? Michael Cronin : Translation and Identity, Routledge, 2005
? J. Derrida: On Cosmopolitansim and Forgiveness, On Cosmopolitanism ? St. Vertovec. Transnationalism, Introduction modes of tr: Sociocultural: perceptual transformation affecting what can be described as migr ants orientational bifocality Political: conceptual transformation of meanings within a notional triad of ident ities-borders-orders Economical: institutional transformation affecting forms of financialtransfer, p ublic-private relationships and local development ? Susan Stanford Friedman. Towards a Transnational turn in Narrative Theor y, re-vision recovery circulation collage moving outside the comfort zone, expanding our archives, do not just read non-We stern narratives ? David Damrosch. World Literature as alternative discourse //OR How to read World Literature ? Mads ROSENTHAL THOMSON MAPPING WORLD LITERATURE INTRODUCTION ? Rebecca Walkovitz, Cosmopolitan Style. Modernism beyond the Nation. Intr oduction and the chapter on Ishiguro ? AZADE SEYHAN- WRITNG OUTSIDE THE NATION- Introduction and the last chapt er considers that, when a fictional text is removed from the specificity of its his torical and political context, it loses its cultural nuance. existence of diaspora is connected to cultural memory translation should not be a full reconstruction or an appropriation, but it shou ld serve as a medium in which both the original and the language can be seen as part of a larger language. ? Maria Tymoczko, Postcolonial Writing and Literary Translation in Trivedi a nd Bassnett, ? The importance of patronage is an important aspect of translations pract ice: patrons determine the parameters of what is translated and what is publishe d. ? Another significant element in translations norms is the nature of the a udience: writing strategies will differ noticeably depending on the audience. ? There is a trend at present to write for an international audience, espe cially for the American one: writers are influenced by and influence other writer s from distinct linguistic tradition (for example Faulkner had influenced Marquez who in turn influences the English writers). ? Talal Asad The Concept of Cultural Translation in Weissbort ? Abraham Rossman and Paula Ruben . Introduction :Translation and Anthropol ogy in rossman and rubel ,Translating cultures : Perspectives on TraNSLATION AND Anthropology, Berg, 2003 ? Gideon Toury : The Nature and role of Norms in Translation: in L. Venuti (ed.) The Translators Studies Reader, Routledge , 2002 norms govern translation and they vary across cultures, and at certain times. As norms change over time, there may be several retranslations of the same text the translator plays a social role and the translation he creates has a function in the target culture initial norm is the general choice made by translators. Initial norms determine whether the translator will produce his/her translation by considering the norms of the source culture or the norms of the target culture. To be more specific, if the norms of the source culture are considered in translation, then the final product becomes an adequate translation each translator establishes a different type of equivalence between the target t ext and the source text ? Andre Lefevere, The Trouble with Interpretation and the role of Rewriting in an alternative Paradigm in Weissbort rewritings are often designed precisely to push a given literature in a certain direction. the literary system and the system of society are open to each other, they influ ence each other this control function is shared by two elements, one of which belongs squarely i n the literary system, whereas the other is to be found outside of that system. The Wrst element tries to control the literary system from the inside, within th e parameters set by the second element. The Wrst element is represented by inter preters, critics, reviewers, teachers of literature, translators. second control factor, the one which operates mostly outside the literary system proper, will be called patronage here, and it will be understood to mean somethin g like the powers (persons, institutions) which help or hinder the writing, readi ng and rewriting of literature. patronage: economical element, ideological ? Lawrence Venuti, Translation as Cultural Politics: Reimes of Domesticati on in English in Weissbort. ? Lawrence Venuti, Local Contingencies: Translation and National Identities in Sandra Berman ? LAwrence Venuti : Translation, Community, Utopia in Venuti , Translation Reader Cicero-Augustin, p.20-25 Luther ,57-67 French Renaissance, 73-79 English Renaissance , 84-99, 115-123 Goethe and German Romanticism (Schleirmacher), 198-210 Walter Benjamin, 297-310