Manchester United

Full name Manchester United Football Club

Nickname(s) The Red Devils[1]
Founded 1878, as Newton Heath LYR F.C.
Ground Old Trafford
Capacity 75,731[2]
Owner Manchester United plc (NYSE: MANU
(http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?
ticker=manu))
Co-chairmen Joel and Avram Glazer
Manager Louis van Gaal (from July 2014)
League Premier League
201314 Premier League, 7th
Website Club home page (http://www.manutd.com/)
Manchester United F.C.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based
in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester that plays in the Premier League. Founded as
Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to
Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910 and is one of the
most successful clubs in English football.
Manchester United have won the most League titles (20) of any English club,
[3]
a
joint record 11 FA Cups, four League Cups, and a record twenty FA Community
Shields. The club has also won three European Cups, one UEFA Cup Winners'
Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup, and one FIFA Club World
Cup. In 199899, the club won a continental treble of the Premier League, the FA
Cup and the UEFA Champions League.
The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players. In 1968, under the
management of Matt Busby, Manchester United was the first English football club to
win the European Cup. Alex Ferguson won 28 major honours, and 38 in total, from
November 1986 to May 2013,
[4][5]
when he announced his retirement after 26
years at the club.
[6]
Fellow Scot David Moyes was appointed as his replacement on
9 May 2013.
[7]
He was sacked after 10 months on 22 April 2014, with the club's
record appearance-maker, Ryan Giggs, taking over for the remainder of the 2013
14 season.
Manchester United is the third-richest football club in the world for 201112 in
terms of revenue, with an annual revenue of 395.9 million, and the second most
valuable sports team in 2013, valued at $3.165 billion.
[8]
It is one of the most
widely supported football teams in the world.
[9][10][11][12]
After being floated on the
London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in
May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost 800 million.
[13]
In August 2012,
Manchester United made an initial public offering on the New York Stock
Exchange.
[14]
Home colours Away colours Third colours

Current season
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early years (18781945)
1.2 Busby years (19451969)
1.3 19691986
1.4 Ferguson years (19862013)
1.5 2013present
2 Crest and colours
2.1 Kit evolution
3 Grounds
4 Support
4.1 Rivalries
5 Global brand
5.1 Sponsorship
6 Ownership and finances
7 Players
7.1 First-team squad
7.2 Reserves and academy
7.3 Former players
7.4 Club captains
7.5 Player records
7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year
8 Club officials
8.1 Managerial history
9 Honours
A chart showing the progress of
Manchester United F.C. through the
English football league system from
joining as Newton Heath in 189293
to 201213
9.1 Domestic
9.2 European
9.3 Worldwide
9.4 Doubles and Trebles
10 Footnotes
11 Citations
12 Further reading
13 External links
History
Early years (18781945)
Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon
department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.
[15]
The team initially
played games against other departments and rail companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in
their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company green and gold they were defeated
60 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.
[16]
By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The
Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton
Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the
Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 189293 season in the First Division, by which time it
had become independent of the rail company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.
[15]
After two seasons,
the club was relegated to the Second Division.
[15]
In January 1902, with debts of 2,670 equivalent to 250,000 as of 2014
[nb 1]
the club was served with a
winding-up order.
[17]
Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to
invest 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;
[18]
on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was
officially born.
[19][nb 2]
Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and
The Manchester United team at the
start of the 190506 season, in which
they were runners-up in the Second
Division
The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955
secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever
Charity Shield
[20]
and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of
the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.
[21]
In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained
until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place
in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October
1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt
had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested 2,000 and assumed control of the
club.
[22]
In the 193839 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th
in the First Division.
[22]
Busby years (19451969)
In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the
managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an
unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers
and training sessions.
[23]
Busby led the team to second-place league
finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In
1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41
years.
[24]
With an average age of 22, the media labelled the back-
to-back title winning side of 1956 "the Busby Babes", a testament to
Busby's faith in his youth players.
[25]
In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in
the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.
[26]
En route to the
semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 100 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest
victory on record.
[27]
The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester
United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February
1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy
Taylor and Billy Whelan and injured several more.
[28][29]
A plaque at Old Trafford in memory
of those who died in the Munich air
disaster, including players' names
Bryan Robson was the
captain of Manchester United
for 12 years, longer than any
other player.
[35]
Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup
final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 195859 European Cup
alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should
not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.
[30][31]
Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat
Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players including George Best to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they
finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win
the European Cup, beating Benfica 41 in the final
[32]
with a team that contained three European Footballers
of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.
[33]
Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and
was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.
[34]
19691986
Following an eighth-place finish in the 196970 season and a poor start to
the 197071 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume
managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team
coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted
less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December
1972.
[36]
Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season,
only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and
Charlton had left the club.
[32]
The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but
were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 21. Docherty was dismissed
shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.
[34][37]
Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan,
Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the
top two in 197980 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the
team won the last seven games under his direction.
[38]
He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the
British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United
won the FA Cup twice in three years in 1983 and 1985. In 198586, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15
matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in
danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.
[39]
Ferguson years (19862013)
Alex Ferguson managed the
team between 1986 and
2013.
Ryan Giggs is the most
decorated player in English
football history.
[45]
Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,
[40]
and guided
the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.
[41]
Despite a second-place finish in 198788, the club was back in 11th
place the following season.
[42]
Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA
Cup Final replay (after a 33 draw) saved Ferguson's career.
[43][44]
The following season, Manchester United claimed
its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star
Belgrade 10 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in
which the team beat Nottingham Forest 10 at Wembley.
[39]
In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and
a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title alongside the FA Cup to complete the
first "Double" in the club's history.
[39]
In the 199899 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier
League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League "The Treble" in the same
season.
[46]
Losing 10 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League
Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjr scored late goals to claim a
dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest
comebacks of all time.
[47]
The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 10 in Tokyo.
[48]
Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.
[49]
Manchester United won the league again in the 19992000 and 200001 seasons. The team finished third in 200102,
before regaining the title in 200203. They won the 200304 FA Cup, beating Millwall 30 in the final at the
Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.
[50]
In the 200506 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase
of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade, but recovered to secure a second-place league
finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in
the 200607 and 200708 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 65 on penalties in the
2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance
for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.
[51]
In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and
followed this with the 200809 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.
[52][53]
That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to
Real Madrid for a world record 80 million.
[54]
In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 21 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first
successful defence of a knockout cup competition.
[55]
After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 200910 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 201011, securing the championship with a
11 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.
[56]
Manchester United badge in the 1960s
After finishing as runner-up to Manchester City in the 201112 season, United achieved a record 20th league title in 201213, securing the
championship with a 30 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013.
[57]
2013present
On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and
club ambassador.
[6][58]
The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year
contract.
[59][60][61]
Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in
which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 199596.
[62]
They
also failed to qualify for the Europa League, meaning that it was the first time Manchester United hadn't qualified for a European competition since
1990.
[63]
On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs
as his assistant.
[64]
Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014.
[65]
Crest and colours
The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the
current crest is the ship in full sail.
[66]
The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was
included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although
the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 (unless the team was playing in a Cup Final).
[66]
A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-
white quartered jerseys and blue shorts.
[67]
Between 189496, the players wore distinctive green and gold
jerseys
[67]
which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with blue shorts.
[67]
After its name
change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become
the standard Manchester United home kit.
[67]
Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club
adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup
Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.
[67]
For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped
change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's
lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change.
[67]
The black socks were changed to
white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971, when the club reverted to black. Black shorts and/or white socks are
sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit. The current home kit is a red shirt with a black
buttoned-up collar.
[68]
187987 188793 189394 189496 18961902
The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an
all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 19992000
season,
[69]
and the 201112 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with
black shorts and blue socks.
[70]
An all-grey away kit worn during the 199596 season was dropped after just five games because players claimed to
have trouble finding their team-mates against the crowd.
[71]
In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit
was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.
[72]
The club's third kit is often all-blue. This was most recently the case during the 200809 season, to celebrate 40 years since it was worn for the club's
first European Cup win in 1968.
[73]
Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn
during the 199495 and 199596 seasons and once in 199697, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 199899 season, and white shirts with
black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 and 2005.
[74]
In recent seasons, the third kit has usually been the previous season's away kit.
Kit evolution
190220, 192122,
192734, 193460,
1971present
[PL]
192021, 196371 192227 1934 196063, 1997
present
[EC]
Old Trafford
Theatre of Dreams
Location Sir Matt Busby Way,
Old Trafford,
Greater Manchester,
Notes
A. ^ This combination is used for the Premier League and domestic competitions and friendlies.
B. ^ This combination is used for European and international competitions.
Grounds
Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original
capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to
join The Football League.
[75]
Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891 Newton Heath
used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold
1,000 spectators.
[76]
Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at
North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division
match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.
[77]
A similar attendance was also recorded for a
friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.
[78]
In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and
Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary
A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.
[79]
It initially had no stands, by
the start of the 189394 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one
side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end",
England
Broke ground 1909
Opened 19 February 1910
Owner Manchester United
Operator Manchester United
Construction cost 90,000 (1909)
Architect Archibald Leitch (1909)
Capacity 75,731 seated[2]
Tenants
Manchester United (1910present)
the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".
[79]
Newton Heath's first league
match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw
Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 32 win. The remaining stands were
completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.
[79]
In
October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand
from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as
distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester
City match to just 12,000.
[80]
When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry
Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a
temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.
[81]
Following financial
investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid 500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat
stand at Bank Street.
[82]
Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the
ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.
[82]
However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for
Davies' ambition;
[82]
in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United,
following the purchase of land for around 60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of 30,000 for construction; original plans called for
seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of
Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and
Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.
[83]
Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the
war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of 22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its
"home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged 5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate
receipts.
[84]
Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were
supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last
stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 199394 season.
[34]
First used on 25 March 1957 and costing 40,000, four 180-foot
(55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the
roof of each stand, which remains in use today.
[85]
The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was
redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 199899 season, second tiers were added to the East and
West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-
west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new
Premier League record.
[86]
The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw
Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 41, with just 114 seats (0.15 percent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.
[87]
In 2009,
reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.
[88][89]
Manchester United has the second highest average attendance
of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.
[90][91][92]
Support
Manchester United is reputed to be the most popular football club in the world, with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe.
[93]
The club
states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least
24 countries.
[94]
The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte
estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide,
[10]
while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million.
[11]
Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close
links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,
[95]
and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005,
a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford the "Stretford End" is the home end and the
traditional source of the club's most vocal support.
[96]
Rivalries
Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.
[97][98]
The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry
while Liverpool was a major port.
[99]
Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England, and at many points in their
history, they have battled each other for the league title (most recently in the 200809 season). Their matches are usually considered by the players and
their fans as the biggest in any given season.
The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester
United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.
[100]
Aeroflot is an official carrier of the
club.
The rivalry with Arsenal amasses from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsne Wenger have battled for the
Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier
League match-ups in history.
[101][102]
Global brand
Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's
trademarks and associated intellectual property at 412 million an increase of 39 million on the previous
year, valuing it at 11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid and gave the brand a strength
rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).
[103]
In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine
in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.
[104]
The club is currently ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and
Barcelona).
[105]
In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion.
Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports
team.
[106]
The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the
team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.
[96]
The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and
Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in
contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English
footballing public".
[107]
Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the
"fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.
[107]
As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its
commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic
losses.
[108]
The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David
Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates
sponsorship opportunities the value of which is driven by television exposure.
[109]
During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was
integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.
[110]
Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the
inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.
[111]
Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 200506, the club's commercial arm generated
Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
19451975 Umbro
none 19751980 Admiral
19801982
Adidas
19821992
Sharp Electronics
19922000
Umbro
20002002
Vodafone
20022006
Nike
20062010 AIG
20102014 Aon
2014 Chevrolet
51 million, compared to 42.5 million at Chelsea, 39.3 million at Liverpool, 34 million at Arsenal and 27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key
sponsorship relationship is with sportswear company Nike, who manage the club's merchandising operation as part of a 303 million 13-year partnership
established in 2002.
[112]
Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can
purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services such as the club's dedicated television
channel, MUTV have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.
[10]
Sponsorship
In an initial five-year deal worth 500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor
at the beginning of the 198283 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 19992000
season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, 30 million deal.
[113]
Vodafone agreed to pay
36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in
order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.
[113]
To commence at the start of the 200607 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a
four-year 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the
world.
[114][115]
At the beginning of the 201011 season, American reinsurance company Aon
became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately
80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.
[116]
Manchester
United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with
DHL reported to be worth 40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit
sponsorship in English football.
[117][118]
The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral
Sportswear in 1975.
[119]
Adidas received the contract in 1980,
[120]
before Umbro started a
second spell in 1992.
[121]
Umbro's sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking 302.9 million deal that will last until 2015;
3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.
[122][123]
In addition to Nike and Aon, the club also has several lower-level
"platinum" sponsors, including Chevrolet and Budweiser.
[124]
On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with the American automotive corporation General Motors, which will replace Aon as the shirt
sponsor from the 201415 season. The new $80m
[125]
a year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and will feature the logo of General Motors
brand Chevrolet.
[126]
Ownership and finances
Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters
for 1 via an application form.
[18]
In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested 500 to save the club from
bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies.
[18]
After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in
December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of 2,000.
[22]
Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board
in 1948,
[127]
but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian,
[128]
but the position of chairman
passed to former player Harold Hardman.
[129]
Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an
investment of approximately 40,000, he accumulated a 54 percent shareholding and took control in January 1964.
[130]
When Lillian Gibson died in
January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on
to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.
[131]
Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards'
asking price.
[131]
In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for 20 million, but the sale fell through and
Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead.
[131]
Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising 6.7 million),
[132]
and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time
from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch now the
Manchester United Supporters' Trust who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The
Manchester United board accepted a 623 million offer,
[133]
but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final
hurdle in April 1999.
[134]
A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John
Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse
Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching
investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.
[135]
In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 percent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his
investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately 800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).
[136][137]
In
July 2006, the club announced a 660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 percent reduction in annual interest payments to 62 million a
year.
[138][139]
In January 2010, with debts of 716.5 million ($1.17 billion),
[140]
Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth
504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the 509 million owed to international banks.
[141]
The annual interest payable on the bonds which
mature on 1 February 2017 is approximately 45 million per annum.
[142]
Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23
January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.
[143][144]
Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold,
the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy
fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.
[145]
In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. 600 million) initial public offering
(IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than 2 billion.
[146]
However, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its
IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.
[147]
Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to
$14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in
May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.
[14]
Players
First-team squad
As of 19 May 2014.
[148]
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No. Position Player
1 GK David de Gea
2 DF Rafael
3 DF Patrice Evra
4 DF Phil Jones
6 DF Jonny Evans
8 MF Juan Mata
10 FW Wayne Rooney
12 DF Chris Smalling
13 GK Anders Lindegaard
14 FW Javier Hernndez
16 MF Michael Carrick
No. Position Player
20 FW Robin van Persie
23 MF Tom Cleverley
24 MF Darren Fletcher
25 MF Antonio Valencia
26 MF Shinji Kagawa
28 DF Alexander Bttner
30 DF Guillermo Varela
31 MF Marouane Fellaini
34 FW Tom Lawrence
38 DF Michael Keane
40 GK Ben Amos
17 MF Nani
18 MF Ashley Young
19 FW Danny Welbeck
44 MF Adnan Januzaj
47 FW James Wilson
On loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No. Position Player
21 FW
ngelo Henrquez (at Real Zaragoza until 30 June
2014)
[149]
27 FW
Federico Macheda (at Birmingham City until 30
June 2014)
29 MF Wilfried Zaha (at Cardiff City until 30 June 2014)
32 MF
Nick Powell (at Wigan Athletic until 30 June
2014)
[150]
No. Position Player
33 FW
Bb (at Paos de Ferreira until 30 June 2014)
[151]
35 MF
Jesse Lingard (at Brighton & Hove Albion until 31
May 2014)
[152]
50 GK
Sam Johnstone (at Doncaster Rovers until 31 May
2014)
[153]
MF
Anderson (at Fiorentina until 30 June 2014)
[154]
Reserves and academy
Former players
Club captains
Player records
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year
Club officials
Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited
[155]
Honorary president: Martin Edwards
[156]
Manchester United Limited
Co-chairmen: Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer
[157]
Executive Vice Chairman: Ed Woodward
[157]
Group Managing Director: Richard Arnold
[157]
Chief operating officer: Michael Bolingbroke
[157]
Director of corporate development: Jamieson Reigle
[157]
Non-executive directors: Bryan Glazer, Kevin Glazer, Edward Glazer, Darcie Glazer Kassewitz, Robert Leito, John Hooks and Manu
Sawhney.
[157]
Manchester United Football Club
Directors: David Gill, Michael Edelson, Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Alex Ferguson
[158]
Club secretary: John Alexander
[159]
Club ambassadors: Andy Cole,
[160]
Gary Neville,
[161]
Bryan Robson,
[162]
Peter Schmeichel
[163]
Senior club staff
Deputy Chief Operating Officer: Paddy Lord
Director of Communications: Phil Townsend
Director of Business Development: Alan Dawson
Director of Legal and Business Affairs: Patrick Stewart
Director of Marketing: Jonathan Rigby
Director of Finance & IT: Steve Deaville
Director of Facilities: Clive Snell
Coaching staff
Manager: Louis van Gaal
Academy coaching staff
Director of youth academy: Brian McClair
[169]
Assistant director for 1721 year olds: Paul McGuinness
Assistant director for 916 year olds: Tony Whelan
Under 18s head coach: Paul McGuinness
Under 1316s head coach: Chris Casper
[170]
Under 1112s head coach: Tony Whelan
Under 910s head coach: Eamon Mulvey
Director of goalkeeping training: Richard Hartis
Academy coaches: Eddie Leach, Tommy Martin, Mike Glennie &
Andy Welsh
Assistant manager: Ryan Giggs
First-team coach: Vacant
Goalkeeping coach: Frans Hoek
[164]
Fitness coach: Tony Strudwick
[165]
Strength & conditioning coach: Gary Walker
[166]
Head of human performance: Dr. Richard Hawkins
[165]
Reserve team manager: Warren Joyce
[167]
Chief scout: Jim Lawlor
[168]
Chief opposition scout: Marcel Bout
[164]
Medical staff
Club doctor: Dr. Steve McNally
[171]
Assistant club doctor: Dr. Tony Gill
First team physiotherapist: Rob Swire
[172]
Reserve team physiotherapist: Neil Hough
Senior academy physiotherapist: Mandy Johnson
Academy physiotherapists: John Davin & Richard Merron
Masseurs: Gary Armer, Rod Thornley & Andy Caveney
Club dietician: Trevor Lea
Managerial history
Dates
[173]
Name Notes
18781892 Unknown
18921900 A. H. Albut
19001903 James West
19031912 Ernest Mangnall
19121914 John Bentley
19141922 Jack Robson
19221926 John Chapman First manager from outside England.
19261927 Lal Hilditch Shortest-serving manager.
19271931 Herbert Bamlett
19311932 Walter Crickmer
19321937 Scott Duncan
19371945 Walter Crickmer
19451969 Matt Busby
19691970 Wilf McGuinness
19701971 Matt Busby
19711972 Frank O'Farrell First manager from outside the United Kingdom.
19721977 Tommy Docherty
19771981 Dave Sexton
19811986 Ron Atkinson
19862013 Alex Ferguson
Most honours won and longest-serving manager in club history.
[174]
20132014 David Moyes
2014 Ryan Giggs First Interim player-manager.
2014 Louis van Gaal First manager from outside the British Isles.
Winners' and runners-up medals from
Manchester United's UEFA
Champions League final appearances
in 2008, 2009 and 2011
Honours
Manchester United's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.
[175]
In 1908, the club won its first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year.
Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five
Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA
Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.
The club currently holds the record for most top-division titles (20), the most FA Cups (11), and the most FA
Cup Final appearances (18).
[176]
Manchester United holds the record for the most Premier League titles (13),
and was the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968. The club's most recent trophy came in April
2013 with the 201213 Premier League title.
The only major honour that Manchester United has never won is the UEFA Europa League,
[177]
although the
team reached the quarter-finals in 198485 and the semi-finals of the competition's precursor tournament, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, in 1964
65.
[178][179]
Domestic
League
First Division
[nb 3]
(until 1992) and Premier League:
[nb 3]
20
190708, 191011, 195152, 195556, 195657, 196465, 196667, 199293, 199394, 199596, 199697, 199899, 1999
2000, 200001, 200203, 200607, 200708, 200809, 201011, 201213
Second Division:
[nb 3]
2
193536, 197475
Cups
FA Cup: 11
190809, 194748, 196263, 197677, 198283, 198485, 198990, 199394, 199596, 199899, 200304
League Cup: 4
199192, 200506, 200809, 200910
FA Charity/Community Shield: 20 (16 outright, 4 shared)
1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013
(* shared)
European
European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 3
196768, 199899, 200708
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
199091
UEFA Super Cup: 1
1991
Worldwide
Intercontinental Cup: 1
1999
FIFA Club World Cup: 1
2008
Doubles and Trebles
Doubles:
League and FA Cup: 3
199394, 199596, 199899 (as part of the Treble)
League and League Cup: 1
200809
European Double (League and European Cup): 2
199899 (as part of the Treble), 200708
"The Treble" (League, FA Cup and European Cup): 1
199899
Especially short competitions such as the Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup
are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.
[180]
Footnotes
1. ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2013), "What Were the British Earnings and Prices Then? (New Series)
(http://www.measuringworth.org/ukearncpi/)" MeasuringWorth.
2. ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change. Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April, the
meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its 25 April edition, suggesting it was indeed on 24 April.
3. ^
a

b

c
Upon its formation in 1992, the Premier League became the top tier of English football; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and
third tiers, respectively. The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League
One.
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Further reading
Andrews, David L., ed. (2004). Manchester United: A Thematic Study. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33333-4.
Barnes, Justyn; Bostock, Adam; Butler, Cliff; Ferguson, Jim; Meek, David; Mitten, Andy; Pilger, Sam; Taylor, Frank OBE; Tyrrell, Tom (2001)
[1998]. The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). London: Manchester United Books. ISBN 0-233-99964-7.
Bose, Mihir (2007). Manchester Disunited: Trouble and Takeover at the World's Richest Football Club. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-
84513-121-5.
Crick, Michael; Smith, David (1990). Manchester United The Betrayal of a Legend. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-31440-8.
Devlin, John (2005). True Colours: Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day. London: A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-7389-3.
Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John (2004). "Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe". In Fort, Rodney; Fizel, John.
International Sports Economics Comparisons. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98032-4.
Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-
1.
Hamil, Sean (2008). "Case 9: Manchester United: the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand". In Chadwick, Simon; Arth, Dave.
International Cases in the Business of Sport. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8543-6.
Inglis, Simon (1996) [1985]. Football Grounds of Britain (3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. ISBN 0-00-218426-5.
James, Gary (2008). Manchester: A Football History. Halifax: James Ward. ISBN 978-0-9558127-0-5.
Morgan, Steve (March 2010). "Design for life". In McLeish, Ian. Inside United (Haymarket Network) (212). ISSN 1749-6497
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-6497).
Murphy, Alex (2006). The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United. London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-7528-7603-1.
Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack. Sky Sports Football Yearbook 20082009. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7553-1820-9.
Shury, Alan; Landamore, Brian (2005). The Definitive Newton Heath F.C. SoccerData. ISBN 1-899468-16-1.
Tyrrell, Tom; Meek, David (1996) [1988]. The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 18781996 (5th ed.). London: Hamlyn.
ISBN 0-600-59074-7.
White, Jim (2008). Manchester United: The Biography. London: Sphere. ISBN 978-1-84744-088-4.
White, John (2007) [2005]. The United Miscellany (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84442-745-1.
External links
Official website (http://www.manutd.com/) (Arabic) (Chinese) (English) (French) (Japanese) (Korean) (Spanish)
Official statistics website (http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/)
Independent Manchester United Supporters Association website (http://www.imusa.org/)
Official Manchester United Supporters' Trust (http://www.joinmust.org/)
Manchester United F.C. on BBC Sport: Club news (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/default.stm) Recent results
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/results/default.stm) Upcoming fixtures
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/fixtures/default.stm) Club statistics
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/club_stats/default.stm)
Manchester United (http://www.skysports.com/football/teams/manchesterunited) at Sky Sports
Manchester United (http://www.premierleague.com/page/manchester-united) at Premier League
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Categories: Manchester United F.C. Association football clubs established in 1878 Association football clubs established in 1902
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