube into the
mi)ture without sha&ing it.

%rown ring is
forme! at the
&oun!ary
&etween the
concentrate!
H2#O$ 'to layer)
an! a(ueous
solution of the
mi)ture '&ottom
layer)
*O3
-
ion -

((
,ests for cations
&onfirmator# ,est for 1e
'+
% 1e
3+
% Pb
'+
% N!
(
+
Ions
&onfirmator# ,est for 1e
'+

-ea"ent Obseration &onclusion
.otassium
he)acyanoferrate(II) solution
.ale blue precipitate +e
2+
ion is resent
>ar& blue precipitate +e
3+
ion is resent
.otassium
he)acyanoferrate(III) solution
>ar& blue precipitate +e
2+
ion is resent
9reenish%brown solution +e
3+
ion is resent
.otassium thiocyanate
solution
.ale red colouration +e
2+
ion is resent
Blood red colouration +e
3+
ion is resent
&onfirmator# ,est for Pb
'+
/ethod Obseration Ionic .quation
Bsing aqueous solution of chloride
% 2 cm
,
of any solution of Cl
%
+
2 cm
,
of any solution of .b
2

dilute with 2 cm
,
of distilled water
heat until no further change occurs
allow the content to cool to room
temperature using running water from
the tap

- " white reciitate is
forme!
=hen heated C !issolve in
water to form colourless
solution
=hen cooled C white
reciitate reaear
,&
2+
+ 2Cl
-
,&Cl2
Bsing aqueous solution of iodide
% 2 cm
,
of any solution of I
%

2 cm
,
of any solution of .b
2

dilute with 2 cm
,
of distilled water
heat until no further change occurs
allow the content to cool to room
temperature using running water from
the tap
- " yellow reciitate is
forme!
=hen heated C !issolve in
water to form colourless
solution
=hen cooled C yellow
reciitate reaear
,&
2+
+ 2-
-
,&-2
&onfirmator# ,est for N!(
+
/ethod Obseration
2 cm
,
of any solution of !1$

+ 2 cm
,
of
!a#1 ' <#1 ' Ca(#1)2 heat put a
piece of moist red litmus paper at the
mouth of the test tube
% (oist red litmus paper turns blue
(5
@eaction with !esslerDs @eagent
2 cm
,
of any solution of !1$

+ 2 cm
,
of
!esslerDs @eagent sha&e well
% - brown precipitate is formed
-eaction of &ations 2ith NaO!
(6
.b
2
+n
2
-l
,
E =hite precipitate dissol/es'larut in e)cess !a#1
Ca
2
(g
2
E =hite precipitate insoluble'tida& larut in e)cess !a#1
(=
&ations
!a#1 (aq)
.recipitate produced !o precipitate
=hite precipitate Coloured precipitate
9reen Blue Brown
:e
2
Cu
2
:e
2
!1
$

<

!a

.issolve in e)cess
*aOH 'a() to form
colourless solution
Sodium h#droxide solution is poured
slo$l# into ' cm
3
of the solution to be
tested in a test tube% until in excess.
-nsolu&le in
e)cess
*aOH 'a()
!1
,
gas produced
warm
+n
2
-l
,
.b
2
Ca
2
(g
2
Easylah
-eaction of &ations 2ith N!
3
+n
2
E =hite precipitate dissol/es'larut in e)cess !1,
(?
&ations
.recipitate produced !o precipitate
=hite precipitate Coloured precipitate
9reen Blue Brown
:e
2
Cu
2
:e
2
!1
$

<

!a

Aqueous ammonia solution is poured

slo$l# into ' cm
3
of the solution to be
tested in a test tube until in excess3
!1
,
gas produced
warm
+n
2
-l
,
.b
2
Ca
2
(g
2
Easylah
!1
,
(aq)
+ e)cess
*H
3
'a()
.ark &lue
solution
.issolve in e)cess
*H
3
'a() to form
colourless solution
-nsolu&le in
e)cess *H
3
'a()
.b
2
-l
,
(g
2
E =hite precipitate insoluble'tida& larut in e)cess !1,
>n
2+
ion is the onl$ !ation that form white pre!ipitate and
dissolves in both e1!ess Na:B and NB
5
solutions&
0g
2+
ion is the onl$ !ation that form white pre!ipitate and
insol(ble in both e1!ess Na:B and NB
5
solutions&
Ca
2+
ion in the onl$ !ation that form white pre!ipitate in Na:B
solutions, but no pre!ipitate in NB
5
solution&
:e
2+
* :e
+
and C(
2+
ions is eas$ to spot be!ause the ions shows
!oloured pre!ipitate&
Pb
2+
ion and Al
+
ion form white pre!ipitate and dissolves in
e1!ess Na:B
solution, but insol(ble in e1!ess NB
5
solutions&
F)ampleE lead(II) nitrate solution and aluminium nitrate solution
#o!ium sulhate solution is a!!e! slowly into 2 cm
3
of the solution to &e teste!
in a test tu&e.
-f a white precipitate is forme!/ then then the solution teste! is lead(II) nitrate.
-f no change occurs/ then the solution teste! is aluminium nitrate.
(@
%ased from the obser"ation, I !an !on!lude that
Bow to differentiate between Pb
(7
and Al
57
?
A !hemi!al tests !an be !arried out in
the laborator$ to differentiate between
Pb
(7
and Al
57
&
(Please refer to Confirmator$ 0est for
Pb
(7
, in ealier notes&
F)ample 0E
>escribe chemical tests that can be carried out in the laboratory to differentiate between
(a) lead(II) nitrate solution and aluminium nitrate solution
Sodium sulphate solution is added slowl into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a test
tu"e#
I! a white precipitate is !ormed, then then the solution tested is lead(II$ nitrate#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is aluminium nitrate#
(b) aluminium nitrate solution and Ainc nitrate solution
&'ueous ammonia solution is poured slo$l# into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a
test tu"e until in e(cess#
I! a white precipitate that dissol)es in e(cess a'ueous ammonia solution is !ormed, than
the solution tested is *inc nitrate#
I! a white precipitate that is insolu"le in e(cess a'ueous ammonia solution is !ormed,
than the solution tested is aluminium nitrate#

(c) ammonium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution
Nessler+s ,ea%ent is added to 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a test tu"e#
I! a "rown precipitate is !ormed, then the solution tested is ammonium chloride#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is potassium chloride

(d) iron(II) sulphate solution and iron(III) sulphate solution
-otassium he(acano!errate(II$ solution is poured into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in
a test tu"e#
I! a dar. "lue precipitate is !ormed, then the solution tested is iron(III$ chloride#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II$ chloride#
Or
(D
(ow let see some 'uestions about salt)
Try to sol5e it by yourself first and then
compare with the answers pro5ided&
-otassium he(acano!errate(III$ solution is poured into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested
in a test tu"e#
I! a %reenish-"rown solution is !ormed, then the solution tested is iron(III$ chloride#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II$ chloride#
Or
-otassium thiocanate solution is poured into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a test
tu"e#
I! a "lood red colouration is !ormed, then the solution tested is iron(III$ chloride#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is iron(II$ chloride#
(e) sodium chloride and sodium sulphate
Sil)er nitrate solution is poured into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a test tu"e#
I! a white precipitate is !ormed, then the solution tested is sodium chloride#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is sodium sulphate#
Or
/arium chloride solution is poured into 2 cm
3
o! the solution to "e tested in a test tu"e#
I! a white precipitate is !ormed, then the solution tested is sodium sulphate#
I! no chan%e occurs, then the solution tested is sodium chloride#
F)ample 2E
0. "tate three e)amples of
a) soluble salts b) insoluble salts
-otassium car"onate 0a%nesium car"onate
1ead(II$ nitrate 1ead(II$ sulphate
&mmonium chloride &r%entum chloride
2. =hich of the following salts is soluble
,. Identify the gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue
&mmonia %as
(H
Lead(II !hloride Sodi(' ca$bonate
Cal!ium sulphate %arium sulphate
$. 9as G has the following properties
2as 3 is car"on dio(ide %as
2. 1eat
Colour of metal o)ide G is yellow when hot and white when cold. 9as ; turns lime water mil&y.
a) !ame gas ; E car"on dio(ide %as
b) !ame metal o)ide G E *inc o(ide
c) !ame salt . E *inc car"onate
d) =rite an equation to represent the action of heat on salt .
4nCO3 (s$ 4nO (s$ + CO2 (%$
3. - sample of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(!#,)2 was heated strongly. =rite down the e)pected
obser/ation.
Copper(II$ nitrate decompose to produce "lac. colour o! residue when hot and cold# &
"rown %as that chan%ed moist "lue litmus paper to red and colourless %as that li%hted up
a %lowin% wooden splinter are produced#
5>
Colourless
A!idi! -as
0urns lime water mil,$
Salt P #etal o1ide K 8as 2
?, N('e$ical p$oble' involving stoic&io'et$ic $eaction in t&e
p$epa$ation o) salt

Example 67
Ammonium phosphate, (NB
6

5
P:
6
is use as a fertili.er& (H&D- of this salt is prepared b$
neutrali.in- phosphori! a!id, B
5
P:
6
with ammonium -as, NB
5
& Cal!ulate the "olume of
ammonium -as, NB
5
rea!ted at room !onditions&
( /elati"e atomi! mass* B, ': N, '6: P, 5'* :, '?* #olar "olume* (6 dm5 mol
3'
at room
!onditions
Sol(tions*
a. Calculate the number of moles
2.55 g
H,(0$) 02(0) ,0 $(03)
I 8.2 mol
b. =rite a balanced chemical equation

Compare the mole ratio of !1, and
(!1$),.#$
1,.#$(aq) ,!1,(aq) (!1$),.#$(aq)
c. Calculate the number of moles of !1, base on I , G 8.2 mol
5'
A balanced chemical equation for a reaction in preparation of a salt
can be used to calculate the stoichiometric quantities of the following
(asses of reactants
?olumes and concentrations of reactants
(asses of products
?olumes of products
I
, mol 0 mol
the mole ratio I 8.3 mol
d. Calculate the /olume of !1,
?olume I number of mole G /olume
I 8.3 mol G 2$ dm
,
mol
%0
I 0$.$ dm
,
Example 8*
5&H - of potassium is burnt !ompletel$ in the air as shown in the followin- e4uation*
6;(s 7 :
(
(- < (;
(
:(s
What is the mass of potassium o1ide produ!ed?
L/elati"e atomi! mass: ;, 5H* :, '?M
Sol(tions
Tip1 Solve t&e -(estion step by step
Step 61 9$ite C&e'ical E-(ation
6;(s 7 :
(
(- < (;
(
:(s
6 mol of ; rea!t with ' mol of :
(
produ!e ( mol ;
(
:
Step 21 Calc(late t&e n('be$ o) 'ole
[Get the information from the question]
Step 1 :ind t&e coe))icient :$o' Balance C&e'ical E-(ation
:BCE@
6 mol of ; produ!e ( mol ;
(
:
0hus*
>&' mol of ; produ!e (96 mol ;
(
: N >&( mol ;
(
:
5(
No& of mol ! N
mass
#olar mass
N
5&H -
5H -mol
3'
>&' mol N
:BCE@
ASebelah kiri] [Sebelah kanan]
Bil mol yang telah dikira Bil !ol yang hendak ditentukan
6 mol ; N ( mol ;
(
:
>&'mol ; N (96 1 >&'mol ;
(
: N >&>= mol ;
(
:
No& of mol of ;
(
: N >&>= mol
Step 41 Solve t&e -(estions
0hus*
#ass of ;
(
: N >&>= mol E #olar mass
N >&>= molE == - mol
3'
N (&@= -
Example 9*
A!ids rea!ts with !al!ium !arbonate, CaCO

in limestone to form a salt and !arbon dio1ide,

CO
2
&
A pie!e of limestone rea!ted !ompletel$ with '>> !m
5
of 5'&= - dm
35
nitri! a!id, HNO

&
L/elati"e atomi! mass: B, '* C, '(* N, '6* :, '?* Ca, 6>& #olar "olume: (6 dm
5
mol
3'
at room
!onditionsM
a& Cal!ulate the mass of salt produ!ed&
b& What is the "olume of !arbon dio1ide, C:
(
liberated at room !onditions?
Step 61 9$ite C&e'ical E-(ation
$hemical E'uation* (HNO

+ CaCO

4 Ca"NO

#
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O


Step 21 Calc(late t&e n('be$ o) 'ole
Get the information from the question"
55
:BCE@ (BN:
5
7 CaC:
5
< Ca(N:
5

(
7 C:
(
7 B
(
:


( mol BN:
5
N ' mol Ca(N:
5

(
>&>= mol BN:
5
N O 1 >&>= mol Ca(N:
5

(
N >&>(= mol Ca(N:
5

(
No& of mol of Ca(N:
5

(
N >&>(= mol
#ass of Ca(N:
5

(
N >&>(= mol E 6> 7 (L'6 7 5('?M - mol
3'

N 6&' -
:BCE@ (BN:
5
7 CaC:
5
< Ca(N:
5

(
7 C:
(
7 B
(
:


( mol BN:
5
N ' mol C:
(
>&>= mol BN:
5
N O 1 >&>= mol C:
(
N >&>(= mol C:
(
No& of mol of C:
(
N >&>(= mol
Golume of C:
(
N >&>(= mol E '( 7 (('? dm
5
mol
3'

N '&' dm
5

56
No& of mole of HNO

N
#olarit$ E Golume
'>>>
N
>&= mol dm
35
E '>> !m
5
'>>>
N B,BC 'ol
Con!entration of BNO

N
5'&= - dm
5
N
#olar mass of HNO

5'&= - dm
5
N
B,C 'ol d'
/
N
5'&= - dm
5
' 7 '6 7 6D - mol
3'
#hange the
concentration
gi$en in g dm
%&

to mol dm
%&
first
Example :*
Pb(N:
5

(
!ompound de!omposes when heated as shown in the followin- e4uation&
If ?&?( - of Pb(N:
5

(
!ompound is heated, !al!ulate*
L/elati"e atomi! mass: N, '6* :, '?* Pb, (>@* ' mol of -as o!!upies ((&6 dm
5
at s&t&p&M
(i mass of Pb: that is produ!ed
(ii "olume of nitro-en dio1ide produ!ed at s&t&p
(ii "olume of o1$-en produ!ed at s&t&p
Solution:
:BCE@ 2Pb"NO

#
2
< 2PbO 7 6N:
(
7 :
(

( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N ( mol Pb:
>&>( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N >&>( mol Pb:

No of mol Pb: N >&>( mol
#ass of Pb: N >&>( 1 ((5 N 6&6? -
+%CF* 2Pb"NO

#
2
< (Pb: 7 4NO
2
7 :
(

( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N 6 mol N:
(
>&>( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N 69( 1 >&>( mol :
(
N >&>6 mol :
(

No of mol :
(
N >&>6 mol
Golume of :
(
N >&>6 1 ((&6 dm
5

N >&DH? dm
5
99 DH? !m
5

5=
No of mol Pb(N:
5

(
N
mass
#olar mass
N
?&?( -
55' -mol
3'
>&>( mol N
(Pb(N:
5

(
< (Pb: 7 6N:
(
7 :
(

+%CF* 2Pb"NO

#
2
< (Pb: 7 6N:
(
7 O
2

( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N ' mol :
(
>&>( mol Pb(N:
5

(
N O 1 >&>( mol :
(
N >&>' mol :
(

No of mol :
(
N >&>' mol
Golume of :
(
N >&>' 1 ((&6 dm
5

N >&((6 dm
5
99 ((6 !m
5

N('e$ical P$oble's involving stoic&io'et$ic $eactions in t&e p$ecipitation o) salts
'uestion ()
A student prepare !opper(II nitrate, Cu(N:
5

(
b$ rea!tin- !opper(II o1ide, Cu: with (>> !m
5

of (&> moldm
35
nitri! a!id, BN:
5
& Cal!ulate the mass of !opper(II o1ide, Cu: needed to rea!t
!ompletel$ with the a!id&
L/elati"e atomi! mass: Cu, ?6 * :, '?M
'uestion *)
K !m
5
of >&= moldm
35
sulphuri! a!id, B
(
S:
6
is added to '>> !m
5
of '&> moldm
35
lead(II nitrate
solution to produ!e lead(II sulphate, PbS:
6
&
L/elati"e atomi! mass: Pb, (>* :, '?* S, 5(M
a& Cal!ulate the "alue of K&
b& Cal!ulate the mass of lead(II sulphate obtained&
Start to do exercises from any boo&)
I will help and guide you to master this topic)
Prepared b$*
;amal Ariffin %in Saaim
S#;A%L
5?