1) A digital signalling system is required to operate at 9600 bps.

a) if a signal element encodes a 4-bit word,what is the minimum required bandwidth of

the channel?
Ans) Using Nyquist's equation: C = 2B log
2
M
We have C = 9600 bps
a. log
2
M = 4, because a signal element encodes a 4-bit word
Therefore, C = 9600 = 2B * 4, and B = 1200 Hz
b) Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit words.
Ans) 9600 = 2B * 8, and B = 600 Hz
2) What is the thermal noise level of a channel with a bandwidth of 10kHz carrying
1000 watts of power operating at 50
0
C?
Ans) N = 1.38* 10
23
* (50 + 273) *10,000 = 4.5 *10
17
watts
3) a)Why are the wires twisted in twisted-pair copper wire?
b) What are some major limitations of twisted-pair wire?
c) What is the difference between unshielded twisted pair and shielded twisted pair?
a) The twisting of the individual pairs reduces electromagnetic interference. For example, it
reduces crosstalk between wire pairs bundled into a cable.
b) Twisted pair wire is subject to interference, limited in distance, band width, and data rate.
c) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is ordinary telephone wire, with no form of electromagnetic
shielding around the wire. Shielded twisted pair (STP) surrounds the wire with a metallic
braid or sheathing that reduces interference.
4) What are some major advantages and disadvantages of microwave transmission?
Point-to-point microwave transmission has a high data rate and less attenuation than twisted
pair or coaxial cable. It is affected by rainfall, however, especially above 10 GHz. It is also
requires line of sight and is subject to interference from other microwave transmission, which
can be intense in some places.
5)What is direct broadcast satellite (DBS)?
Direct broadcast transmission is a technique in which satellite video signals are transmitted
directly to the home for continuous operation.
6) Why must a satellite have distinct uplink and downlink frequencies?
A satellite must use different uplink and downlink frequencies for continuous operation in
order to avoid interference.
7) What two functions are performed by an antenna?
The two functions of an antenna are: (1) For transmission of a signal, radiofrequency
electrical energy from the transmitter is converted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna
and radiated into the surrounding environment (atmosphere, space, water); (2) for reception
of a signal, electromagnetic energy impinging on the antenna is converted into radio-
frequency electrical energy and fed into the receiver.
8) What is the advantage of a parabolic reflective antenna?
A parabolic antenna creates, in theory, a parallel beam without dispersion. In practice, there
will be some beam spread. Nevertheless, it produces a highly focused, directional beam.
9) Explain the difference between NRZ-L and NRZI.
Non return-to-zero-level (NRZ-L) is a data encoding scheme in which a negative voltage is
used to represent binary one and a positive voltage is used to represent binary zero. As with
NRZ-L, NRZI maintains a constant voltage pulse for the duration of a bit time. The data
themselves are encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the beginning of
the bit time. A transition (low to high or high to low) at the beginning of a bit time denotes a
binary 1 for that bit time; no transition indicates a binary 0.
9) List three benefits of spread spectrum.
We can gain immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath distortion. (2)It can also be
used for hiding and encrypting signals. Only a recipient who knowsthe spreading code can
recover the encoded information. (3) Several users canindependently use the same higher
bandwidth with very little interference, usingcode division multiple access (CDMA).
10) List and briefly define some of the requirements for effective communications over a
data link.
Frame synchronization: The beginning and end of each frame must be recognizable. Flow
control: The sending station must not send frames at a rate faster than the receiving station
can absorb them. Error control: Bit errors introduced by the transmission system should be
corrected. Addressing: On a multipoint line, such as a local area network (LAN), the identity
of the two stations involved in a transmission must be specified. Control and data on same
link: The receiver must be able to distinguish control information from the data being
transmitted. Link management: The initiation, maintenance, and termination of a sustained
data exchange require a fair amount of coordination and cooperation among stations.
Procedures for the management of this exchange are required.
11)What are reasons for breaking a long data transmission up into a number of frames?
(1) The buffer size of the receiver may be limited. (2) The longer the transmission, the more
likely that there will be an error, necessitating retransmission of the entire frame. With
smaller frames, errors are detected sooner, and a smaller amount of data needs to be
retransmitted. (3) On a shared medium, such as a LAN, it is usually desirable not to permit
one station to occupy the medium for an extended period, thus causing long delays at the
other sending stations.
12) Two communicating devices are using a single-bit even parity check for error
detection. The transmitter sends the byte 10101010 and because of channel noise, the
receiver gets the byte 10011010.Will the receiver detects the error? Why or why not?
Receiver will not detect the error. Because if two (or any even number) of bits are inverted
due to error ,an undetected error occurs.
13) Two neighbouring nodes (A and B) use a sliding window protocol with a 3 bit
sequence number. As the ARQ mechanism, go-back-N is used with a window size of 4.
Assuming A is transmitting and B is receiving, show the window positions for the
following succession of events.
a. Before A sends any frames.
B) After A sends frames 0,1,2 and receives acknowledgement from B for 0 and 1.


14)For P=110011 and M=11100011,find the CRC.

CRC=11010
15) In a CRC error detecting scheme, choose P(x)=x
4
+x+1.Encode the bits
10010011011.
Ans) Divide X
10
+ X
7
+ X
4
+ X
3
+ X + 1 by X
4
+ X + 1. The remainder is X
3
+ X
2
. The CRC
bits are 1100.

16) A typical telephone channel have SNR of 30 db. Calculate its capacity?
Using the Shannon-Hartley Theorem, C = B * Log
2
(1 + S/N) first calculate S/N: 30dB = S/N
= 1000 using dB = 10 * LOG
10
(S/N)

1 + S/N = 1001

Log
2
(1001) = 9.967

Thus C = 33,888 bits per second
17) A TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel of 6 MHZ Bandwidth at a 35 dB
SNR. Find the channel capacity.
Using the Shannon-Hartley Theorem, C = B * Log
2
(1 + S/N) first calculate S/N: 35dB =
S/N = 3162 using dB = 10 * LOG
10
(S/N)

1 + S/N = 3163
=6*10
6
*11.627=69.762*10
6
bps
Thus C = 69.762*10
6
bits per second
18) Explain the difference between asynchronous and synchronous transmission?
19) We have a channel with 5 KHz bandwidth. If we want to send data at 150Kbps,what
is the minimum SNR required in db?
20) An 8-bit frame 11100110 is to be sent across a data link using a CRC for error
detection. A generator polynomial of 11001 is to be used. Illustrate
a) The FCS (CRC) generation process
b) The FCS (CRC) checking process.
21) Discuss five characteristics that distinguish optical fiber from the other guided
media?
22) Given the bit pattern 01100, encode this data using ASK, BFSK, and BPSK.

23) Given a channel with an intended capacity of 15Mbps the bandwidth of the channel
is 3Mhz.assuming white thermal noise, what signal to noise ratio is required to achieve
this capacity?
C=2Blog
2
M, C = B * Log
2
(1 + S/N) , SNR dB = 10 * LOG
10
(S/N)
C=15*10
6
bps,B=3*10
6


24) Implement the error detection for the message 100100 for the generator polynomial
x3+x2+1.
25) List and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or
comparing the various digital-to-digital encoding techniques.

Signal spectrum: A lack of high-frequency components means that less bandwidth is
required for transmission. In addition, lack of a direct-current (dc) component means that ac
coupling via transformer is possible. The magnitude of the effects of signal distortion and
interference depend on the spectral properties of the transmitted signal. Clocking: Encoding
can be used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. Error detection: It is useful to have
some error detection capability built into the physical signalling encoding scheme. Signal
interference and noise immunity: Certain codes exhibit superior performance in the
presence of noise.
Cost and complexity: The higher the signalling rate to achieve a given data rate, the greater
the cost.
26) What is differential encoding?
In differential encoding, the signal is decoded by comparing the polarity of adjacent signal
elements rather than determining the absolute value of a signal element.

27) Encode the data 01010011 by NRZ-L, AMI, Manchester and differential
Manchester techniques.

28) What are the advantages of digital transmission?
29) Explain the difference between NRZ-L and NRZI.
Non return-to-zero-level (NRZ-L) is a data encoding scheme in which a negative voltage is
used to represent binary one and a positive voltage is used to represent binary zero. As with
NRZ-L, NRZI maintains a constant voltage pulse for the duration of a bit time. The data
themselves are encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the beginning of
the bit time. A transition (low to high or high to low) at the beginning of a bit time denotes a
binary 1 for that bit time; no transition indicates a binary 0.