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Fire detection devices operate by detecting specific "fire signatures" or changes in the atmosphere caused by a fire. Different fire effects produce distinct signatures that certain detector types are designed to identify. Heat-based detectors include fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, and continuous line detectors that sense thermal expansion. Smoke detectors either use photoelectric sensors to identify visible smoke particles or ionization to detect microscopic smoke. Flame detectors detect electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible spectrums. Gas detectors respond to combustion gases like carbon monoxide transported by air movement. Proper detector selection depends on the expected fire signature produced by the type of fire.
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General descriptions of types of fire alarm used to detect fire based on its signature
Fire detection devices operate by detecting specific "fire signatures" or changes in the atmosphere caused by a fire. Different fire effects produce distinct signatures that certain detector types are designed to identify. Heat-based detectors include fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, and continuous line detectors that sense thermal expansion. Smoke detectors either use photoelectric sensors to identify visible smoke particles or ionization to detect microscopic smoke. Flame detectors detect electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible spectrums. Gas detectors respond to combustion gases like carbon monoxide transported by air movement. Proper detector selection depends on the expected fire signature produced by the type of fire.
Fire detection devices operate by detecting specific "fire signatures" or changes in the atmosphere caused by a fire. Different fire effects produce distinct signatures that certain detector types are designed to identify. Heat-based detectors include fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, and continuous line detectors that sense thermal expansion. Smoke detectors either use photoelectric sensors to identify visible smoke particles or ionization to detect microscopic smoke. Flame detectors detect electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible spectrums. Gas detectors respond to combustion gases like carbon monoxide transported by air movement. Proper detector selection depends on the expected fire signature produced by the type of fire.
Fire Alarms & Detection: Fire Signatures for Fire Detection
No. FP-2010-14 April 6, 2010
Learning Objective: The student shall be able to describe how re signatures inuence detector selection. Eligible for Continuing Education Units (CEUs) at www.nfaonline.dhs.gov For archived downloads, go to: www.usfa.dhs.gov/nfa/coffee-break/ Fire detection devices operate in a variety of ways. To simply say that a smoke detector activates when it senses smoke is an oversimplication of the operating principles for which it is designed. Fire detection devices (smoke detectors, heat detectors, radiant energy detectors, gas detectors) are designed to detect changes in the atmosphere produced by changes resulting from a re. These changes are known as re signatures and can be measured by various detection devices. Fire Effect Specifc Fire Signature Preferred Detector Type Heat (Thermal) Response to heat energy, transported by air movement or conduction. High temperature Fixed temperature (spot) Rapid temperature rise Rate-of-rise (spot) High temperature Rate compensated High temperature Continuous line (ceramic core) High temperature Continuous line (electrical) Pressure increase due to thermal expansion of gases/High temperature Rate-of-rise (spot) H.A.D. (pneumatic Heat Actuated Device) (Obsolete) Pressure increase due to thermal expansion of gases/High temperature Rate-of-rise (spot) Continuous line (pneumatic tube) (Obsolete) Smoke (Aerosol) Response to particulate products of combustion, transported by air movement. Visible products of combustion Photoelectric (spot or beam) Microscopic products of combustion Ionization (spot) Submicroscopic particles due to overheating conditions Cloud chamber Air sampling Video algorithm Flame (Radiant) Response to electromagnetic energy, transported by radiation. Not affected by air fow. Electromagnetic radiation pulsing at 4 to 30 Hz (usually infrared or visible) Flicker (open area) Electromagnetic radiation, especially in the range of 0.17 to 0.29 micron wavelengths in the ultraviolet region Ultraviolet (open area) Electromagnetic radiation, especially in the range of 3.8 to 4.45 micron wavelengths Infrared (open area) Pressure Response to sudden pressure increaseshock wave. Commonly used in automatic explosion suppression systems. Pressure increase due to thermal expansion of gases Continuous line (pneumatic tube) (Obsolete) Fire gas (Gas) Respond to nonsmoke gases, transported by air movement (combustible gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfde). Detection devices are calibrated to discrete gases within specifc acceptable ranges. Production gases (Gas) Respond to nonsmoke gases, transported by air movement (butane, propane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen). Detection devices are calibrated to discrete gases within specifc acceptable ranges. For additional information, refer to National Fire Protection Association 72, National Fire Alarm Code. The thermal and visible outputs from this fame are two examples of fre signatures.