Solid Mechanics

SOLID MECHANICS
Dr. NGUYEN The Hoang
Email: hoangnuli@yahoo.com

WHO AM I ?
Educational and professional background:
PhD in Solid Mechanics and Material Science, University of
Poitiers/ENSMA (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mecanique et
dAerotechnique), France, 2005
Master in Engineering Mechanics, LMPM/University of
Poitiers/ENSMA, France, 2002
Bachelor of Engineering in Materials and Structures for
Aeronautics and Transportation Vehicles, ENSMA, France, 2002
Bachelor in Aeronautical Engineering, First Class Honours,
HoChiMinh City University of Technology, Vietnam, 2001
Deputy Head of Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
HoChiMinh City University of Technology, Vietnam, 2005-2007

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

How we work together ?

In class:
I lecture in English (100%)
At any time, you can raise questions (in English): raise your
hand and STOP me
I will explain/discuss about your questions both in English (90%)
and Vietnamese (10% - in the cases of difficult issues / easymisunderstood)
I will explain all the issues, but not demonstrate all (due to the
limited time of the courseand some already available in the
Ref.books)
You should prepare homeworks before next session
By group:
You should work in group
benefits from your classmates
knowledge & experiences
gain time!
3

What will be covered in the course

Lectured topics include:
Foundations of elasticity
Basic equations for trusses, beams, plane elasticity and plates
Multibody systems
Basics of Finite Element Method (FEM)

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

What will be covered in the course

Chapter

Contents

Periods

Home works

Ref

Basic Elasticity
1. Stresses - Mohrs circle of stress
2. Equilibrium & boundary conditions
3. Strains & compatibility equations
4. Hookes law

1-2 small exercies on

understanding of
stress-strain
relationship and/or
Mohrs circle

[1]

Trusses
1.
2.
3.
4.

Introduction on Project 1 of
bridge model FEM
simulation

[2]

Beam analysis
1. Shear & moment diagrams
2. Normal & shear stresses
3. Deflection

1 exercise on calculating
deflection of a beam
under simple loading

[2]

Definition and examples

Methods of Joints
Compound trusses
Space frame

What will be covered in the course

6

FEM

[1]

(*) Project 1: bridge model

FEM simulation
(*) Project 2:
connecting lug FEM
simulation

[3]

1.Plate Theories
2.Stress-strain relationships
3.Deflection of a plate subjected to a distributed
transverse load and/or other loadings

Introduction of Project 2 on
connecting lug FEM
simulation

Plates

1.Applications of FEM
2.FEM procedure
3.FEM for Frames
4.FEM for Plates

Multibody system
1.Introduction
2.Kinematics
3.Equation of motion

* Note: in the case of limited time, it

is to be selected between Project 1
and 2

(2)

(to be selected between

chapter 5 and 6)

[4]

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Schedule
** 1 period = 45min.; 1 session = 2 periods = 90min.
** 1 lecture day = 1 morning session + 1 afternoon session
** Lecture day = Thursday
Week

Mechanics

27-May

3-Jun

10-Jun

17-Jun

24-Jun

1-Jul

8-Jul

15-Jul

22-Jul

Periods

Chapters

4
4+5

E
26.27/07

4
5 (+6)

Your background
Major

No.Students

Civil Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
Mechatronics
Materials Science
Mathematics
Physics
Others (technical)
Others
(economics/social)
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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

References
[1] Megson T.H.G., Aircraft Structures for engineering students,
Third Edition, Edward Arnold, 1999.
[2] Megson T.H.G., Structural and stress analysis, ButterworthHeineman, 2000.
[3] G. R. Liu, S. S. Quek, The Finite Element Method: A Practical
Course, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003
[4] F. Amirouche, Fundamentals of multibody dynamics : theory
and applications, Prentice-Hall, 2006
Others: Interesting Websites
https://ecourses.ou.edu
http://emweb.unl.edu
http://www.ae.msstate.edu
9

Introduction
Processes leading to fabrication of advanced engineering systems:

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Introduction
From research laboratory to industry application & knowledge diffusion
Specimens
Metal alloy specimens

Carbon/Epoxy specimens

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Introduction
From research laboratory to industry application & knowledge diffusion
Doing experiments

Traction machine
+ Environmental effects
+ Static/Fatigue tests

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Introduction
From research laboratory to industry application & knowledge diffusion
Experimental results
Fracture surfaces

Damages in composite materials

00 layer

Material properties
law

crack
100 m

900 layer

00 layer
13

Microscope observation

EXPERIMENTS IN FRACTURE
Ductile Fracture
microscopic

BRITTLE
DUCTILE
ductile fracture surfaces also appear rough and irregular
14

surface consists of many microvoids (l kh) and dimples (lm)

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Introduction
From research laboratory to industry application & knowledge diffusion
Publications
Internal presentations
Conferences, workshops
International Journals
Industry reports
Mach 2

Physical Sciences and Engineering

Life Sciences

EU Project: Supersonic
Concordes successor

Health Sciences
Social Sciences and Humanities

15

Introduction
FEM-simulation is a powerful tool to reduce costs in product development.

Stress analysis and optimization

Typical FEM stress contours on deformed wing

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Introduction
FEM-simulation is a powerful tool to reduce costs in product development.
Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics

Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes static coupling

simulation,
Aerodynamic structured grid is made of
approximately 7 million nodes, distributed in 91 blocks
Computation was carried out in parallel on 15
processors

Wall pressure on wing/nacelles

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Corresponding static deformation on wing/nacelles

Introduction
FEM-simulation is a powerful tool to reduce costs in product development.
Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics
Impact of a bird
Sea landing of a commercial aircraft

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

Solid Mechanics

Introduction
FEM-simulation is a powerful tool to reduce costs in product development.
Full system modeling and simulation

Analysis Tools
NASTRAN, ANSYS,
ABAQUS FEM solvers
StressCheck
PATRAN, FEMAP, ProEngineer pre- and postprocessors
PC-based software
supported by high-end
PC platforms for multiple
users simultaneously

Full aircraft FEM development, verification, validation and analytical application

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Content of chapter
1.

Basic elasticity
1.1. Stress
1.2. Equilibrium
1.3. Boundary Conditions
1.4. Principle stresses
1.5. Mohrs Circle of Stress
Mohr
1.6. Strains
1.7. Compatibility equations
1.8. Hookes Law
Hooke
1.9. Problems

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Solid Mechanics

Crack Tip Stress

(STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS)

Geometric irregularities (changes

in cross-sections) are a must in
most of machine components:
Shoulders for bearings, Key slots
for mounting gears and pulleys,
threads, and splines. Any change
in cross-section alters the stress
distribution and increases the
stress.

Discontinuities are
called stress raisers
and areas where they
occur are called stress
concentration
Stress distribution near a hole in a plate
loaded in tension.
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1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress

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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress

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1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress

Stress matrix
xx

xy

zx

yy
zy

[] = yx

xz

yz
zz

Or: in the form of vector

xx

yy

[] = zz

xy
yz

xz

Direct
stresses

Shear
stresses

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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress
Compression

Average normal
stress

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1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress
Traction / tension

Average normal stress

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Solid Mechanics

1.1.1. Direct / Normal Stress

Direct Stress = Applied Force (P)

Cross Sectional Area (A)
Units (SI): N/m2 (Pa), kPa, MPa, GPa
US units: Force (P) in pounds (lb) or
kilopounds (kip); Cross section (A) in square
inches (in2)
Stress: pounds per square
inch (psi) or kilopound per square inch (ksi)
http://www.convertunits.com/SI-units.php
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1.1.2. Shear Stress

Shear stresses are produced by equal
and opposite parallel forces not in line.
The forces tend to make one part of the
material slide over the other part.
Shear stress is tangential to the area
over which it acts.

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Solid Mechanics

1.1.2 Shear Stress

Example: A BEAM

Equilibrium

shear load:

Suppose: uniform / section

shear stress:
29

1.1.2. Shear Stress

Ex: Some Engineering Applications

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Solid Mechanics

1.1.2. Shear Stress

Ex: Engineering Application
P = P

Shear stress
F: shear force
(internal force)

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Example 1
Problem:
2 members are joined by a glue at
angle

?sesserts eht etaluclaC

?enalp ecafretni denilcni
no detareneg sesserts hcihW

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Solid Mechanics

1.1.3. Safety factor

Ultimate tensile strength

A: initial cross area

Ultimate normal load

Working
load/design
load

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Example 1 (cont.)

Problem:
2 members are joined by a glue at
angle

:sesserts etamitlU

U = 22 MPa
U = 11MPa

angles , if
safety factors: shear stress =4.27,
normal stress=5.28

fo egnar enimreteD

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

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Solid Mechanics

Example

Problem:
2 members are joined by a glue at
angle

:sesserts etamitlU

U = 22 MPa
U = 11MPa

angles , if
safety factors: shear stress =4.27,
normal stress=5.28

fo egnar enimreteD

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Example 2

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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.2. Equilibrium
Forces applied:
+ Surface forces
+ Body forces
(gravitational,
inertial per
unit of volume
X, Y, Z )

37

1.

Basic elasticity
1.2. Equilibrium

Taking moments about an axis

through the centre of the
element parallel to the z
axis

Eqs. (2)
(Forces) equlibrium of the
element in directions x,y,z:

Eqs. (1)
The equations of equilibrium must be
satisfied at all interior points in a
deformable body under a 3D force system.
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Solid Mechanics

Eqs (1) demonstration

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Eqs (1) demonstration

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Solid Mechanics

Eqs (2) demonstration

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Eqs (2) demonstration

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.2. Equilibrium: Plane stress

structural components are

fabricated from thin material
sheet
Plane stress (2D case)

Equilibrium (2D plane stress)

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1.

Basic elasticity
1.3. Boundary Conditions
Equilibrium (3D)
ONLY 3 equations for 6 unknowns of stresses
Statically Indeterminate problems
we NEED: BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
2D
Cosines:

Summations of forces in the

directions X,Y give:

l = dy/ds
m = dx/ds

3D

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Solid Mechanics

Demonstration:

2D

45

1.

Basic elasticity
1.4. Principal Stresses
Plane stress (2D)

..Element (ECD) is in
equilibrium

Direct stress

We want to
find stresses
on plane (AB)..

Shear stress

forces are ignored

(1.8)

Both vary with

(1.9)

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Solid Mechanics

Demonstration
Plane stress (2D)

Direct stress

Shear stress

..Element (ECD) is in equilibrium

1.

47

Basic elasticity
1.4. Principal Stresses
(1.8)
MAX or MIN
Student do by themselves

Shear stress = 0
(comparing with
Equation 1.9)

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

2 solutions
and + / 2

48

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.4. Principal Stresses
maximum or major principal stress

2 solutions
minimum or minor principal stress

Shear stress = 0
2 principle stresses (I, II) on 2 perpendicular principal
planes (on which shear stresses =0)

49

1.

Basic elasticity
1.4. Principal Stresses
And how about maximum SHEAR stress ???

students answer

2 SOLUTIONS:

Remark:

NB: the planes of maximum shear stress are inclined at 45" to the principal planes

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. Mohrs Circle of Stress
The state of stress at a point in a deformable body may
be determined graphically by Mohr's circle of stress

given ( n , ) ?
Q1
Q2
centre C
rotate Q1
Q ( n , )
angle 2

51

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS
RADIUS:
CENTRE (C):

Principle stresses:

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Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS
MAX/MIN. NORMAL STRESSES
Where it is?

MAX./MIN. SHEAR STRESSES

Where they are ???

53

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS

EXAMPLE
Direct stresses of 160 N/mm2, tension, and 120 N/mm2,
compression, are applied at a particular point in an elastic
material on two mutually perpendicular planes.
The principal stress in the material is limited to 200 N/mm2,
tension.
Calculate:
+ the allowable value of shear stress
at the point on the given planes
+ the value of the other principal
stress
+ the maximum value of shear stress

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS

EXAMPLE

Direct stresses of 160 N/mm2, tension, and 120 N/mm2,

compression, are applied at a particular point in an elastic
material on two mutually perpendicular planes.
The principal stress in the material is limited to 200 N/mm2,
tension.
UNKNOWN:

? EL C RI C R H O M
55

1.

Basic elasticity
1.5. MOHRS CIRCLE OF STRESS

EXAMPLE

OT
OP1 = 160

OB = 200

OP2 = -120

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

C: MIDPOINT OF P1P2
MOHRS CIRCLE: WITH RADIUS = CB
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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.6. STRAINS

Longitudinal / direct strains

Shear strains

direct
stresses

changes in length

changes in angle

shear stresses

57

1.6.1 Direct / Normal Strain

loads applied to a body
change

deformation will occur

dimension

A bar
subjected to axial tensile
loading force, then tensile strain is:

= /L
NB:
strain is dimensionless
Compressive strain = - /L
Strain is positive for an
increase in dimension and
negative for a reduction in
dimension.
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Solid Mechanics

1.6.2 Shear Strain

D
F

Q
R

Shear strain is the distortion produced by shear stress on

an element or rectangular block as above. The shear
strain, (gamma) is given as:

= x/L = tan

59

1.6.2 Shear Strain (Cont.)

For small

Shear strain
change in
right angle
It is dimensionless and is
measured in radians

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.6.3. Strains: general case
perpendicular line
elements OA, OB
and OC at a point O
in a deformable body

subjected
to forces
(at O)

DIRECT STRAIN

61

Demonstration
(direct strains)

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Solid Mechanics

Demonstration
(direct strains)

63

1.

Basic elasticity
1.6.3. STRAIN: general case
DIRECT STRAINS

SHEAR STRAINS
(see demonstration in Ref.[1])

components of displacement
Eqs (1.18) and (1.20) are derived on the assumption that the displacements
involved are small. Normally these linearized equations are adequate for
most types of structural problem but in cases where deflections are large,
for example types of suspension cable etc., the full, non-linear, large deflection
equations must be employed.
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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.7. Compatibility equations
the body remains continuous during the
deformation so that no voids are formed

three single-valued functions for displacement

the six strains are defined in terms of three

displacement functions then they must bear some
relationship to each other and cannot have arbitrary
values
65

1. Basic elasticity
1.7. Compatibility equations
the six strains are defined in terms of three displacement
functions then they must bear some relationship to each other
and cannot have arbitrary values.

six equations of strain compatibility

the six equations of strain compatibility which must be

satisfied in the solution of three-dimensional problems in elasticity.

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
One-dimensional (1D) Hooke's Law
Robert Hooke, who in 1676 stated,

where F is the applied force, u is the deformation of the elastic body

subjected to the force F, and k is the spring constant (i.e. the ratio of
previous two parameters).

67

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
1D LAW

Youngs modulus
Young

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Solid Mechanics

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

69

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Solid Mechanics

yield stress determination

71

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Solid Mechanics

Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity

Below the yield stress
= E
E = Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

73

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
When the strain does not return
to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Solid Mechanics

Elastic Recovery
Loading

Reloading

Stress

Loading

Unloading
Unloading

Strain
elastic strain

Strain
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Elastic and Plastic Strain

P (e,S)

e = ee + e p
S
E
e p = e ee

Stress

ee =

Total Strain

Strain

Plastic

ep

Dr.NGUYEN T Hoang

ee

Elastic

The 0.2% offset yield stress

is the stress that gives a plastic
(permanent) strain of 0.002
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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
1D LAW

E is the elastic modulus (also known as

Youngs modulus), and G is the shear
modulus. The elastic and shear moduli are
material constants characterizing
the stiffness of the material.

ISOTROPIC

77

Poisson's Ratio (REVIEW)

If the load is in the x-direction,
then strain in the y- and zdirection will be
y = z = -*x

Poisson's ratio is the amount

of transverse contraction, or
negative strain, when strained
in a given direction.
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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
Generalized Hooke's Law (Anisotropic Form)
3D LAW
= CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS

Where:
C is the stiffness
matrix,
S is the compliance
matrix,
and S = C-1

Material Properties
6*6 = 36 constants
79

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
Hooke's Law

Isotropic MATERIALS

metallic alloys and thermoset polymers are considered isotropic

material properties are independent of direction
2 independent variables (i.e. elastic constants) in their stiffness and
compliance matrices
Young's modulus E and the Poisson's ratio

alternative elastic constants K (bulk modulus) and/or G (shear modulus)

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Solid Mechanics

1. Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
Hooke's Law

Isotropic MATERIALS (3D)

2 CONSTANTS: TO DETERMINE

1.

81

Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW

Hooke's Law
Isotropic MATERIALS
EXPLICITE RELATIONSHIPS (3D)

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.8. HOOKES LAW
Hooke's Law

Isotropic MATERIALS

EXPLICITE RELATIONSHIPS (2D)

83

1.

Basic elasticity
1.9. PROBLEMS

Problem 9.a:

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Solid Mechanics

1.

Basic elasticity
1.9. PROBLEMS

Problem 9.b:

85

1.

Basic elasticity
1.9. PROBLEMS

Problem 9.c:

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