UNIVERSITATEA DE STIINTE AGRONOMICE SI MEDICINA VETERINARA

BUCURESTI
Tehnologia de obtinere
a untului de consum
2011
Cuprins
Introducere..3
Ca!to"u" 1. Untu" #er$u$ %ar&ar!na...'
Ca!to"u" 2
2.1. Sc(e%a te(no"o&!c) de *a+r!care a untu"u!....................,
2.2. Recet!a $! tratarea $%antan!!..10
2.3. Nor%a"!-area $! a$teur!-area $%antan!! .13
2... Maturarea $%antan!! 1.
2.'. /rocedee de *a+r!care a untu"u!1,
2.0. A%+a"area untu"u! ...21
2.2. Deo-!tarea untu"u! .30
2.1. Co%o-!t!a c(!%!ca $! caracter!$t!c!"e *!-!ce a"e untu"u! 30
2.,. Contro"u" ca"!tat!! untu"u! 33
2.10. De*ecte"e untu"u! ...30
Ca!to"u" 3. Ut!"a3e *o"o$!te "a *a+r!carea untu"u!..32
Ca!to"u" .
..1. Sort!%ente de unt .2
..2. T!ur! de unt e !ata d!n Ro%an!a ..3
B!+"!o&ra*!e ....2
Introducere
De*!n!4!e 5! c"a$!*!care. Untu" e$te un rodu$ der!#at d!n "ate *or%at
d!n &r6$!%e7 a6 5! $u+$tan46 u$cat6 ne&ra$67 care $e o+4!ne r!n trata%ente
ter%!ce 5! %ecan!ce a"e $%8nt8n!!.
2
D!n unct de #edere a" *!-!c!! co"o!da"e7 untu" e$te o e%u"$!e de t!
a69u"e!7 *a46 de $%8nt8n6 care e$te o e%u"$!e de t! u"e!9a6.
C"a$!*!carea $e *ace du6:
;natura %ater!e! r!%e <$%8nt8n6 d!n "ate7 $%8nt8n6 d!n -er7 d!n -ar67
$%8nt8n6 con&e"at6=>
;&radu" de ac!d!tate a" $%8nt8n!! <du"ce $au *er%entat6=>
;natura adao$ur!"or <$are7 -a(6r7 %!ere7 &r6$!%e #e&eta"6=>
;rocedee de re"ucrare ter%!c6 5! %ecan!c6 <a$teur!-at $au $ter!"!-at7 to!t7
u"+ere7 re%a"a?at7 &r6$!%e an(!dr6 d!n unt=.
Mater!a r!%6. E$te $%8nt8na care oate ro#en! d!n de&re$area $au
nor%a"!-area "ate"u! @n *a+r!c6 $au d!n co"ectare de "a d!*er!4! *urn!-or!
art!cu"ar!. Co%o-!4!a c(!%!c6 %ed!e a $%8nt8n!! entru unt e$te:
30&9100&> $u+$tan4e ne&ra$e 20&9100& <0. A a6> 272 A rote!ne> 3 A
"acto-6> 073 A cenu56=> #!ta%!ne> en-!%e> %!croe"e%ente> ac!-!.
Untu" con$t!tu!e unu" d!n rodu$e"e "actate ce"e %a! ra$and!te7
re-entand o deo$e+!ta !%ortanta entru a"!%entat!a o%u"u!7 dator!ta
ror!etat!"or $a"e nutr!t!#e $! ener&et!ce. Co%onentu" de +a-a a" untu"u!
e$te &ra$!%ea care rere-!nta !ntre 2. $! 13 A7 re$tu" *!!nd *or%at d!n
$u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a $! aa.
Untu" e$te cuno$cut d!n ant!c(!tate de "a &rec!7 de unde reararea "or
a *o$t re"uata de ro%an!7 e?t!n-andu;$e tretat $! "a a"te ooare. In "!%+a
ro%ana7 cu#antu" unt ro#!ne dd!n "at!ne$cu" unctum7 rodu$ ce $e *o"o$e$te
"a un&ere.
Ba $*ar$!tu" $eco"u"u! a" CIC;"ea7 dua de$coer!rea $earatoru"u!7 $;a
de-#o"tata *oarte %u"t roduct!a !ndu$tr!a"a a untu"u!7 care cu t!%u" $;a
er*ect!onat cont!nuu r!n !ntroducerea a$teur!-ar!! $%antan!! $! *o"o$!rea
cu"tur!"or de +acter!! "act!ce $e"ect!onate.
A$ta-!7 *a+r!carea untu"u! a de#en!t o !ndu$tr!e %oderna7 dotata cu
ut!"a3e e !na"ta te(no"o&!e ce er%!t rea"!-area unor !nd!c! econo%!c!
re%arca+!"!.
In tara noa$tra7 r!nc!a"u" $ort!%ent de unt e$te ce" o+t!nut d!n
$%antana *er%entata7 *!!nd arec!at e con$u%ator!. In a*ara de ace$t
$ort!%ent7 $e %a! *a+r!ca !n$a $! $ort!%ente"e de unt d!n $%antana du"ce7 d!n
-er7 d!n -ara $! untu" to!t.
/roce$u" de *a+r!cat!e cur!nde doua etae !%ortante: o+t!nerea
$%antan!! r!n $eararea "ate"u! $! tran$*or%area $%antan!! !n unt.
3
Capitolul 1
Untul versus margarina
Unu" d!ntre ce"e %a! (ran!toare a"!%ente care oate *! !nc"u$ !n d!eta
noa$tra e$te untu". S! a$ta !n c!uda tuturor ce"or care a*!r%a ca %ar&ar!na e$te
%u"t %a! +una dator!ta cont!nutu"u! e! $arac !n &ra$!%! $aturate $! co"e$tero".
Untu" e$te cu ade#arat %a! +un dec!t %ar&ar!na7 de$! un!! nutr!t!on!$t!7 %a!
ut!n !n*or%at!7 ne atent!onea-a a$ura er!co"e"or care aar dator!ta
&ra$!%!"or $aturate.
.
Iata7 !n$a7 nu%a! c!te#a d!ntr;o "un&a $er!e de ror!etat! a"e untu"u!7
cu !%"!cat!! +ene*!ce a$ura !ntre&u"u! or&an!$%.
Vitamine
Untu" e$te o $ur$a +o&ata $! u$or a$!%!"a+!"a de #!ta%!na A7 nece$ara
entru o "ar&a a"eta de *unct!un! a"e coru"u!7 !nce!nd cu #ederea $!
ter%!n!nd cu a$trarea !n +una *or%a a $!$te%u"u! endocr!n. Untu" %a!
cont!ne $! #!ta%!ne"e E7 D $! D.
Minerale
Untu" e$te +o&at !n re$ur$e %!nera"e7 !n $ec!a" $e"en!u7 care e$te un
utern!c ant!o?!dant. /rocentua"7 untu" cont!ne %a! %u"t $e"en!u dec!t
cerea"e"e $au u$turo!u". Ace$t a"!%ent *urn!-ea-a !odu" at!t de nece$ar "a +una
*unt!onare a &"ande! t!ro!de <"a *e" ca $! #!ta%!na A=.
Acizii grasi
Untu" cont!ne o cant!tate arec!a+!"a de ac!d +ut!r!c7 *o"o$!t de co"on
ca o $ur$a de ener&!e. Ace$t ac!d %a! e$te cuno$cut ca *!!nd ant!;carc!no&en.
Un a"t ac!d &ra$ cont!nut de unt7 ac!du" "aur!c7 e$te o $u+$tanta utern!c
ant!%!cro+!a"a $! ant!*u&a"a. Untu" %a! cont!ne $! a"t! ac!-! &ra$! care o*era o
e?ce"enta rotect!e !%otr!#a canceru"u!. E$te *oarte !%ortant $! %odu" de
(ran!re a #ac!! care roduce "ate"e d!n care $e reara untu": a$t*e" #ac!"e
care a$c "!+ere e a$un! roduc "ate cu un cont!nut %a! +o&at !n ac!-!
&ra$! dec!t ce"e care $!nt (ran!te !n &ra3d.
Ma! e?!$ta o cate&or!e $ec!a"a de ac!-! &ra$! care au ro"u" de a ne
rote3a contra !n*ect!!"or &a$tro;!nte$t!na"e7 care aar !n $ec!a" !n r!ndu"
co!!"or $! #!r$tn!c!"or. De aceea7 co!!! nu ar tre+u! $a con$u%e $%!nt!na
"ate"u! %a! ut!n &ra$.
Colesterol
In c!uda !n*or%at!!"or eronate cu care at! *o$t +o%+ardat!7 co"e$tero"u"
e$te nece$ar at!t entru %ent!nerea $anatat!! $!$te%u"u! d!&e$t!#7 c!t $! entru
de-#o"tarea cre!eru"u! $! a !ntre&u"u! $!$te% ner#o$ a" co!!"or. Bate"e u%an
are un &rad !na"t de $aturare !n &ra$!%! $! co"e$tero".
Margarina se afla la antipod
Ba caatu" ou$ a" tuturor ace$tor ca"!tat! deo$e+!te $tau %ar&ar!na $!
ce"e"a"te rodu$e #e&eta"e tart!na+!"e. In t!% ce ace$tea ot *! %a! !e*t!ne7 nu
tre+u!e $a "e %a! con$u%at! o data ce at! a*"at cu% $!nt rodu$e.
Toate %ar&ar!ne"e $!nt rodu$e d!n u"e!ur! #e&eta"e care au *o$t
!nca"-!te "a te%eratur! e?tre% de r!d!cate. Acea$ta e$te o &arant!e ca ace$te
u"e!ur! #or de#en! r!ncede. Dua aceea e$te adau&at un cata"!-ator de n!c(e"7
o data cu ato%! de (!dro&en entru a;" $o"!d!*!ca. N!c(e"u"7 dua cu% $e $t!e7
e$te un %eta" cu o to?!c!tate de$tu" de %are care $e #a re&a$! $! !n rodu$u"
'
*!na". Ba $*!r$!t $e adau&a co"orant!! $! aro%e"e entru a !ndearta %!ro$u" de
u"e! r!nced $! cu"oarea de"oc aet!$anta.
Grasimile periculoase sint cele vegetale
S! daca toate ace$tea nu $!nt $u*!c!ente7 a*"at! ca !n t!%u" roce$u"u!
de $o"!d!*!care aar ac!-! er!cu"o$! cu e*ecte daunatoare a$ura !ntre&u"u!
or&an!$%.
E$te ca-u" $a #a (otar!t! ceea ce dor!t!: un a"!%ent ade#arat7 care
cont!ne d!n a+undenta $u+$tante $anatoa$e7 $au un rodu$ care7 %a! de#re%e
$au %a! t!r-!u7 roduce +oa"a $! durere.
De$!&ur ca un!! d!ntre du%nea#oa$tra care #a $ura#e&(eat! &reutatea7
!n $ec!a" *e%e!"e7 #et! e-!ta $a !ntroducet! !n d!eta untu". Dar nu tre+u!e $a
#a *acet! &r!3!. Aro?!%at!# 1' "a $uta d!n ac!-!! &ra$! cont!nut! de unt nu $e
deo-!tea-a ca &ra$!%e !n cor7 c! $!nt ut!"!-at! entru *urn!-area ener&!e! de
catre or&ane"e #!ta"e. Gra$!%!"e de care tre+u!e cu ade#arat $a #a *er!t! $!nt
ce"e #e&eta"eE
Cautati untul natural, produs la tara
Atunc! c!nd cauta% unt de +una ca"!tate $a;" re*era% !ntotdeauna e
ce" c!t %a! natura"7 care nu a *o$t $uu$ re"ucrar!! ter%!ce. Ma! e?!$ta !nca "a
no! trad!t!a roducer!! untu"u! !n &o$odar!!"e tarane$t! F ace"a e$te ce" %a!
!nd!cat7 deoarece $! "ate"e d!n care a *o$t *acut e$te de +una ca"!tate $! nu a
*o$t $uu$ re"ucrar!! de n!c! un *e".
Untul, margarina si concurenta
/!ata ro%anea$ca de unt e$te de ' or! %a! %!ca decat !ata de
%ar&ar!na. /roducator!! de unt n!c! nu %a! !ndra-ne$c $a;$! aduca a%!nte de
#re%ur!"e cand rodu$e"e "or $e #!ndeau doar dua ore !ntre&! de $tat "a
coada $! cateodata c(!ar e $u+ %ana. De;a "un&u" t!%u"u! %ar&ar!na $;a
do#ed!t un ad#er$ar *oarte a+!"7 $! a acaarat un nu%ar *oarte !%ortant de
c"!ent!: !n re-ent %a3or!tatea ro%an!"or con$u%a %ar&ar!na !n "oc de unt.
/roducator!! de %ar&ar!na ataca !ata cu rodu$e no! $! o*erte &eneroa$e7 !ar
roducator!! de unt roun a"ternat!#e recu%: G cre%a de unt: %a! u$oara $!
%a! tart!na+!"a H.
Co%et!t!a e$te dura e a%+e"e *rontur!. In re-ent7 !ata de
%ar&ar!na e$te det!nuta !n roort!e de ,,A de tre! %ar! co%et!tor!:
Un!"e#er7 OrI"a Jood$ $! RoKa" Br!nIer$. Toate tre! au o #a$ta e?er!enta
!nternat!ona"a $! $unt trecute r!n concurenta d!n Occ!dent. /entru a utea
at!n&e ace$t n!#e" ace$tea au cu%arat *a+r!c!"e trad!t!ona"e $! au +a&at +an!
&re! !n !n $tud!! de !ata7 !n "a+oratoare de cercetare $! !n rec"a%a.
D!rectoru" co%erc!a" de "a RoKa" Br!nIer$7 Ga+r!e" Ter!nte de$cr!e
o"!t!ca "or de ro%o#are ca *!!nd una d!rect!onata $re d!$tr!+u!tor! $! %ar!"e
"antur! de (Ker%arIet.
0
/e %a$ura ce %ar&ar!na e$te ro%o#ata r!ntr;o a+undenta de $otur!
u+"!c!tare $! !ata !n&(!te -ec!! de %!! de tone d!n ace$t rodu$7 untu" a
!ntrat !ntr;un con de u%+ra. Inca$ar!"e d!n #an-ar!"e ace$tu! rodu$ nu er%!t
co%erc!ant!"or $a rea"!-e-e ca%an!! u+"!c!tare e %a$ura. /ro*!tu" o+t!nut
de ace$t!a e$te red!rect!onat catre !n#e$t!t!!. D!*erenta d!ntre ce"e doua
rodu$e $e %are$te con$!dera+!" daca ar *! "uat !n ca"cu" $! con$u%u"
!ndu$tr!a". /at!$er!!"e7 re$taurante"e $! co*etar!!"e ra%an n!$te c"!ent! *!de"! a!
%ar&ar!ne!.
Con$u%ator!! de %ar&ar!na $unt !n &enera" *!de"! une! $!n&ure %arc!7
!ar daca %a! !ncearca $! a"tce#a $e "!%!tea-a "a ce" %u"t tre!.
OrI"a Jood$ e$te ce" %a! %are *urn!-or de %ar&r!na !ndu$tr!a"a de e
!ata. Gru nore#e&!an care a re"uat d!#!-!a de %ar&ar!na a ToLaK
Cra!o#a. Det!ne %arc!"e M!e$anna <r!%a %ar&ar!na ro%anea$ca de dua
N1,=7 JruI$tucI $! Bun!ca.
Mar&ar!na M!e$anna a *o$t "an$ata e !ata !n ca$ero"e de "a$t!c <ceea
ce a con$t!tu!t o re%!era "a #re%ea re$ect!#a=7 "a ace"a$! n!#e" ca"!tat!# cu
ce"e !%ortate7 dar "a un ret %u"t %a! redu$ decat ace$tea.
RoKa" Br!nIer$ Ro%an!a ; &ru o"ande- ce det!ne c!nc! %arc! de
%ar&ar!na: Oo""and7 B!nco7 Un!rea7 Mat!na" $! Accento. Ba *!na"u" anu"u!
200.7 co%an!a det!nea 3.A d!n !ata %ar&ar!ne! de con$u% $! 2'A d!n
!ata %ar&ar!ne! !ndu$tr!a"e7 otr!#!t une! co%an!! de aud!t.
Un!"e#er ; co%an!e an&"o;o"ande-a care a cu%arat !n 2002 *a+r!ca
de %ar&ar!na de "a Tar&u Mure$7 unde a !nceut roduct!a de %ar&ar!na
Ra%a $! De"%a.
/e !ata untu"u! r!nc!a"!! actor! $unt: Jr!e$"and Ro%an!a7 A"+a"act $!
Co#a"act.
Jr!e$"and Ro%an!a ; co%an!e o"ande-a cara a ac(!-!t!onat !n 20027
tre! *a+r!c! ro%ane$t! de unt: So%e$ana;Satu Mare7 Bec"ar;T!%!$oara $!
SCIB;Mure$. Det!ne %arc!"e M!""! $! OIe.
Co#a"act e$te o *!r%a cu trad!t!e !n do%en!u $! *a+r!ca unt de t! A $!
B. A"+a"act: *!r%a cu act!onar!at 100A ro%ane$c7 *a+r!ca unt de %a$a $!
det!ne $! %arca de "ate Ju"&a.
Con*or% date"or In$t!tu"u! Nat!ona" de Stat!$t!ca7 anu" trecut *a+r!c!"e
ro%ane$t! au $co$ e !ata aro?!%at!# 30.000 de tone de %ar&ar!na $! '.000
de tone de unt.
Ne$!%t!ndu;$e $er!o$ a%en!ntat! de !ndu$tr!a untu"u!7 roducator!! de
%ar&ar!na $e ra-+o!e$c !ntre e!7 "an$and !n er%anenta rodu$e no! $!
ro%ot!! &eneroa$e.
/roducator!! a%+e"or rodu$e cad de acord a$ura unu! $!n&ur unct:
atat untu" cat $! %ar&ar!na $unt rodu$e $e-on!ere. Ce"e %a! %ar! #an-ar! $e
2
o+t!n !n "un!"e %art!e;ar!"!e $! $ete%+r!e;dece%+r!e. /e arcur$u" #er!!7
con$u%u" $cade "a 3u%atate7 c"!ent!! re*erand rodu$e"e *ara &ra$!%!. De
$ar+ator!7 cre$c $e%!n!*!cat!# rodu$e"e "a ac(et7 ace$tea *!!nd a"e$e de
&o$od!ne entru reararea cre%e"or $! ra3!tur!"or.
Ba %a! %u"t de un $eco" de "a de$coer!rea $a7 r!#!nd de;a "un&u"
an!"or7 ute% $une ca %ar&ar!na a arcur$ un dru% de$tu" de "un& $! de"oc
u$or !ntre roducator!7 re$tr!ct!! "e&!$"at!#e7 !ed!c! u$e de ce! d!n !ndu$tr!a
de "actate $! con$u%ator!.
Ba caatu" ace$tu! dru%7 "ocu" $au !n cadru" a"!%entat!e! $anatoa$e
e$te !n ace$t %o%ent c"ar de*!n!t: d!ntre rodu$e"e tart!na+!"e7 %ar&ar!na e$te
a"!%entu" re*erat7 !n $ec!a" !n tar!"e !n care $e une %are ret e educarea
ou"at!e! cu r!#!re "a nutr!t!e.
Capitolul
!1! "chema tehnologica de fabricare a untului
Recet!a "ate"u! Recet!a "ate"u!

S%antan!rea "ate"u! S%antan!rea "ate"u!

Rac!rea $! a$trarea
S%antan!!
1
Tran$ortu" $%antan!! "a
Ja+r!ca
Recet!a $! $ortarea
$%antan!!
Nor%a"!-area $%antan!!

/a$teur!-area $%antan!!
Rac!rea $%antan!!
Maturarea $%antan!!
Baterea $%antan!! FO+t!nerea -are!
Sa"area +o+u"u! de unt
Ma"a?area untu"u!
Re&"area cont!nutu"u! de aa d!n unt


A%+a"area untu"u! A%+a"area untu"u! !n "a-!
In ac(ete
Deo-!tarea untu"u! Con&e"area untu"u!
Tran$ortu" $! de$*acerea Deo-!tarea untu"u! con&e"at
Untu"u! !n reteaua co%erc!a"a
!! #eceptia si tratarea smantanii
S%8ntan) d!n care $e o+t!ne untu" ro#!ne *!e d!n $%8nt8n!rea "ate"u!
!n *a+r!ca unde de o+!ce! are "oc $! re"ucrarea $%8ntan!! !n unt *!e d!n
$%antan!rea "ate"u! "a *er%e"e $! un!tat!"e d!n -ona de co"ectare de unde
ao! $e tran$orta "a *a+r!ca.
S%8ntana %ater!e r!%a entru *a+r!carea untu"u! !nd!*erent de
ro#en!enta e!7 !na!nte de a *! !ntrodu$a "a re"ucrare tre+u!e recet!onata
cant!tat!# $! $ortata e ca"!tat!.
,
Mater!a" r!%a oate ro#en! *!e d!n $%antan!rea "ate"u! !n *a+r!ca7
care e$te *o"o$!ta !%ed!at "a re"ucrarea !n unt7 *!e de "a *er%e"e $! un!tat!"e
d!n -one de co"ectare.
S%antana7 !nd!**erent de ro#en!enta e!7 !na!nte de a !ntra !n c!rcu!tu"
de *a+r!cat!e7 tre+u!e recet!onata ca"!tat!#7 $ortandu;$e !n *unct!e de
caracter!$t!c!"e or&ano"et!ce.
In ur%atoru" ta+"e $unt re-entate caracter!$t!c!"e or&ano"et!ce e
+a-a carora $e *ace $ortarea $%antan!!.
Ta+e" 1
Caracter!$t!c"e or&ano"et!ce a"e $%antan!! entru unt
Carcater!$t!c! Ca"!tatea I Ca"!tatea II
A$ect Jara !%ur!tat! %ecan!ce7
ne!n&(etata
Jara $ed!%ent7 oate
re-enta cr!$ta"e de
&(eata
Con$!$tenta J"u!da *ara a&r"o%erare de
&ra$!%e $! $u+$tanta rote!ca
/ut!n #a$coa$a7 oate
a#ea rare a&"o%erat!! de
&ra$!%e $! $u+$tante
rote!ce.
Nu $e ad%!te con$!$tenta *!"anta $au %uc!"a&!noa$a.
Cu"oare A"+a ana "a $"a+;&a"+u!e7 un!*or%a !n toata %a$a.
M!ro$ $! &u$t /"acut7 du"cea&7 c(aracter!$t!c
$%antan!! roa$ete *ara n!c!
o nuanta e %!ro$ $au &u$t
$tra!n.
C(aracter!$t!c de
*er%entat!e "act!ca ura>
oate re-enta nuante
$"a+e de %!ro$ $! &u$t de
*ura3e.
In a*ara de caracter!$t!c!"e or&ano"et!ce7 $%antana tre+u!e $a %a!
!nde"!nea$ca "a recet!e anu%!te caracter!$t!c! *!-!co;c(!%!ce7 care $unt
#a"a+!"e entru a%+e"e ca"!tat! e $%antana7 a$t*e":
; te%eratura %a?!%a ad%!$a e$te de 1.PC>
; cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e7 care #ar!a-a !n *unct!e de anot!%7 !n
er!oada rece <no#. F %art.=7 tre+u!e $a *!e cur!n$ !ntre 30;3'A7
!ar !n er!oada ca"da <ar. F oct.=7 !ntre 3';.0A>
Oerat!a de $ortare a $%antan!! !n *unct!e de ca"!tate7 re-!nta o
!%ortanta deo$e+!ta deoarece ea cond!t!onea-a !n +una arte ca"!tatea $!
con$er#a+!"!tatea untu"u!. A$t*e"7 ac!d!tatea $%antan!! nu tre+u!e $a
dea$ea$ca 2' PT "a un cont!nut de &ra$!%e de 30;3'A. De aceea7 !%ed!at
dua o+t!nerea $%antan!! tre+u!e rac!ta "a o te%erature de $u+ 10PC7
a$u&urandu;$e a$t*e" o !ncet!n!re a roce$u"u! de ac!d!*!ere.
10
Sunt ca-ur!7 !n $ec!a" "a $%antana care ro#!ne de "a *er%e7 cand
ac!d!tatea re-!nta #a"or! r!d!cate de .0;'0PT. In acea$ta $!tuat!e7 $%antana
oate *! *o"o$!ta "a *a+r!carea untu"u! nu%a! du ace !n rea"a+!" a *o$t $uu$a
anu%!tor rocedee entru a;! reduce ac!d!tatea7 r!n $a"are $au r!n tratare
cu anu%!te $u+$tante neutra"!-ante. Sa"area $%antan!! $e *ace r!n d!"uare
cu aa "a te%erature de 30;'0PC7 !n roort!e de 1:2 $au 1:37 !ar a%e$tecu"
$e $%antane$te cu a3utoru" unu! $earator centr!*u&a". Aa are ro"u" de a
!ndearta ac!du" "act!c $! d!*er!te"e $u+$tante *or%ate !n $%antana !n ur%a
roce$e"or +!oc(!%!ce nedor!te.
Reducere ac!d!tat!! cu $u+$tante c(!%!ce neutra"!-ante <ac!-! $au
(!dro?!-! de ca"c!u $au %a&ne-!u7 car+onat $au +!car+onat de $od!u=7 !%u$a
de anu%!te $!tuat!!7 $e oate a"!ca atat entru untu" *a+r!cat d!n $%antana
ac!da cat $! entru ce" o+t!nut d!n $%antana du"ce.
Recepia calitativ $e e*ectuea-6 ana"!-a $en-or!a"6 5! *!-!co F c(!%!c6
care tre+u!e $6 core$und6 con*or% STAS. Dac6 ac!d!tatea deu$6 2'
0
T
!nter#!n o $er!e de !nco#en!en4e "a re"ucrarea $a u"ter!oar6:
; aar!4!a &u$tu"u! de *!ert>
; rec!!tarea rote!ne"or *6r6 a$teur!-are>
; reducerea e*ectu"u! +acter!c!d>
; $cade #8$co-otatea>
/entru @n"6turarea ace$te !ncon#en!ente $e de-ac!d!*!a-6 $%8nt8na r!n
d!"uare7 $6"are7 rocedeu c(!%!c <Na
2
CO
3
=.
Recepia cantitativ $e *ace &ra#!%etr!c ut!"!-8nd c8ntare -ec!%a"e.
Normalizarea $e *ace *unc4!e de rocedeu" de o+4!nere a untu"u! r!n
ut!"!-area "ate"u! $%8nt8n!t. Se oate *ace 8n6 "a 30 F 31 A &r6$!%e dac6
roce$u" e$te d!$cont!nuu 5! 8n6 "a .0 F ..A &r6$!%e entru rocedeu"
cont!nuu. Dac6 $%8nt8na nu $e $uune %atur6r!! +!oc(!%!ce atunc!
nor%a"!-area $e *ace @ntre .2 F '0 A &r6$!%e.
Pasteurizarea $e *ace entru d!$tru&erea &er%en!"or ato&en! 5! a
ce"or d6un6tor! d!n unct de #edere te(no"o&!c7 entru !nact!#!tatea
en-!%e"or roteo"!t!ce 5! "!o"!t!ce care ot de&rada untu" ca ur%are a
(!dro"!-e! rote!ne"or 5! "!!de"or7 5! entru reducerea #8$co-!t64!! $%8nt8n!!
ceea ce a$!&ur6 o$!+!"!t64! %a! +une de re"ucrare.
Regimuri termice
OTST 22
0
C t!% de 1' $ecunde
OTST ,2 F ,'
0
C t!% de 10 $ecunde
Oera4!a $e rea"!-ea-6 @n a$teur!-atoare tu+u"are $au cu "6c! cu
d!$tan46 %a! %are @ntre "6c!.
Dezodorizarea, $u+ un #!d ar4!a" $e roduce o e#aorare redu$6 a
ae! d!n $%8nt8n67 antren8nd cu ea $u+$tan4e cu %!ro$ ne"6cut care ot
11
ro#en! d!n a"!%ente an!%a"!ere7 de "a %u"&ere7 de "a tran-#a-area "ate"u! @n
+!doane $au unor ac4!un! +!oc(!%!ce $au en-!%at!ce. Oera4!a nu e$te
o+"!&ator!e. Qn t!%u" a$teur!-6r!! $%8nt8n!! au "oc tran$*or%6r! a"e
$%8nt8n!!7 "acto-e! 5! rote!ne"or contr!+u!nd "a *or%area unu! &u$t $ec!*!c7
"6cut7 a$e%6n6tor &u$tu"u! de nuc6. E*!cac!tatea a$teur!-6r!! $e deter%!n6
r!n ro+a ero?!da-e! 5! ana"!-e %!cro+!o"o&!ce. Cea %a! !nd!cat6 %etod6
de a$teur!-are e$te #acrea4!a care rea"!-ea-6 conco%!tent 5! de-odor!-area.
Vacreatoare"e rea"!-ea-6 @ntr F o r!%6 ca%er6 de #!d a%e$tecarea $%8nt8n!!
cu a+ur7 !ar @n a" II ; "ea 5! a" III F "ea co%art!%ent are "oc de-odor!-area "a
o dere$!une care a3un&e "a 00 F 0' M9a recu% 5! r6c!rea $%8nt8n!!.
Culturile starter $unt *or%ate d!n %!croor&an!$%e"e: Bactococcu$
"act!$ $$ cre%or!$ <Stretococcu$ cre%or!$=> Bactococcu$ "act!$ $$ "act!$
<Stretococcu$ "act!$=> Bactococcu$ "act!$ d!acet!"act!$ <Stretococcu$
d!acet!"act!$=> r!%e"e 2 %!croor&an!$%e $unt ac!d!*!ante7 !ar ur%6toru" e$te
roduc6tor de d!acet!"7 co%onent a" aro%e! untu"u!. Ma! ot *ace arte:
$tretococc! (etero*er%entat!#! F Beucono$toc c!trocoru% 5! arac!trocoru%7
roduc6tor! de aro%6.
Su+$tratu" entru ac4!unea %!croor&an!$%u"u! @" con$t!tu!e "acto-a 5!
c!tratu" d!n $%8nt8n67 !ar rodu$e"e o+4!nute r!n *er%entare contr!+u!e "a
*or%area aro%e!. Ace$te $u+$tan4e $unt ne#o"at!"e <ac!d "act!c= 5! #o"at!"e
<CO
2
7 CO
3
7 COOO7 ac!d ro!on!c7 etano"7 aceton67 +utanon67 d!acet!"7
a"de(!d6 acet!c67 aceto!n67 $cetat de et!" 5! %et!" 5! co%u5! $u"*ura4!=.
Concentra4!a de d!acet!" e$te 2 F ' %&9I&.
Maturarea +!oc(!%!c6 a $%8nt8n!! con$t6 @n 2 *a-e:
;*er%enta4!a ror!u F -!$6 c8nd +acter!!"e "act!ce $e de-#o"t6 !nten$ a#8nd
dret con$ec!n46 cre5terea ac!d!t64!!>
;%aturarea ror!u F -!$6 c8nd ac!d!*!erea e$te %a! redu$67 dar $e *or%ea-6 5!
$e acu%u"ea-6 $u+$tan4e de aro%6> O R .72 F ' > A R 30 F 0'
Se rea"!-ea-6 @n #ane cu ere4! du+"!! r!n care c!rcu"6 a&entu" de
@nc6"-!re $au r6c!re7 re#6-ut cu %anta 5! a&!tator.
Durata e$te @ntre 1 F 12 ( entru a $e a$!&ura O $u+ '.
!$! %ormalizarea si pasteurizarea smantanii
In *unct!e de cer!nte"e te(no"o&!ce de *a+r!cat!e a"e untu"u!7 $%antana
ut!"!-ata !n ace$t roce$$ $e nor%a"!-ea-a "a un cont!nutde 30;3' A &ra$!%e.
/entru roce$u" de nor%a"!-area $e #a e#!ta *o"o$!re ae!7 care
!n*"uentea-a ne&at!#e7 atat caracter!$t!c!"e $%antan!! !n roce$u" e re"ucrare
!n unt7 cat $! ca"!tatea -are!.
/a$teur!-area $%8ntan!! are dret $co:
12
;d!$tru&erea %!cro+!"or ato&en! roducator! de tu+ercu"o-a7
+ruce"o-a7 t!*o$7 d!*ter!e etc.
;d!$tru&erea &er%en!"or d)unator!7 re$ect!# a dro3d!!"or7
%uce&a!ur!"or $! unor +acter!! care trecand !n unt !n*"uentea-a !n %od
ne&at!# ca"!tatea $! con$er#a+!"!tatea rodu$u"u!>
;!nact!#area unor en-!%e a caror re-enta roduce de*ecte $! &ra+e$c
a"terarea untu"u!.
/a$teur!-area $%antan!! con$t!tu!e o etaa te(no"o&!ca de %are
!%ortanta !n roce$u" de *a+r!care a untu"u!7 cond!t!onand o+t!nerea unor
!nd!c! !&!en!c! $uer!or! a! rodu$u"u! *!n!t7 recu% $! rea"!-area unu! roce$$
de %aturare d!r!3at a" $%antan!!. Te%eratura de a$teur!-are a $%antan!!
e$te de ,2;,'PC7 t!% de 20;30 $ecunde7 te%eratura care a$!&ura
!nact!#area "!a-e!7 en-!%a re$on$a+!"a de roducerea unor de*ecte a"e
untu"u!. /entru ca ateur!-area $a de#!na $! %a! e*!c!enta7 $e reco%anda ca !n
$e-onu" rece nor%a"!-area $%antan!! $a $e *aca "a un cont!nut de &ra$!%e %a!
redu$7 re$ect!#e de cca. 30A.
/entru de$*a$urarea !n cond!t!! core$un-atoare a roce$u"u! de
a$teur!-are7 tre+u!e contro"ata ac!d!tatea $%antan!! !na!nte de ace$t roce$.
Ac!d!tatea rea %are a $%antan!! conduce "a rec!!tarea $u+$tante"or
rote!ce e "ac!"e a$teur!-atoru"u!7 deuner! care ot roduce dere&"ar! a"e
!n$ta"at!e! de a$teur!-are7 *!!nd nece$ara or!rea $! $a"area ace$te!a.
Ce"a %a !nd!cate !n$ta"at!! entru a$teur!-area $%antan!! $unt ce"e
re#a-ute cu de-odor!-are7 !n care7 $u+ #!d art!a"7 $e roduce o e#aorare
!nten$e a ae! d!n $%antana7 care antrenea-a cu ea $u+$tante"e cu %!ro$ $!
&u$t ne"acute7 ce ot trece a"t*e" !n unt. Su+$tante"e ce roduc ace$te de*ecte
ot ro#en! d!rect d! a"!%entat!a #ac!"or7 ot $a *!e de a$e%enea *!?ate e
"ate !n t!%u" %u"&er!! $! tran$#a-ar!! "u! !n +!doane <%!ro$ de &ra3d7 de
nutret !n$!"o-at= $au ot *! datorate unor act!un! +!oc(!%!ce or! en-!%at!ce a"e
unor $u+$tante <c!d acet!c7 cetone=.
!&! Maturarea smantanii
Rere-!nta un roce$$ co%"e? !n care $%antana $u*era %od!*!car! e
ord!n *!-!c $! +!oc(!%!c7 !n $cou" o+t!ner!! unor caracter!$t!c! ce er%!t
u"ter!or tran$*or%area ace$te!a !n unt. /r!n roce$u" de %aturare $e ur%are$te
at!n&erea a doua o+!ect!#e:
; $o"!d!*!car!! &ra$!%!!7 r!n rac!rea $! %ent!nerea "a te%erature
$ca-ute7 de 2;1PC7 care con$t!tu!e *a-a de %aturare *!-!ca>
13
; cre$terea ac!d!tat!! $%antan!! !n anu%!te "!%!te $! *or%area
co%u$!"or de aro%a7 ca ur%are a act!#!tat!! cu"tur!"or $e"ect!onate
de +acter!! "act!ce adau&ate7 care con$t!tu!e *a-a de %aturare
+!oc(!%!ca.
Maturarea fizica
/r!n rac!rea $! %ent!nerea $%antan!! "a o te%erature $ca-uta 7 un
anu%!t t!%7 o +una art d!n &ra$!%e trece d!n $tarea "!c(!da !n cea $o"!da
<cr!$ta"!-ea-a=7 roducandu;$e !n ace"a$! t!% %od!*!car! a"e $tar!! co"o!da"e a
$u+$tante"or rote!ce. Maturarea *!-!ca a $%antan!! er%!te re&"area cant!tat!!
de &ra$!%e $o"!d!*!cata7 *or%a $! d!%en$!un!"e art!cu"e"or $o"!de7 recu% $!
natura $! co%o-!t!a "or.
/roce$u" de $o"!d!*!care a &ra$!%!! d!n $%antana e$te !n*"uentat !n
r!nc!a" de: te%erature7 #!te-a de rac!er7 durata $! co%o-!t!a &ra$!%!!.
Te%eratura de rac!re act!onea-a a$ura #!te-e! de *or%are a
nuc"ee"or de cr!$ta"!-are7 re$ect!# a$ura nu%aru"u! de art!cu"e $!
d!%en$!un!! ace$tora $! dec! !n *!na" a$ura cant!tat!! tota"e de &ra$!%e
$o"!d!*!cata.
Scaderea te%eratur!! de %aturare a $%antan!!7 &ra+e$te ro&re$!#
roce$u" de $o"!d!*!care a &ra$!%!!7 reducand dec! durata de %aturare.
S%antana are o conduct!+!"!tate ter%!ca redu$a7 ceea ce *ace ca rac!rea
ace$te!a $a $e *aca d$tu" de "ent7 a$t*e" !ncat roce$u" de %aturare are o durata
"un&a. Jo"o$!rea !n$a a unor te%eratur! $ca-ute $! a&!tarea er!od!ca a
$%antan!! d!n #ane"e de %aturare deter%!na o !nten$!*!care a roce$u"u! de
cr!$ta"!-are a &ra$!%!!7 care !n *!na" oate duce "a $curtarea *a-e! de %aturare
*!-!ca.
V!te-a de rac!re cond!t!onea-a cant!tatea de $un$tanta &ra$a
$o"!d!*!cata. /r!ntr;o rac!re +ru$ca a $%antan!! !n aarate"e cu "ac! $e
roduce o %a! ra!da $o"!d!*!care a &ra$!%!!7 !ar art!cu"e"e $o"oed cont!n un
a%e$tec de d!*er!te &"!cer!de7 d!n care re-u"ta u"ter!or un unt cu o con$!$tenta
%a! tare7 !n t!% ce r!ntr;o rac!re %a! "enta a $%antan!! !n #ane $e #a o+t!ne
un unt cu o con$!$tenta %a! redu$a.
Durata de %ent!nere "a te%erature 3oa$a !n*"uentea-a de a$e%enea
$o"!d!*!care7 !ntrucat ace$t roce$$ nu are "oc !n$tantaneu. Maturarea *!-!ca a
$%antan!! "a te%eratur! de e$te 10PC7 nu a$!&ura o $o"!d!*!care
core$un-atoare a &ra$!%!!7 c(!ar !n ca-u" une! durate %a! "un&!7 ceea ce *ace
ca untu" re-u"tat $a a!+a o con$!$tenta %oa"e7 !ar !erder!"e de &ra$!%e !n -ara
$a *!e de$tu" e !n$e%!nate. Maturarea e?ce$!#a !n$a "a te%eratur! $ca-ute7 cu
%ent!nerea t!% !nde"un&at7 *a#or!-ea-a o+t!nerea unu! unt cu de*ecte de
$tructura $! con$!$tenta.
1.
In ta+e"u" de %a! 3o$7 e$te re-entata durata de %aturare *!-!ca a
$%antan!!7 !n *unct!e de te%erature $! anot!%.
Ta+e" 2
Durata de %aturare *!-!ca a $%antan!!7 !n *unct!e de te%eratura $! anot!%
Te%. de rac!re PC Durata %aturar!! <ore=
Iarna Vara
0.' F 1.' /ana "a 1 /ana "a 1
2 F . M!n!%u% 1 M!n!%u% 1
' F 0 M!n!%u% . M!n!%u% 0
Ja-a de %aturare *!-!ca $e oate a"!ca *!e !%ed!at dua a$teur!-are7
dec! !na!ntea %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce7 *!e dua acea$ta *a-a7 !n *unct!e de
rocedeu" de %aturare ut!"!-at. Ca $! roce$ de %aturare un!c7 %aturarea
*!-!ca7 $e *o"o$e$te nu%a! !n ca-u" o+t!ner!! untu"u! d!n $%antana du"ce7
rodu$ care nu $e *a+r!ca "a no! !n tara.
Maturarea biochimica 'fermentarea smantanii(
E$te una d!n *a-e"e ce"e %a! !%ortante a"e roce$u"u! de *a+r!care a
untu"u! $! con$ta !n r!nc!a" !n *er%entat!a "act!ca d!r!3ata a $%antan!!
a$teur!-ate7 $u+ act!unea cu"tur!"or de +acter!! "act!ce $e"ect!onate.
O+!ect!#e"e %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce $unt ur%atoare"e:
; de-#o"tarea !n unt a aro%e! $ec!*!ce>
; rea"!-area ac!d!*!er!! $%antan!! $! $caderea O F u"u!7 ceea ce
deter%!na o rotect!e +!o"o&!ca *ata de d!*er!te"e %!croor&an!$%e
care ot de&rada untu"7 care *!e au re-!$tat "a a$teur!-are7 *!e au
!n*ectat $%antana $au untu" dua o+t!nere>
; *a#or!-area !n#er$!un!! de *a-e r!n cre$terea ac!d!tat!!7 o+t!nand
a$t*e" o +atere a $%antan!! !n unt %a! ra!da $! !erder! de &ra$!%e
!n -ara %a! redu$e>
; un!*or%!-area ca"!tat!! untu"u!.
Cu"tur!"e de +acter!! "act!ce *o"o$!te entru %aturarea +!oc(!%!ca7 $unt
*or%ate d!n ur%atoare"e $ec!! de +acter!! "act!ce: Str. Lactis, Str. Cremoris,
Str. Diacetilactis $! Leuconostoc7 care a$!&ura roce$u" de ac!d!*!ere a
$%antan!!7 cat $! *or%area $u+$tante"or aro%at!-ante.
Cu"tura de roduct!e7 e$te !ntrodu$a !n $%antana !n %o%e%tu" cand
#ana de %aturare cont!ne o cant!tate de $%antana !n roort!e de 10 F 1'A
d!n #o"u%u" ace$te!a. In ca-u" cand cu"tura $e adau&a !n #ana !na!nte de
!ntroducerea $%antan!!7 $e rea"!-ea-a o reart!-are neun!*or%a a ace$te!a !n
%a$a $%antan!!7 !ntrucat cu"tura e$te rece $! #a$coa$a7 ceea ce *ace $a ra%ana
e *undu" #ane! ne%a!*!!nd antrenata de a&!tator. Daca $e adau&a cu"tura
1'
dua ce $;a u%"ut #ana cu $%antana7 %aturarea !ncee %a! tar-!u $! e?!$ta
r!$cu" de-#o"tar!! de "a !nceut a $ec!!"or de %!croor&an!$%e de !n*ect!e $!
ter%ore-!$tente. O %etode %oderna7 con$ta !n a !n3ecta er!od!c cu"tura !n
%a$a de $%antana7 e %a$ura ce $e u%"e #ana. Cant!tatea de cu"tura
*o"o$!ta de!nde de &radu" $au de ac!d!*!ere7 e te%eratura7 de durata de
%aturare $! de ac!d!tatea dor!ta a $e re"!-a.
Te%eratura de %aturare a $%antan!! tre+u!e a"ea$a !n a$a %an!era
a$t*e" !ncat $a $e rea"!-e-e ur%atoare"e o+!ect!ce:
; e#!tarea une! ac!d!*!er! rea !nten$e a $%antan!!7 cau-ata de durata
re"un&!ta de %ent!nerea "a te%eratur! r!d!cate>
; e#!tarea $%antan!! *er%entate <O R '.2=7 "a o te%eratura de e$te
1.PC7 *!!nd !nd!cate o te%eratura $!tuate !ntre 1 F 10PC7 t!% de
%a! %u"te ore !na!nte de +atere>
/r!n at!n&erea ace$tor o+!ect!#e7 $e d!%!nuea-a r!$cu" aar!t!e! recoce
a unu! &u$t %eta""!c $au u"e!o$7 !ar r!n cre$terea durate! de %ent!nere a
$%antan!! *er%entate "a un O !n 3ur de '.0 $e creea-a re%!-e"e une!
act!#!tat! !nten$e a +acter!!"or aro%at!-ante7 daca au $! $u**!c!ent c!trate "a
d!$o-!t!e.
Tre+u!e $a $e t!na cont $! de !n*"uenta te%eratur!! e?ter!oare !n t!%u"
%aturar!! $%antan!!. A$t*e"7 #ane"e de %aturare tre+u!e +!ne !$o"ate7 !n a$a *e"
!ncat e !ntrea&a er!oada a %aturar!!7 te%eratura $a nu re-!nte o #ar!at!e
%a! %are de S 1; 2PC.
Durata %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce tre+u!e $a *!e de ce" ut!n12 ore7 entru a
o+t!ne un O !n*er!or #a"or!! de '.0. $caderea (;u"u! "a acea$ta #a"oare7 $!
re$ect!#e cre$terea ac!d!tat!! $%antan!!7 de!nde a$t*e" de te%eratura $! de
durata %aturar!! *!-!ce.
A&!tarea $%antan!! !n t!%u" %aturar!! e$te nece$ara !n r!%e"e ' ore
$! ao! er!od!c. V!te-a a&!tatoru"u! #ane! e$te !n %od o+!$nu!t de cca. 3'
rot.9%!n. a&!tarea roduce ro+a+!" o *ra&%entare *ortata a art!cu"e"or de
ca-e!na rec!!tate7 *at ce re-!nta ur%atoare"e a#anta3e:
; dua *or%area +o+u"u! de unt7 -ara $e $cur&e %a! reede $! %a!
co%"et7 e $ura*ta ace$tu!a ra%anand o cant!tate e nu%a! cca.
.0A7 *ata de cant!tatea de -ara ce ra%ane atunc! cand $%antana nu
e$te a&!tate !n t!%u" %aturar!!>
; cant!tatea de ca-e!na d!n aa de $a"are a untu"u! $e reduce %u"t7
rere-entand 1;2 I& $u+$tanta u$cata "a 100I& -ara7 *ata de .I&7
cand $%antana nu e$te a&!tate>
; -ara e$te %a! *"u!da7 %a! $ta+!"e $! $e $%antane$te %a! u$or.
)rocedee de maturare biochimica
10
Se cuno$c %a! %u"te rocedee de %aturare +!oc(!%!ca a $%antan!!7
a"e&erea "or *!!nd deter%!nate de ca"!tatea %ater!e! r!%e7 caac!tatea
ut!"a3e"or7 o$!+!"!tat!"e de rac!re a $%antan!!7 &radu" de !ncarcare a $ect!e! de
unt etc. In &enera"7 %aturarea $%antan!! $e oate *ace "a ca"d $au "a rece.
A* Maturarea la cald sau de lunga durata7 e$te rocedeu" ce" %a!
ra$and!t7 !ar !n *unct!e de ord!nea !n care $e e?ecuta %aturarea *!-!ca $! cea
+!oc(!%!ca7 $e eo$e+e$c 2 #ar!ante:
Var!anta 1. Maturarea +!oc!%!ca de "un&a durata ur%ata de %aturarea *!-!ca7
!n care dua a$teur!-are7 $%antana e$te rac!ta "a te%erature %aturar!!
+!oc(!%!ce $! $e !n$a%antea-a cu cu"tura de +acter!! "act!ce7 rere-!nta
#ar!anta care $e a"!ca !n roce$u" de *a+r!cat!e a untu"u! d!n tara noa$tra.
Rac!rea $%antan!! dua a$teur!-are7 $e *ace "a te%eratura de 1';
20PC7 !n *unct!e de anot!% $! unctua" de $o"!d!*!care a &ra$!%!! <#ara "a
te%eratur! de 1';12PC7 !ar !arna "a 11;20PC=. /entru !n$a%antare $e
*o"o$e$te cu"tura de +acter!! "act!ce %ent!onata anter!or7 !n roort!e de .;
0A.
Durata %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce7 !n cond!t!! nor%a"e de "ucru7 e$te de 1;10
ore7 !ar !ntreruerea roce$u"u! de %aturare $e *ace !n *unct!e de ac!d!tatea
"!%!ta7 care #ar!a-a !n raort cu cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e. /entru a $ta+!"! &radu"
de ac!d!tate "a care *er%entarea tre+u!e !ntreruta7 $e oate *o"o$! ur%atoarea
re"at!e: A R T<100 F G= 9 .U ? 2.'> !n care
A R ac!d!tatea $%antan!! "a ter%!narea %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce cand
!ncee rac!rea !n PT>
G R cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e a" $%antan!! !n A>
E?e%"u: entru o $%antana cu 32A &ra$!%e7 ac!d!tatea !na!nte de
rac!re tre+u!e $a *!e de: A R T<100 F 32= 9 .U ? 2.' R .2.'PT.
Dua at!n&erea ac!d!tat!! nece$are7 $e trece "a rac!rea $%antan!! "a
te%eratura de 0;10PC $! %ent!nerea e! "a acea$ta te%eratura t!% de 2;.
ore. V!te-a de rac!re a $%antan!! deter%!na o !ncet!n!re a roce$u"u! de
ac!d!*!ere7 a$t*e" ca !n cond!t!! d!r!3ate $e oate rea"!-a o $cadere a
te%eratur!! $%antan!! !n %ed!e cu 1PC "a 10 %!nute.
Ta+e" 3
Ac!d!tatea $%antan!! "a !ntreruarea %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce $! !na!nte de
+atere7 !n *unct!e de cont!nutu" !n &ra$!%e
Cont!nutu" !n
&ra$!%e a" $%antan!!
!n A
Ac!d!tatea $%antan!! !n PT
Intreruerea %aturar!!
+!oc(!%!ce <!nceerea
rac!r!!=
Inceerea roce$u"u! de
+atere
20 .. 0.
2' .1 00
12
21 2,.' '2.'
30 31.'
<O R .., F '.0=
'0
<O R ..2 F ..0=
32 32.' '..'
33 30.2 '3.'
3' 3'.2 '2
Ac!d!tatea $%antan!!7 "a ter%!narea roce$u"u! e rac!re;%aturare *!-!ca7
dec! !na!nte de +atere7 e$te !nd!cate a *! de '2;'0PT7 entru un cont!nut e
&ra$!%e a" $%antan!! de 30;3'A. In t!%u" roce$u"u! de %aturare
+!oc(!%!ca $! *!-!ca a $%antan!!7 tre+u!e $a $e o+t!na un %!n!% de cre$tere a
ac!d!tat!! de 20PT. ur%ar!rea !n$a a roce$u"u! de %aturare e +a-a de O7
contr!+u!e "a o+t!nerea de date %a! rec!$e "e&ate de aro%a untu"u! $!
con$er#a+!"!tatea $a. D!r!3area roce$u"u! de %aturare a $%antan!! tre+u!e
a$t*e" *acuta !ncat O;u" untu"u! $a !nre&!$tre-e #a"or! de $u+ ..2.
Ina!nte de +atere7 $%antana tre+u!e $a cont!na anu%!t! co%u$! de
aro%a7 d!ntre care ce" %a! !%ortant e$te d!acet!"u". Dua un roce$$ de
%aturare +!oc(!%!ca $! *!-!ca +!ne condu$7 $%antana are un cont!nut de
d!acet!" de 2;'%&9I&. ea tre+u!e $a %a! cont!na $! ac!d c!tr!c7 deoarece c!trat!!
con$t!tu!e $u+$tanta de +a-a !n *or%area d!acet!"u"u!. /rodu$!! de aro%a
*or%at! !n t!%u" %aturar!! $%antan!! nu trec !n tota"!tate !n unt7 c! nu%a! o
roort!e de 1';30A d!n cant!tatea de d!acet!"7 re$tu" e"!%!nandu;$e !n -ara $!
!n ae"e de $a"are.
Var!anta 2: Maturarea *!-!ca ur%ata de %aturarea +!oc(!%!ca. A$t*e"7
%aturarea *!-!ca a $%antan!! are "oc !%ed!at dua a$teur!-are7 r!n rac!rea "a
te%eratur! 3oa$e <.;1PC= $! adau&area une! cu"ture de +acter!! "act!ce !n
roort!e de .;0A7 %ent!nandu;$e un anu%!t t!% "a acea$ta te%eratura.
Dua ace$te oerat!!7 $%antana $e !nca"-e$te "a te%eratura de 1.;11PC7 cu
%ent!nerea ace$te! te%eratur! ana "a at!n&erea ac!d!tat!! dor!te7 %o%ent
care %arc(ea-a $*ar$!tu" %aturar!! +!oc(!%!ce.
+* Maturarea la rece sau de scurta durata7 e$te un rocedeu cu
a"!care %a! "!%!tata. In ace$t ca-7 !%ed!at dua a$teur!-are7 $%antana $e
race$te "a 0;10PC7 dua care $e !ntroduce cu"tura $e"ect!onata7 %ent!nanu;$e
"a acea$ta te%eratura t!% de 2;3 ore.
Cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e a" $%antan!! tre+u!e $a $e $!tue-e !ntre 30;.0A7
deoarece r!n adau&area une! cant!tat! %a! %ar! de cu"tura $e oate roduce
o d!"uare a $%antan!!.
Maturarea "a rece e$te un rocedeu *o"o$!t cu recadere !n $e-onu"
ca"d 11!c and $%antana de$t!nata re"ucrar!! e$te data de $"a+a ca"!tate.
11
/rocedeu" nu e$te reco%andat deoarece untu" o+t!nut are o aro%a %a! ut!n
e?re$!#a7 recu% $! *atu"u! ca $e *o"o$e$c cant!tat! rea %ar! de cu"tura.
!,! )rocedee de fabricare a untului
/roce$u" te(no"o&!c de o+t!nere a untu"u! are !n #edere rea"!-area
ur%atoare"or o+!ect!#e r!nc!a"e:
; trecerea &ra$!%!! d!n $tarea de &"o+u"e !n *a-a "!c(!da cont!nua>
; o+t!nerea une! $tructure $! con$!$tente core$un-atoare>
; *or%area aro%e!>
; a$!&urarea une! +une con$er#ar!.
A$t*e"7 r!n *o"o$!rea une! %ater!! r!%e cu un cont!nut de &ra$!%e de
30;3'A7 $u+ *or%a de &"o+u"e de &ra$!%e7 tre+u!e o+t!nut untu" cu un
cont!nut de &ra$!%e de 2.;10A7 $u+ *or%a de *a-a "!c(!da cont!nua7 care
!ncon3oara art!cu"e"e de $u+$tanta &ra$a $o"!d!*!cata $! art!cu"e"e de
$u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a7 $o"u+!"a $au !n$o"u+!"a. /entru a rea"!-a ace$t "ucru7
e$te nece$ar $a $e roduca a$a nu%!ta V!n#er$are de *a-eW $! !n ace"a$! t!%
$a $e e"!%!ne e?ce$u" e $u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a d!n $%antana. In#er$area
*a-e"or oate *! rea"!-ata r!n 3 rocedee: a&"o%erare7 concentrare $!
co%+!nare.
)rocedeul de aglomerare. Con$ta !n un!rea &"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e $!
a&"o%erarea "or !n &ranu"e7 care $e $udea-a ao! r!n %a"a?are. /roce$u" $e
de$*a$oara !n 3 etae:
; $o"!d!*!carea -one! er!*er!ce a &"o+u"e! de &ra$!%e $! !n $ec!a" a
*o$*at!de"or cont!nute !n %e%+rna>
; e"!+erarea &ra$!%!! "!c(!de !n ur%a contract!e! &"o+u"e"or r!n rac!re
$! $ocur! reetate>
; $udarea &"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e7 atunc! cand cont!nutu" de $u+$tanta
&ra$a "!c(!da !n raort cu $u+$tanta $o"!da7 e$te de$tu" de r!d!cat ca
$a er%!ta ace$t "ucru.
A&"o%erarea oate *! rea"!-ata !n *a-a cont!nua $au d!$cont!nua7
a%+e"e *a-a *!!nd a"!cate entru ao+t!nerea untu"u! ca rodu$ *!n!t.
Procedeul dsicontinuu $e +a-ea-a e r!nc!!u" +ater!! $%antan!! !n
ut!ne!7 *!nd r!%u" rocedeu u$ "a unct entru o+t!nerea untu"u!. In
t!%u" !n#art!r!! ut!ne!u"u!7 $e roduce o !n&"o+are %a$!#a de aer !n
$%antana $! are "oc *or%area une! $u%e. U"ter!or7 !n ur%a c!ocn!r!!
&"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e cu +u"e"e de aer7 ace$tea $e de*or%ea-a $! !n arte $e
d!$tru&.
1,
In *a-e"e or%atoare7 &"o+u"e"e de &ra$!%e $e concentrea-a aro!!ndu;
$e %a! !nta! una de a"ta7 dua care are "oc un!rea ace$tora !n a&"o%erar!.
/roce$u" de *or%are a +o+u"u! de unt e$te ter%!nat atunc! cand acea$ta
$u%a7 !%+o&at!ta !n $u+$tanta &ra$a "!c(!da $! ao! !n a&"o%erar! de &"o+u"e
de &ra$!%e de#!ne !n$ta+!"a $! $e $ar&e.
Procedeul continuu $e +a-ea-a e r!nc!!u" Jr!t-7 care *o"o$e$te
!n$ta"at!! de *a+r!care cont!nua a untu"u!. In ace$te !n$ta"at!!7 $%antana e$te
ro!ectata *or%and o e"!cu"a $u+t!re7 e erete"e unu! c!"!ndru care $e
!n#arte$te cu o anu%!ta #!te-a. Sre !nter!oru" c!"!ndru"u!7 !n contact cu aeru"7
e"!cu"a reune$te "a $ure*ata &"o+u"e"e de &ra$!%e7 %a! %u"t $au %a! ut!n
$*ara%ate $u+ act!unea $ocur!"or ter%!ce $! %ecan!ce. Se a3un&e a$t*e" "a o
a&"o%erare a &"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e7 e %a$ura ce e"!cu"a !na!ntea-a !n
$!ra" de;a "un&u" c!"!ndru"u!.
)rocedeul de concentrare. /r!n ace$t rocedeu7 dua oerat!!"e de
a$teur!-are $! de-odor!-are7 $%antana e$te !nca"-!ta "a o te%eratura de 00;
20PC $! trece ao! !ntr;un $earator centr!*u&a" entru r!d!carea cont!nutu"u!
de &ra$!%e ana "a 12;13A7 cont!nut care a$!&ura un contact *oarte $tran$
!ntre &"o+u"e"e de &ra$!%e. Ur%ea-a rac!rea $%antan!!7 !ntr;un $at!u !ne"ar
conco%!tant cu a&!tarea ace$te!a de catre un $uru+ e"!co!da"7 rea"!-andu;$e e
acea$ta ca"e $o"!d!*!carea art!a"a $! *recarea &"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e7 ceea ce
#a er%!te !n *!na" e"!+erarea $u+$tante! &ra$e "!c(!de7 care trece a$t*e" !n *a-a
cont!nua7 odata cu e%u"$!onarea *a-e! ne&ra$e.
)rocedeul de combinare. /r!n ace$t rocedeu7 $%antana $e
de$ta+!"!-ea-a r!ntr;un trata%ent %ecan!c !nten$!#7 care conduce "a
d!$tru&erea %e%+rane! &"o+u"e"or de &ra$!%e. U"ter!or7 e$te !nca"-!ta $!
trecuta r!ntr;un $earator centr!*u&a"7 unde $e rea"!-ea-a $eararea *a-e!
&ra$e de cea aoa$a7 o+t!nandu;$e o %a$a "!c(!da <u"e! de unt=7 ce are un
cont!nut de 10;,0A &ra$!%e. Ace$t rodu$7 oate *! ur!*!cat !n
cont!nuarer!ntr;o concentrare !n #!d7 r!n a$teur!-are $! de-odor!-are. In
*!na"7 $e adau&a ce!"a"t! co%onent! a! untu"u! <aa7 $u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a7
neutra"!-ant7 $are etc=7 dua care ur%ea-a $o"!d!*!carea $u+$tante! &ra$e $!
e%u"$!onarea art!! ne&ra$e.
JABRICAREA UNTUBUI /RIN /ROCEDEUB DISCONTINUU
<rocedeu" c"a$!c=
Ja-e"e r!nc!a"e a"e *a+r!car!! untu"u! r!n ace$t rocedeu $unt:
+aterea $%antan!!7 $a"area $! %a"a?area untu"u!7 re&"area u%!d!tat!! $!
o+t!nerea con$!$tente! nece$are entru a%+a"are.
20
Baterea smantanii. Ina!nte de !ntroducerea $%antan!! !n ut!ne!7 $e
*ace o c"at!re a ace$tu!a *o"o$!nd aa de +una ca"!tate de ';10A d!n
caac!tatea $a. Scour!"e ace$te! oerat!! $unt:
; er%!te !ndeartarea e#entua"e"or ur%e a"e $u+$tante"or de $a"are;
de-!n*ectare $au !%ur!tat!"e care ot $a $e deuna !n !nter!oru"
ut!ne!u"u!>
; adduce te%eratura d!n !nter!oru" ut!ne!u"u! "a n!#e"u" ce"e! e
care o are $%antana>
; a$!&ura o u%e-!re a eret!"or ut!ne!u"u!7 care "!%!tea-a aderenta
untu"u! dua +atere.
In ut!ne!u" c"at!t $e #a !ntroduce ao! $%antana cu a3utoru" une!
o%e7 conco%!tant cu $trecurarea ace$te!a r!ntr;un t!*on *!?at e conducta.
Dua ter%!narea u%"er!!7 $e #er!*!ca te%eratura $%antan!! cu a3utoru"
ter%o%etru"u!.
/roce$u" de +atere !ncee r!n cu"area %otoru"u! "a #!te-a de 21;2'
rot.9%!n. dua r!%e"e rot!r! $e creea-a !n !nter!oru" ut!ne!u"u! o
$urare$!une7 care oate deter%!na !erder! e "a &arn!tur!"e caacu"u! $au
#!-oru"u!. /entru a re#en! ace$t "ucru7 dua r!%e"e ';10 rot!r!7 ut!ne!u" $e
ore$te $! $e *ace e#acuarea &a-e"or *or%ate7 reducandu;$e a$t*e"
$urere$!unea creata.
/roce$u" de +atere a" $%antan!! $e #a ur%ar! tot t!%u" r!n #!-or
entru a #er!*!ca daca etae"e $e $ucced !n %od nor%a". A$t*e"7 "a !nceut7
$%antana #a$coa$a acoera cont!nuu #!-oru"7 !ar catre $*ar$!tu" +ater!! !ncee
$a $e $eare -ara7 $u+ *or%a unu! "!c(!d7 care $a"a #!-oru" !%reuna cu
+oa+e"e de unt. Ace$te e$te %o%entu" cand $e con$!dera *!na"!-ata *a-a de
a"e&ere a untu"u!. In ace"a$! t!% -&o%otu" re&u"at e care !" *ace !n %od
o+!$nu!t ut!ne!u"7 $e %od!*!ca7 !n $en$u" ca %a$a de +oa+e de unt ro#oaca
un -&o%ot caracter!$t!c cu o a%"!tud!ne er!od!ca.
Inter#a"u" de t!% d!ntre d!$tru&erea $u%e! $! *or%area +o+u"u! de
unt7 cu un d!a%etru de cca. 2%% 7 are o durata de ';10 %!n. !n ca-u" cand
are "oc or!rea t!%ur!e a ut!ne!u"u!7 +o+u" de unt #a *! %a! %!c7 -ara $e #a
e"!%!na %a! &reu7 rote!na rec!!tate e$te ret!nuta !ntre +oa+e7 !ar $a"area
untu"u! #a *! !nco%"ete. Cand are "oc or!rea tar-!e a ut!ne!u"u!7 +oa+e"e de
unt #or *ot%a a&"o%erar! care cont!n %u"ta -ara o+t!nandu;$e !n *!na" un unt
cu o u%!d!tate %are7 aro%at dar %a! ut!n con$er#a+!".
In *unct!e de %ar!%ea +o+u"u! de unt7 $e *ace deo-!tarea ace$tu!a
dua cu% ur%ea-a:
; +o+ de %a-are <.%%= F nu $e deo-!tea-a>
; +o+ de &rau <2;.%%= F deo-!tare de $curta durata>
; +o+ de %e! <1;2%%= F deo-!tare de "un&a durata.
21
Baterea durea-a !n %ed!e .0;.'%!n.7 dua care are "oc !ntreruerea
rot!r!!7 ut!ne!u" $e "a$a !n reao$ 3;'%!n. entru a $e utea !n"atura -ara !n
+a-!nu" de co"ectare7 care dua *!"trare #a trece cu a3utoru" une! o%e !n
rec!!entu" de deo-!tare.
Contro"u" %odu"u! cu% $;a *acut +aterea $%antan!!7 $e *ace
or&ano"et!c r!n arec!erea %ar!%!! +o+u"u! de unt7 care tre+u!e $a *!e de 2;
' %%7 cat %a! un!*or% $! cu o con$!$tenta $u**!c!ent de *er%a entru a nu
oer%!te ta$area !n t!%u" $cur&er!! -are!. Ba ter%!narea +ater!!7 cand $e
de$c(!de u$a ut!ne!u"u!7 $e $!%te un %!ro$ "acut aro%at7 %o%ent !n care
ot *! detectate $! une"e de*ecte de &u$t $! %!ro$ a"e untu"u!.
De a$e%enea7 $e *ace un contro" $! a" -are! d!n ut!ne!7 care are o
te%eratura cu 2;3PC %a! %are *ata de cea a $%antan!! !na!nte de +atere.
Cont!nutu" de 0.2;0.3A &ra$!%e d!n -ara7 $e con$!era ca $at!$*acator atunc!
cand a re-u"tat d!ntr;o $%antana cu 3'A &ra$!%e. In ca-u" cand cont!nutu"
dea$e$te 0.0A7 -ara $e $%antane$te7 !ar u"ter!or d!n $%antana o+t!nuta $e
o+t!ne rodu$u" denu%!t unt de -ara.
Spalarea untului. Scou" $a"ar!! untu"u! e$te de a !ndearta !n r!%u"
rand -ara7 care $e &a$e$te !ntre +oa+e"e de unt $! !n !nter!oru" ace$tora. Xara
cont!ne !n &enera" $u+$tante rote!ce7 "acto-a $! ac!d "act!c7 *!!nd un %ed!u
*a#ora+!" entru !n%u"t!rea %!cror&an!$%e"or. /r!n acea$ta oerat!e $e
ur%are$te !n"ocu!rea -are! cu aa curate7 ceea ce a$!&ura untu"u! un &rad %a!
%are de con$er#a+!"!tate. De a$e%enea7 $a"area untu"u! er%!te re&"area
te%eratur!! +o+u"u! de unt7 !ndeendent de te%eratura !n t!%u" +ater!!.
/r!n $a"are +o+u" de unt de race$te $! caata o con$!$tenta $u*!c!ent de tare7
care re#!ne un!rea $! a&"o%erarea +oa+e"or7 a$!&urandu;$e a$t*e" o $cur&ere
core$un-atoare7 atat a -are! cat $! a ae! de $a"are.
Sa"area untu"u! re-!nta $! une"e de-a#anta3e7 !n $en$u" ca reduce d!n
aro%a $! $cade randa%entu" de tran$*or%are7 r!n a"!%!narea !n aa de
$a"are a $u+$tante! u$cate ne&ra$e.
Deoarece #!ne !n contact cu untu" $! *or%ea-a o arte d!n co%o-!t!a
ace$tu!a7 aa de $a"are tre+u!e $a core$unda unor !nd!c! de ca"!tate7
recu%:
; %!ro$: *ara %!ro$7 !n ca-u" ae! c"orurate %a?. 0.2%& c"or "!+er 9 "!tru>
; react!e: O R 2;1>
; *!er: %a?. 0.2%&9"!tru>
; %an&an: $u+ 0.1%&9"!tru>
; %!cro+!o"o&!c: %a?. 100 &er%en!9%"7 *ara +acter!! co"!*or%e7 %a?. '
%uce&a!ur! $! ' dro3d!!9%".
22
Te%eratura ae! de $a"are tre+u!e $a *!e $u*!c!ent de $ca-uta entru
a a$!&ura +o+u"u! de unt te?tura $u*!c!ent de tare. Te%eratura ae! e $a"are
e$te reco%andat $a *!e cu 1;3PC %a! $ca-uta *ata de te%eratura -are!.
In ract!ca7 !n er!oada de #ara $e *o"o$e$te aa cu te%aratura de 0;
10PC7 !ar e t!% de !arna te%eratura #ar!a-a !ntre 10;12PC. De re&u"a7 $e
ract!ca 2;3 $a"ar! an ace aa care $e $cur&e ra%ane "!%ede. /r!n $a"ar!
$ucce$$!#e7 $e roduce o %ar!re a +o+u"u! de unt *a#or!-ata de te%eratura
r!d!cat $! de nu%aru" %are de rotat!! a"e ut!ne!u"u! d!n t!%u" $a"ar!!.
Cant!tatea de aa *o"o$!ta entru $a"are tre+u!e $a *!e e&a"a cu cant!tatea de
-ara re-u"tata dua +atere7 re$ect!# cca. '0;00A d!n cant!tatea !n!t!a"a de
$%antana. Contro"u" $a"ar!! untu"u!7 $e *ace r!n e?a%!narea ae! de $a"are
"a !e$!rea d!n ut!nee7 re$ect!# !n ca-u" !n care $e *ace o $a"are %a! !nten$e7
a doua $! a tre!a aa de $a"are tre+u!e $a *!e "!%ede $! *ara ur%e de -ara.
/r!n $a"are $e e"!%!na cca. 2'A d!n "acto-a $! '0A d!n ca-e!na7 !ar
O;u" cre$te cu 0.1 ana "a 0.3 un!tat!7 *ata de ce" a" $%antan!! *er%entate7
cre$tere care de!nde de d!a%etru" +o+u"u! de unt7 de nu%aru" de $a"ar!7 de
co%o-!t!a $! O;!" ae! de $a"are.
Sa"area contr!+u!e $! "a e"!%!narea une! art! d!n %!cro*"ora
$%antan!! *er%entate. A$t*e"7 !n unt ra%an cca. .A d!n +acter!! $! cca. 13A
d!n dro3d!!"e re-ente !n $%antana. Ae"e de $a"are antrenea-a
%!croor&an!$%e"e !n %od $e"ect!#e7 e"!%!nand !n %are %a$ura +acter!!"e
ne"ect!ce $! ca-eo"!t!ce $! %a! ut!n e ce"e "act!ce.
Ta+e" .
Nu%aru" de +acter!! ce trec !n aa de $a"are co%arat!# cu %!cro*"ora -are!
Sec!*!care Bacter!! "act!ce Bacter!! ne"act!ce Bacter!! ca-eo"!t!ce
/r!%a aa 10.' 1, ...1
A doua aa 1.1 11 2..
Nr. Tota" de
&er%en! !n -ara
<%!".9%"=
130 0.. 0.03
/r!#!tor "a o$!+!"!tatea reducer!! $au e"!%!narea etae! de $a"are a
untu"u!7 acea$ta con$t!tu!e o ro+"e%a %a! de"!cata7 care de!nde !n r!nc!a"
de ca"!tatea %ater!e! r!%e $! de une"e %a$ur! $ec!a"e de ord!n te(no"o&!c $!
!&!en!co;$an!tar d!n t!%u" roce$u"u! de *a+r!cat!e. In or!ce ca-7 cand
$%antana re-!nta une"e de*ecte de &u$t $! %!ro$7 !ar d!n unct de #edere
%!cro+!o"o&!c un cont!nut r!d!cat de %!cror&an!$%e7 $a"area untu"u! $e
!%une.
Malaarea untului. Ma"a?area $au *ra%antarea untu"u! are dret $co
rea"!-area ur%atoare"or e"e%ente:
23
; tran$*or%area !ntr;o %a$a co%acta $! o%o&ena a +oa+e"or de unt7
$earate d!$t!nct de "a$%a "!c(!da <aa $au -ara= ce a$!&ura untu"u!
o $tructura caracter!$t!ca: &"o+u"e $! art!cu"e $o"!de de $u+$tanta
&ra$a7 !catur! de aa7 +u"e de aer7 toate reart!-ate !ntr;o *a-a
"!c(!da cont!nua de $u+$tanta &ra$a>
; e"!%!narea -are! $! a ae! care e$te !n e?ce$7 care er%!te !n ace"a$!
t!% $! re&"area cont!nutu"u! de aa !n unt>
; &arantea-a o +una con$er#a+!"!tate untu"u! r!n *ract!onarea
$u+$tante"or *er%ente$c!+!"e7 care e#entua" $e &a$e$c !n !catur!"e
de -ara $! de aa>
Ma"a?area oate roduce $! une"e nea3un$ur! atunc! cand $e *ace rea
!nten$7 !n $en$u" ca $tructura untu"u! $e %od!*!ca. A$t*e"7 r!ntr;un e?ce$ de
&ra$!%e "!c(!da untu" de#!ne %oa"e $! are &u$t u"e!o$.
Ma"a?area7 !n r!%a *a-a7 deter%!na o re$are a +oa+e"or de unt !ntre
e"e7 cu e?u"-are de aa $! -ara. In *a-a a doua7 $e roduce de*or%area
cont!nua a %a$e! de unt7 *recar! "a%e"are $! *ract!onarea unor con$t!tu!ent!7 !n
$ec!a" a !catur!"or de aa.
Jract!onarea !catur!"or de aa de!nde de #!te-a de *recare a
$tratur!"or de unt !ntre e"e $! de con$!$tenta untu"u!7 care tre+u!e $a !n#!n&a
ten$!unea $uer*!c!a"a a ace$tor !catur!. In *!na"7 !catur!"e de aa a3un&
ana "a 10;20 %!"!arde "a un &ra% de unt. D!%en$!un!"e "or $unt redu$e7
%a3or!tatea a#and un d!a%etru de 1;10 Y7 !ar une"e a3un& $! "a '0;10Y.
Te(n!ca %a"a?ar!! !%"!ca re$ectarea unor re&u"! de "ucru $tr!cte.
Dua $cur&erea ae! de $a"are7 $e une !n *unct!une ut!ne!u" cu #!te-a de
2;10 rot.9%!n.7 *acandu;$e cate#a rot!r! entru a $e rea"!-a o a&"o%erare $!
co%r!%are a +oa+e"or de unt $! a"!%!narea ae! d!n e"e. Se ore$te ao!
ut!ne!u" $! $e e#acuea-a aa r!n ro+!nete de $cur&ere $! caacu"
!ntrede$c(!$ a" ut!ne!u"u!7 oerat!e care $e e?ecuta de %a! %u"te or!.
E"!%!narea ae! $e *ace %a! co%"et cand %a"a?area e$te %a! "enta7
te%eratura %a! 3oa$a $! or!r!"e entru $cur&erea ae! %a! de$e.
Jra&%entarea !catur!"or de aa7 de!nde $! de #!te-a de *recare
"a%!nara a untu"u!7 care core$unde unu! anu%!t nu%ar de rotat!! a"e
ut!ne!u"u!. O #!te-a rea %are7 !n&reunea-a caderea $! ro$to&o"!rea untu"u!
!n ut!ne!. Jra&%entarea !catur!"or de aa %a! de!nde $! de re$!unea de
cadere a untu"u! !n ut!ne!7 a$t*e" !ncat o cant!tate redu$a de unt nece$!ta o
%a"a?are de "un&a durata.
Te%eratura ot!%a de %a"a?are #ar!a-a !ntre 2;11PC #ara $! ,;13PC
!arna7 acea$ta *!!nd re&"ata r!n aa de $a"are $au r!n $tro!rea ut!ne!u"u!
cu aa. Durata de %a"a?are #ar!a-a !ntre 20;.0 %!n.7 *!!nd con$!derata
ter%!nata cand eret!! !nter!or! a! ut!ne!u"u! $unt u$cat!.
2.
Re&"area cont!nutu"u! de aa !n unt $e *ace "a $*ar$!tu" %a"a?ar!!. Cand
untu" e$te $u*!c!ent de o%o&en7 cu aa un!*or% reart!-ata7 ceea ce
core$unde "a de "a *a-a de e"!%!nare a ae! "a *a-a de !n&"o+are7 $e ore$te
ut!ne!u" $! $e !a o ro+a entru deter%!narea cont!nutu"u! de aa <ro+a $e
!a d!n ce"e doua caete $! de "a %!3"ocu" ut!ne!u"u!=. Ana"!-a tre+u!e
e*ectuata ra!d deoarece untu" e$te !n ut!ne!.
Nece$aru" de aa $e ca"cu"ea-a dua *or%u"a:
M R Cu <Ad F Ae= 9 100>
!n care: M R cant!tate de aa <I&=>
Cu R cant!tatea ro+a+!"a de unt <ca"cu"ata= <I&=>
Ad R cont!nutu" de aa dor!t <A=>
Ae R cont!nutu" de aa e?!$tent <A=.
E?e%"u: cant!tatea ro+a+!"a de unt ca"cu"ate e$te de 3,1I&.
cont!nutu" de aa re-u"tat d!n ana"!-a e$te de 1'.0A7 !ar cont!nutu" de aa
dor!t e$te de 1,A.
M R 3,1 <1, F 1'.0= 9 100 R 13.'32 I&.
Cant!tatea de aa ca"cu"ata $e !ntroduce un!*or%7 $tro!ndu;$e eret!!
ut!ne!u"u! $! $ure*ata untu"u!. Dua %a"a?are7 untu" e$te $co$ d!n ut!ne! $!
$e trece "a a%+a"are $! ao! "a deo-!tare. Reart!t!a ae! oate $a $e
%od!*!ce cu oca-!a a%+a"ar!! untu"u!7 cand acea$ta $e *ace dua 30 %!n. e "a
%a"a?are. A$t*e"7 are "oc o re&ruare a !catur!"or de aa7 care $e
accentuea-a cu cat t!%u" !ntre %a"a?are $! a%+a"are $e re"un&e$te $au
untu" are o con$!$tenta rea tare. Mod!*!car! a"e reart!t!e! ae! !n unt au "oc
$! !n t!%u" deo-!tar!! de durata "a te%eratura 3oa$a7 r!ntr;o re&ruare a
ae! *!?ate e $ure*ata art!cu"e"or *o$*o"!!de $au rote!ne.
Contro"u" roce$u"u! de *a+r!cat!e a untu"u! $e oate e*ctua cu a3utoru"
*!$e"or te(no"o&!ce $ec!*!ce !n care $e !n$cr!u r!nc!a"!! ara%etr!c
core$un-ator! *!ecare! etae de *a+r!cat!e.
JABRICAREA UNTUBUI /RIN /ROCEDEU CONTINUU
/r!n rocedeu" cont!nuu $e rea"!-ea-a e*ectuarea tuturor *a-e"or c"a$!ce
de *a+r!care a untu"u! <+aterea7 $eoararea -are!7 $a"area $! %a"a?area= cu
a3utoru" une! $!n&ure !n$ta"at!! !ntr;un roce$$ cont!nuu de re"ucrare a
$%antan!!.
/r!nc!!u" de +atere !n roce$u" cont!nuu con$ta !n ro!ectarea $!
antrenarea !ntr;o %!$care de rotat!e *oarte ra!da a unu! $trat de $%antana e
erete"e unu! c!"!ndru. G"o+u"e"e de &ra$!%e $e concentrea-a $re e?ter!or
*!!nd $uu$e "a $ocur! utern!ce7 dator!ta act!un!! unu! +atator7 e"!+era+du;$e
a$t*e" &ra$!%ea "!c(!da. In#er$area de *a-e $e roduce atunc! cand $%antana
2'
e$te $u*!c!ent de &ra$a7 "!%!ta !n*er!oara a cont!nutu"u! de &ra$!%e *!!nd de
20A. In ace$t u"t!% ca-7 $e ot !n$a !nre&!$tra !erder! %ar! de &ra$!%e !n
-ara.
Ja+r!carea untu"u! dua rocedeu" cont!nuu !%"!ca *o"o$!rea unor
ara%etr! te(no"o&!c! d!*er!t! de ce! $ta+!"!t! "a rocedeu" c"a$!c. A$t*e"7
cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e a" $%antan!! $uu$e roce$ar!! e$te !nd!cat $a $e
$!tue-e !ntre 3';.0A. In ca-u" cand ace$ta dea$e$te .'A7 !n ur%a +ater!! $e
o+t!n +oa+e de unt rea %ar!7 care !nc"ude -ara ce $e #a !ndearta %a! &reu7
re-u"tand !n *!na" un unt cu o u%!d!tate r!d!cata. De a$e%enea7 un cont!nut
%a! %!c de &ra$!%e nu e$te a#anta3o$ deoarece reduce caac!tatea de
roduct!ea ut!"a3u"u! de roduct!e cu ana "a .0A.
In roce$u" de %aturare a $%antan!!7 o deo$e+!ta !%ortanta o re-!nta
re$ectarea cu $tr!ctete a ara%etr!"or roce$u"u! de %aturare *!-!ca dua
a$teur!-are. Totodata7 %aturarea +!oc(!%!ca tre+u!e a$t*e" d!r!3ata7 !ncat O;
u" *!na" $a *!e cur!n$ !ntre ..1 F '.07 !ar ac!d!tatea de .1;'1PT7 !n *unct!e de
cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e a" $%antan!!.
Te%eratura $%antan!! !n %o%entu" +ater!! #ar!a-a !ntre 10;12PC
entru $e-onu" rece $! 1;11PC entru $e-onu" ca"d. In t!%u" *unct!onar!!
!n$ta"at!e!7 tre+u!e ur%ar!t !n $ec!a" ca $!ta de $earare a -are! $a nu $e
$cu*unde. In ca- ca acea$ta $;a $cu*undat7 tre+u!e or!ta o%a de $%antana7
$cur$a !ntrea&a cant!tate de -ara $! $tro!rea cu aa $u+ re$!une e$te $!ta. In
%o%entu" cand $%antana d!n #ana $;a $cur$7 de+!tu" !n$ta"at!e! de#!ne
nere&u"at $! %a! %!c7 %o%ent care deter%!na u"ter!or or!rea tretata a
c!"!ndru"u! de +atere7 a o%e! de $%antana $! ao! a %a"a?oare"or7 !na!nte
de or!rea ae! de rac!re $! $a"are.
Spalarea untului $e *ace !n ace"a$! $co ca $! "a rocedeu" d!$cont!nuu7
ur%ar!nd de+!tu" de aa7 re$!unea $! te%eratura.
Malaarea untului de!nde de te%eratura $! re$!unea untu"u! !n
!n$ta"at!e7 recu% $! de #!te-a $necur!"or de %a"a?are. E"!%!narea ae! d!n
unt !n t!%u" %a"a?ar!! $e rea"!-ea-a cu a3utoru" unu! $!*on de e#acuare
re&"a+!". In *a-a a doua a %a"a?ar!! $e rea"!-ea-a reart!-area cat %a! +una a
!catur!"or de aa ra%a$e !n %a$a untu"u!. Acea$ta de!nde de #!te-a
%a"a?oare"or <$necur!"or= $! de re$!unea untu"u!. Re&"area ace$tor do!
ara%etr!7 e$te deter%!nata de de+!tu" de $%antana $! cont!nutu" ace$te!a !n
&ra$!%e. O %a"a?are !na!ntata7 cu un de+!t %!c7 deter%!na o+t!nerea unu! unt
cu o con$!$tenta %oa"e $! "!!c!oa$a7 ca- !n care #!te-a de %a"a?are $!
re$!unea de !e$!re tre+u!e redu$e.
Re&"area cont!nutu"u! de aa a" untu"u!7 con$t!tu!e u"t!%a *a-a a
%a"a?ar!!. In ca-u" cand $e !nter#!ne entru re&"area u%!d!tat!! untu"u!7
contro"u" ace$te!a $e *ace nu%a! du ace $;a rea"!-at o cant!tate de 2';'0 I&
20
unt. Une"e un$ta"at!! de *a+r!care a untu"u! $!nt re#a-ute cu d!$o$!t!#e care
deter%!na !n %od cont!nuu cont!nutu" de aa d!n unt7 e +a-a %a$urar!!
!n$tantanee a con$tante! d!e"ectr!ce a untu"u!. Ace$t $K$te% de ana"!-a are o
rec!-!e de S0.0'A !n *unct!e de den$!tatea $! te%erarura untu"u!.
Co%arat!# cu untu" o+t!nut r!n rocedeu" c"a$$!c7 ce" *a+r!cat r!n
rocedeu" cont!nuu7 $e d!*erent!a-a r!n ur%atoare"e:
; den$!tate %a! $ca-uta7 de 0.0, *ata de 0.,2>
; cu"oare %a! ut!n !nten$a d!n cau-a cont!nutu"u! e aer %a! r!d!cat>
; te?tura %u"t %a! o%o&ena7 *ara &o"ur! de aer #!-!+!"e>
; con$!$tenta %a! %oa"e dua deo-!tare>
; reart!t!a %u"t %a! *!na a ae!7 !ar art!cu"e"e *ara &ra$!%e $unt de
a$e%enea %a! %!c!>
; cont!nutu" de $u+$tanta u$cata &ra$a %a! r!d!cat <1.0;1., *ata de
0.';1.'A=>
; cont!nutu" de d!acet!" %a! r!d!cat7 d!n cau-a $a"ar!! %a! !nten$e>
; randa%entu" !n unt %a! r!d!cat d!n cau-a cont!nutu"u! %a! %are de
$u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a.
In a*ar de untu" o+t!nut d!n $%antana *er%entata7 $e %a! ot o+t!ne $!
ur%atoare"e $ort!%ente:
; unt d!n $%8nt8n6 du"ce>
; unt d!n -er>
; unt d!n -ar6>
; unt ra*>
; unt a$teur!-at 5! $ter!"!-at>
; unt cu con4!nut redu$ de co"e$tero" 5! &r6$!%e>
; unt to!t.
!-! Ambalarea untului
Ment!nerea ca"!tat!! untu"u! $! con$er#a+!"!tatea $a deo!nd !n %are
%a$ura de %odu" cu% $e *ace a%+a"area. /entru ca a%+a"area untu"u! $a;$!
at!n&a $cou"7 tre+u!e ca %ater!a"e"e de a%+a"are $a !nde"!nea$ca anu%!te
cond!t!!:
; $a nu %od!*!ce co%onente"e untu"u!>
; $a a!+e o $o"!d!tate $u*!c!enta entru a or! !%ur!*!carea untu"u!
r!n contactu" !n t!%u" %an!u"ar!! $au cu %ed!u" a%+!ent>
; !%er%ea+!"!tate "a #aor!! de aa>
22
; !%er%ea+!"!tate "a &ra$!%ea "!c(!da>
; rotect!e contra "u%!n!! care *o#or!-ea-a o?!darea $u+$tante"or
&ra$e roducand !n *!na" un &u$t ne"acut>
; rotect!e !%otr!#a %!ro$ur!"or ne"acute $au $tra!ne d!n %ed!u"
!ncon3urator>
; conduct!+!"!tate ter%!ca $!*!c!enta entru a er%!te o rac!re ra!da
"a !nceutu" deo-!tar!!7 dar "!%!tata d!n cau-a re$tu"u! conden$ar!!>
; re-!$tenta "a de*or%ar!"e de ord!n %ec(an!c7 %a! a"e$ "a te%eratur!
%a! r!d!cate>
; adatarea "a rocedee"e %ecan!-ate de a%+a"are>
; de$c(!dere u$oare cu recuerarea co%"eta a untu"u!7 *ara !erder!
r!n aderenta>
; re-entarea atr&atoare $! un rZt de co$t con#ena+!".
Mater!a"e"e de a%+a"are $unt *o"o$!te !n ca-u" eo-!tar!! de durata $au
atunc! can untu" $e tran$orta "a o $ect!e de a%+a"are $au "a %ar!
con$u%ator! <cant!ne7 re$taurante=. De re&u"a7 "a ace$t t!7 &reutatea untu"u!
care $e a%+a"ea-a e$te de 2' I& $au '0 I&7 *o"o$!ndu;$e !n ace$t $co cut!!
con*ect!onate d!n "aca3 $au carton. In !nter!or7 cut!!"e $unt catu$!te cu (art!e
er&a%ent $!%"a7 tratata $au ca$erata cu a"te %ater!a"e7 !ar re-!$tenta
%ater!a"e"or tre+u!e $a *!e de a$a %an!era !ncat $a re-!$te "a o $uraunere de
cate 0 cut!!. U%"erea ace$tor a%+a"a3e $e *ace de o+!ce! %anua"7 !ar dua
u%"ere are "oc nete-!rea $ura*ete! cu un cut!t de ote" !no?!da+!" a"!candu;
$e u"ter!or %ar&!n!"e (art!e! !n a$a *e" !ncat $a adere cat %a! +!ne "a unt.
E?!$ta !n$a $! %a$!n! auto%ate entru a%+a"area untu"u! !n "a-! de 2;'0 I&
&reutate.
A%+a"a3e"e %!c! $unt ut!"!-ate entru untu" de$t!nat #an-ar!! d!rect "a
con$u%%ator7 %a$a untu"u! #ar!!nd !ntre '0;'00& e?!$tand ur%atoare"e
t!ur! !nter%e!are: '0;100;12';200;2'0;'00 &. entru a%+a"area !n ac(ete
$e *o"o$e$te (art!e er&a%ent $! *o"!e de a"u%!n!u catu$!ta cu er&a%ent $au
cu a"te %ater!a"e co%+!nate. /e (art!e $e !%r!%a $ec!*!cat!!"e cerute de
$tandarde7 re$ect!#7 %arca *a+r!c!!7 t!u" $! ca"!tatea rodu$u"u!7 data
a%+a"ar!!7 %a$a neta7 ter%en e &arant!e7 rZt7 etc.
A%+a"a3e"e %!n! au o &reutate de cca. 2'&. ace$te ac(ete $unt
de$t!nate con$u%u"u! !n re$taurante7 tren $au a#!on.
/ort!onarea7 *or%area $! a%+a"area untu"u! !n ac(ete $e *ace cu
a3utoru" unor %a$!n! auto%ate $au $e%!auto%ate. Se reco%anda ort!onarea
untu"u! !%ed!at dua %a"a?are7 !n %a?!%u% 2;3 ore7 %a! a"e$ !arna7 cand
untu" are tend!nta de a $e !ntar!.
A%+a"area ! %ater!a"e"e entru a%+a"are tre+u!e $6 @nde"!nea$c6
ur%6toare"e cond!4!!:
21
;!%er%ea+!"!tate *a46 de #aor! de a67 o?!&en7 %!ro$ur! $tr6!ne>
;rotec4!e *a46 de "u%!n6>
;co%onente"e a%+a"a3u"u! $6 nu *ac6 reac4!! cu co%onente"e
untu"u!>
;$6 *!e !%er%ea+!" *a46 de &r6$!%ea d!n unt>
;$6 *!e re-!$tent "a de*or%a4!! %ecan!ce>
;$6 er%!t6 o de$c(!dere u5oar6>
;$6 re-!nte un de$!n& atr6&6tor.
Nor%e de et!c(etare:
Et!c(eta de unt tre+u!e $a cont!na !n %od o+"!&ator!u ur%atoare"e
e"e%ente <c* OG 21.91,,0 %od!*!cata $! co%"etata de OG ,'391,,,=:
1. denu%!rea $ort!%entu"u!. Daca !n denu%!rea $ort!%entu"u! aare o
%ent!une re*er!toare "a adao$u" de #!ta%!ne7 $e #a !nd!ca cant!tatea ace$tora.
2. nu%e"e $! adre$a co%"eta a *a+r!cantu"u! $au7 dua ca-7 a !%ortatoru"u!
$au d!$tr!+u!toru"u! !nre&!$trat.
3. ter%enu" de #a"a+!"!tate: ce" ut!n -!ua $! "una. Se #a %ent!ona: "#pira la
data de...[.
.. cant!tatea neta.
'. cond!t!!"e de a$trare.
0. "!$ta !n&red!ente"or *o"o$!te>
; !nc"u$!# ad!t!#!! a"!%entar! tre+u!e $ec!*!cat! <cu %ent!onarea $! a &rue!
d!n care *ac arte=
; %ent!une $ec!a"a !n ca-u" adao$u"u! de $are.
2. Cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e7 e?r!%at !n rocente.
1. cant!tatea !n&red!ente"or accentuate "a et!c(etare r!n cu#!nte $au de$ene
$au !nc"u$e !n denu%!rea $ort!%entu"u!7 daca nu $unt con$!derate aro%e.
Ter%enu" de #a"a+!"!tate7 cant!tatea neta $! denu%!rea $ort!%entu"u!
tre+u!e %ent!onate e ace"a$t! ca% #!-ua".
Et!c(eta rodu$u"u! nu tre+u!e $a !nduca !n eroare con$u%atoru". De
a$e%enea7 nu tre+u!e $a atr!+u!e rodu$u"u! ror!etat! %ed!ca"e.
Toate %ent!un!"e tre+u!e $a *!e $cr!$e !n "!%+a ro%ana7 u$or de c!t!t7
!nte"!&!+!" $! a$e-ate !n %od #!-!+!". Ment!un!"e nu tre+u!e acoer!te $au
$earate r!n cu#!nte $au de$ene. In$cr!$u" nu tre+u!e $a re-!nte %od!*!car!
<$ter$atur!7 adau&!r!7 !n"ocu!r!=. E$te !nter-!$a reet!c(etarea.
!.! /epozitarea untului
2,
Dua a%+a"are7 untu" tre+u!e !%ed!at deo-!tat "a *r!& entru a nu $e
roduce u"ter!or %od!*!car! e ord!n ca"!tat!#.
A$t*e"7 untu" a%+a"at "a ac(ete de$t!nat con$u%u"u! !%ed!at7 $e
deo-!tea-a "a te%eratura de 0.1PC7 !ar untu" deo-!tat e o er!oada %a!
"un&a $e con&e"ea-a %a! !nta! "a ;2';30PC7 !ar ao! $e deo-!tea-a "a
;1'PC;11PC. Te%eratura de deo-!tare $e a"e&e a$t*e" !n *unct!e e durata
con$er#ar!!.
Dua deo-!tarea de "un&a durata 7 untu" e$te $uu$ %a! !nta! une!
$ortar! ca"!tat!#e r!&uroa$e7 a"e&andu;$e nu%a! "otur!"e care re-!nta
caracter!$t!c! or&ano"et!ce +une7 re$ect!# *ara de*ecte de &u$t $! %!ro$.
Untu" care re-!nta !%ed!at dua *a+r!care de*ecte7 oate a3un&e c(!ar $a $e
a"tere-e e arcur$u" deo-!tar!!.
Deo-!tarea ! entru con$u% !%ed!at 2 F .
0
C > con$er#at de "un&6
durat6: con&e"at "a F 2' F 30
0
C 7 deo-!tat F 1' F 11
0
C . Ter%en de
#a"a+!"!tate 8n6 "a 1 an.
!0! Compozitia chimica si
caracteristicile fizice ale untului
Untu" e$te un rodu$ a" caru! co%onent de +a-a e$te &ra$!%ea7 !n
care $e a*"a d!$er$ate $u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a7 aa $! aer.
Ba te%eratur! $!tuate !ntre 10;30PC7 untu" $e re-!nta ca un $K$te%
d!$er$7 unde !n *a-a cont!nua de $u+$tanta &ra$a "!c(!da $e &a$e$c
d!$$e%!nate &"!cer!de $o"!de <a%or*e $au cr!$ta"!-ate=7 *o$*at!de cr!$ta"!-ate7
art!cu"e de ca-e!na7 -ara7 aa $! -er.
Ta+e" '
Co%onent!! c(!%!c! a! untu"u!
Sec!*!care Co%onent! Va"or!
Ja-a &ra$a
12;1.A
Tr!&"!cer!de A 12
Jo$*at!de A 0.2;1
Caroten <%&9I&= 3;,
V!ta%!na A <%&9I&= ,;30
V!ta%!na D <%&9I&= 0.002;0.0.0
V!ta%!na E <%&9I&= 1;.0
Aa 1.;10A ; ;
Bacto-a A 0.1;0.3
30
Su+$tanta u$cata
ne&ra$a
0.. F 1.1A
Ac! "act!c A 0.1'
Ca-e!na A 0.2;0.0
Bactoa"+u%!na A 0.1;0.0'
/et!de7 a%!noac!-! Ur%e
Sarur! %!nera"e A 0.1
V!ta%!na C <%&9I&= 3
V!ta%!na B2 <%&9I&= 0.3
Aa ro#en!ta d!n -ara $au adau&ata !n t!%u" $a"ar!!7 e$te !nc"u$a
$u+ *or%a de !catur! *oarte *!n7 cu ad!a%etru" de 1;30 %!cron!. Aeru" $e
&a$e$te $u+ *or%a de !nc"u-!un! uneor! #!-!+!"e7 cu d!a%etru" de 20;200
%!cron!7 !ar ca-e!na oate aare $u+ *or%a de %!c! *"acoane7 d!%en$!un!"e
ace$tora *!!nd !ntre 0.1;0.' %!cron!.
A$t*e"7 co%onent!! c(!%!c! a! untu"u! $unt reart!-at! !ntre *a-a &ra$a
$! $u+$tanta u$cata ne&ra$a7 cont!nutu" "or %ed!u #ar!!nd7 !n ca-u" unu!
rocent de 12;1.A &ra$!%e.
In caracter!-area d!n unct de #edere c(!%!c a untu"u!7 tre+u!e t!nut
!n$a $ea%a atat de co%o-!t!a c(!%!ca a &ra$!%!! d!n unt7 cat $! de natura
$u+$tante! u$cate ne&ra$e7 de O7 cont!nutu" !n *!er $! curu7 de !nd!c!! ce un
!n e#!denta re-enta d!*er!t!"or ac!-! &ra$!7 recu% $! de cant!tatea de d!acet!"
$! acet!"%et!"car+!no"7 $u+$tante ce !%r!% aro%a $ec!*!ca rodu$u"u! *!n!t.
Ta+e" 0
Caracter!$t!c!"e c(!%!ce %ed!! a"e untu"u!
$ec!*!care Unt o+t!nut r!n
rocedeu cont!nuu
Unt o+t!nut r!n rocedeu
d!$cont!nuu
#ara !arna #ara !arna
U%!d!tate <A= 1..,2 1'.'. 1'.02 1..,0
Su+$tanta u$cata
ne&ra$a <A=
0.12. 0.10. 0.223 0.220
O ..20 ..'1 ..22 ..21
Ac!d!tate t!tra+!"a <P= 2.01 2.20 1.,1 2.02
Ac!d!tate !n "a$%a <P= 3.2' 3.11 2.11 3.11
31
Ind!ce de !od .0.'0 3..'0 .1.11 3..'1
Indece de $aon!*!care 223 202 22' 21.
Ind!ce Re!c(ert;Me!$$" 2..32 2..'1 2..21 2..10
Ind!ce /o"en$Ie 1.21 1..0 1.'1 1.'2
D!acet!" <%&9I&= 0.110 0.1.0 0.230 0.1.3
Acet!"%et!"car+!no"
<%&9I&=
12.10 1'.02 11.'2 1'.00
/ror!et64!"e *!-!co F c(!%!ce a"e $%8nt8n!!
Gr6$!%ea: 2' F .0 A>
Te%eratura: %a?.20
0
C>
Ac!d!tatea: ; *urn!-or 20
0
T
; +ene*!c!ar 23
0
T.
A$t*e" ac!-!! &ra$! cont!nut! !n &ra$!%ea d!n unt ot *! $aturat! $!
ne$aturat!7 ac!-!! care !n*"uentea-a d!rect con$!$tenta untu"u! <r!n
redo%!nanta ac!-!"or $o"!-! $au "!c(!-!=.
De a$e%enea7 r!n cunoa$terea caracter!$t!c!"or *!-!ce a"e untu"u!
o+t!nut7 ne ute% da $ea%a de ca"!tatea ace$tu!a7 !n core"at!e cu co%o-!t!a
$a c(!%!ca. D!ntre !n$u$!r!"e *!-!ce ce caracter!-ea-a ca"!tatea rodu$u"u!
*!n!t7 !%ortanta %a! %are re-!nta con$!$tenta7 &radu" de u"e!ere7 &reutatea
$ec!*!ca7 !nd!ce"e de re*ract!e7 unctua" de to!re $! de $o"!d!*!care7 recu%
$! #o"u%u" de aer cont!nut.
Ta+e" 2
Caracter!$t!c!"e *!-!ce a"e untu"u!
Sec!*!care Unt o+t!nut r!n rocedeu
cont!nuu
Unt o+t!nut r!n rocedeu
d!$cont!nuu
#ara !arna #ara !arna
/unct de to!re
<A=
31.10 32.10 31..2 33.13
/unct de
$o"!d!*!care <A=
12.13 11.30 12.'0 12.10
Ind!ce de re*ract!e
<&rade
...20 .3.30 ...30 .3.32
32
re*racto%etr!ce=
Grad de u"e!ere
<A=
12.33 1.0. 12.20 1.22
Greutate $ec!*!ca
<&9c%\=
0.,3. 0.,21 0.,21 0.,1.
Vo"u% de aer <A= 1.02 1.20 2..0 3.10
!1! Controlul calitatii untului
Ver!*!carea ca"!tat!! untu"u! $e *ace e "otur! de ace"a$! t!7 ace!a$!
ca"!tate $! ace"a$! a%+a"a3 $! con$ta !n:
; #er!*!carea a%+a"ar!!7 %arcar!! $! %a$e! nete>
; e?a%en or&ano"et!c>
; ana"!-a c(!%!ca>
; ana"!-a %!cro+!o"o&!ca.
Caracter!$t!c!"e or&ano"et!ce7c(!%!ce $! %!cro+!o"o&!ce tre+u!e $a
core$unde cond!t!!"or STAS7 entru d!*er!te t!ur! de unt: e?tra7 $uer!or $!
de %a$a <ca"!tate I $! II=. /entru ca untu" $a core$unda unor !nd!cator!
!&!en!co;$an!tar!7 care au $! ro"u" e a re#en! %od!*!car!"e ca"!tat!#e d!n
t!%u" deo-!tar!! de durata7 $e e*ectuea-a ana"!-a %!cro+!o"o&!ca entru
deter%!narea re-ente! $au a+$ente! &er%en!"or ato&en! $! a nu%aru"u! de
+acter!! co"!*or%e7 %uce&a!ur! $! dro3d!!.
A$ect 5! con$!$ten46: %a$6 o%o&en67 *"u!d67 *6r6 a&"o%er6r! de
&r6$!%e $au $u+$tan4e rote!ce. Nu $e ad%!te con$!$ten46 *!"ant6 $au
%uc!"a&!noa$6. Cu"oare: un!*or%6 @n toat6 %a$a7 a"+ "6to$ F &6"+u!.
Gu$t 5! %!ro$: du"cea&7 cu aro%6 $ec!*!c6 de $%8nt8n6 roa$6t67
*6r6 &u$t $au %!ro$ $tr6!n.
Ta+e" 1
Caracter!$t!c!"e or&ano"et!ce a"e untu"u!
<G. C(!nte$cu7 C. /atra$cu7 1,11=
Caracter!$t!c! Unt E?tra $!
Suer!or
Unt de %a$a
Ca"!tatea I Ca"!tatea II
Cu"oare
De "a a"+a ana "a &a"+en de$c(!$7
un!*or%a !n toata %a$a7 cu "uc!u
caracter!$t!c "a $ura*ata $! !n
$ect!une
A"+a $au &a"+ena7
cu "uc!u $"a+ $au
%ata cu u$oare
$tr!ur!
In $ect!une In $ect!une cu
In $ect!une7 cu
!catur! %!c! de
33
A$ect
$ura*ata
cont!nua7 *ara
!catur! #!-!+!"e
de aa7 &o"ur! de
aer $au !%ur!tat!
rare !catur! de
aa "!%ede7
&o"ur! e aer7 *ara
!%ur!tat!
aa tu"+ure
reart!-ate
$at!$*acator7 cu
&o"ur! %!c! de aer
$! rare> $e ad%!t
ur%e !$o"ate de
!%ur!tat!
Con$!$tenta Ma$a onctua$a7 co%acta o%o&ena7
ne$*ara%!c!oa$a
Ma$a %a! ut!n
onctua$a7
$u*!c!ent de
co%acta7 !n
$ect!une %a!
ut!n o%o&ena7
ut!n un$uroa$a7
ne$*ara%!c!oa$a
M!ro$
"acut7 cu aro%a
+!ne e?r!%ata
Cu aro%a
$at!$*acatoare
Jara aro%a
$ec!*!ca7 cu
%!ro$ a+!a
ercet!+!" de
acr!$or7 de
cara%e"!-at $au
a"te nuante $"a+e
de %!ro$
Gu$t
/"acut7 roa$at7
aro%at7 de
$%antana
*er%entata7 *ara
&u$t $tra!n
Sat!$*acator7
$u*!c!ent de
aro%at7 *ara &u$t
$tra!n
Jad7 ne$ec!*!c7
u$or acr!$or7 *ara
nuante $tra!ne
#amenul organoleptic
Cond!t!!"e !n care tre+u!e $a $e e?ecute e?a%enu" or&ano"et!c "a unt
$unt ur%atoare"e:
; a$ect e?ter!or7 dua !ndeartarea a%+a"a3u"u!>
; a$ect !nter!or7 !n $ect!unea roa$ata>
; cu"oarea7 "a "u%!na d!recta a -!"e!>
; con$!$tenta7 %!ro$u" $! &u$tu"7 $e aduce rodu$u" "a te%eratura de
10;12PC.
$naliza c%imica
3.
Ana"!-a c(!%!ca cur!nde7 !n %od curent7 deter%!narea cont!nutu"u!
de &ra$!%e7 de aa7 ac!d!tatea7 recu% $! react!!"e de contro" entru
a$teur!-area $%antan!! <ro+a ero?!da-e!= $! entru &radu" de ro$et!%e.
Deter%!narea cont!nutu"u! de aa. In %od curent7 cont!nutu" de aa
d!n unt $e deter%!na cu a3utoru" +a"ante! Bacta <%etoda r!n u$care "a
*"acara= $! nu%a! !n ca- de "!t!&!u $e *o"o$e$te %etoda r!n u$care !n etu#a.
Deter%!narea &radu"u! de reart!-are a ae!. Modu" de reart!-are a
ae! !n unt <nu%aru" $! %ar!%ea !catur!"o=7 $e oate deter%!na cu a3utoru"
une! (art!! !nd!cator cu a"+a$tru de +ro%t!%o"7 care #!rea-a !n a"+a$tru -ona
!catur!"or de aa. Gradu" de reart!-are a ae! $e arec!a-a r!n co%arare
cu eta"oane.
Deter%!narea O;u"u!. Contro"u" O;u"u! $e *ace uneor! nu nu%a! "a
rodu$u" *!n!t7 dar c(!ar $! !n ur%atoare"e *a-e a"e roce$u"u! te(no"o&!c:
$%antana %ater!e r!%a7 dua a$teur!-are7 "a ter%!narea %aturar!!
+!oc(!%!ce $! "a $*ar$!tu" %aturar!! *!-!ce !na!nte de +atere.
Deter%!narea ac!d!tat!! untu"u!. Ac!d!tatea untu"u! $e e?r!%a !n &rade
de ac!d!tate7 care !nd!ca nu%aru" de %" (!dro?!d de $od!u% $o"ut!e n *o"o$!t
"a t!trarea a 100& rodu$.
Deter%!narea ac!d!tat!! untu"u! to!t. Ac!d!tatea untu"u! to!t $e
deter%!na !n ace"a$! %od ca $! "a untu" o+!$nu!t7 e?r!%andu;$e !n rocente
de ac!d o"e!c.
React!a de ro$et!%e <react!a Dre!$$=. Arec!erea &radu"u! de
ro$et!%e "a unt $e oate *ace r!n tratarea $u+$tante! &ra$e cu *"oro&"uc!na7
!n %ed!u ac!d> aar!t!a une! co"orat!! !nd!ca re-enta a"de(!de! e!(!dr!n!ce7
care $e *or%ea-a !n r!%u" $tad!u de rance-!re a rodu$u"u!.
!12! /efectele untului
De*ecte"e untu"u! $e re*era "a con$!$tenta7 a$ect7 &u$t7 %!ro$7 cu"oare7
a%+a"are $! %arcare. E"e au cau-e d!*er!te ca: (rana an!%a"e"or7 o+t!nerea $!
re"ucrarea %ater!e! r!%e !n cond!t!! ne!&!en!ce7 atrunderea ur%e"or de
%eta" !n $%antana.
Ta+e" ,
De*ecte"e untu"u!:
De*ectu" Cau-e"e aar!t!e! Co%+aterea de*ectu"u!
3'
de*ectu"u!
De*ecte de &u$t $!
%!ro$. Gu$t *ad7
nearo%at
;"ate ro#en!t de "a
#!te tratate cu en!c!"!na
;%a!e"e cu act!#!tate
$"a+a
;%aturare !n$u*!c!enta
;untu" a *o$t rea
utern!c $a"at
;$e recet!onea-a
"ate"e nu%a! '-!"e de "a
tratarea cu %ed!ca%ente
;$e r!d!ca te%. de
*er%entare
;$e contro"ea-a
ac!d!tatea $%antan!! !n
t!%u" *er%entar!!
Vec(!
;!n*"u!enta nutretu"u!
;re"ucrarea "ate"u! cu
de*ecte
;tratarea $%antan!! !n
cond!t!! ne!&!en!ce
;a$trarea "a te%.
r!d!cate
;!n er!oada de (ran!re
cu nutretur! !n$!"o-ate $e
*ece aerarea $%antan!!
;$e contro"ea-a atent
"ate"e "a recet!e
;$e a$trea-a untu" "a
te%. !ntre 0;20 C $e da
atent!e deo$e+!ta
aer!$!r!! $a"!"or de
*a+r!cat!e
Gu$t de %uce&a! .Aare
!nta! "a $ura*ata
atrun-and ao! !n
!nter!oru" +"ocu"u! de
unt
;atrunderea !n unt a
$or!"or de %uce&a! de
e eret!! $! "a*onu"
$a"!"or de *a+r!cat!e
;!n$u*!c!enta aer!$!re a
!ncaer!"or
;*o"o$!rea %ater!a"e"or
a%+u"ate ne!&!en!c $au
u%ede
;#aru!rea !ncaer!"or7
de-!n*ectarea ut!"a3e"or
;!ncaer!"e #or *! +!ne
aer!$!te
;de-!n*ectarea (art!e! de
a%+a"a3 $! re$area a
untu"u! "a a%+a"are
Capitolul $
Utila3e folosite la fabricarea untului
Ut!"a3e"e *o"o$!te "a *a+r!carea untu"u! ot *! &ruate a$t*e":
;ut!"a3 entru recet!a "ate"u! $! a $%antan!!>
;ut!"a3 entru a$teur!-area $! rac!rea $%antan!!>
;#ane entru %aturarea $%antan!!>
;ut!ne!e>
;%a$!n! de ort!onat $! a%+a"at untu".
30
/r!%!"e doua &rue de ut!"a3 $unt a$e%anatoare cu ce"e *o"o$!te "a
o+t!nerea "ate"u! de con$u%. Tre+u!e !n$a %ent!onat ca "a a$teur!-are cu
"ac! entru $%antana $at!!"e r!n care c!rcu"a $%antana $unt ce#a %a! "ar&!
decat entru "ate une"e *!!nd re#a-ute $! cu de-odor!-ator.
1! Vane pentru maturarea smntanii
Vane"e entru %aturare $unt con*ect!onate d!n ote" !no?!da+!" $!
*rec#ent au o *or%a c!"!ndr!ca cu caac!tate #ar!!nd !ntre 1000 $! 1'000". Au
eret! du+"! !n care c!rcu"a aa ca"da7 aa rac!ta $au $ara%ura7 dua ne#o!e.
Vane"e $unt re#a-ute cu un caac entru a e#!ta atrunderea "u%!n!!7
%!croor&an!$%e"or $! ra*u"u!.
A&!tarea $%antan!! $e rea"!-ea-a cu un a&!tator cu a"ete care e$te
act!onat de un %otor a#and o turat!e de 1';3'rot9%!n.
Se con$!dera $at!$*acatoare o #!te-a de rac!re de 1C !n 0%!n $!
r!d!carea te%eratur!! $%antan!! d!n #ana cu %a?!%u% 27'PC !n t!% de 2.
ore7 te%eratura e?ter!oara *!!nd de 10;20PC. Vane"e $unt re#a-ute cu un
ter%o%etru !nd!cator $au !nre&!$trator.
! Putineie
In re-ent $e *o"o$e$c ut!ne!e %eta"!ce con$tru!te d!n ote" !no?!da+!"
!n !nter!or $a+"at entru a $e e#!ta "!!rea untu"u! de eret!. /ut!ne!e"e
%eta"!ce au d!*er!te *or%e d!ntre care ce"e %a! ra$and!te $unt ce"e c!"!ndr!ce
$! con!ce.
/ut!ne!e"e c!"!ndr!ce au "un&!%ea aro!ata de %ar!%ea d!a%etru"u!.
Ce"e con!ce $unt de t!u" con $!%"u $au conur! du+"e un!te "a +a-a "or> au
de-a#anta3u" ca nece$!ta !ncaer! !na"te !ar ca e#anta3 er%!t e#acuarea
untu"u! r!n o%are.
Toate ut!ne!e"e $unt re#a-ute cu o cut!e de #!te-a care er%!te a $e
rea"!-e d!*er!te #!te-e7 !n *unc!t!e de oerat!a care $e e?ecuta: +atere $au
%a"a?are.
In tara noa$tra $e ut!"!-ea-a ut!ne!e %eta"!ce de *or%a c!"!ndr!ca care
au !n"ocu!t ut!ne!e"e de "e%n.
/ut!ne!e"e %eta"!ce t! B.J.A. $unt re#a-ute cu tre! re&!%ur! de
turat!e:
Turat!a de +atere 11;20rot9%!n>
Turat!a de $a"are 0;2rot9%!n>
Turat!a de %a"a?are .1;10rot9%!n.
32
In !nter!oru" ut!ne!u"u! $e &a$e$c n!$te $!cane7 %a"a?area *acandu;$e
r!n co%r!%are %a$e! de unt7 !n ur%a cader!! "!+ere a ace$te!a !n t!%u"
rot!r!! ut!ne!u"u!.
/ut!ne!e"e $unt re#a-ute cu un caac7 care $e !nc(!de er%ent!c7 1;2
#!-oare7 ro+!nete entru e#acuarea -are! $! ae! de $a"are. Re&"area
te%eratur!! de +atere $au de %a"a?are $e *ace cu a3utoru" unu! $!$te% de
du$ur! cu aa rece $au ca"da a$e-ate dea$ura ut!ne!u"u!. Caac!tatea
ut!ne!e"or %eta"!ce #ar!a-a !ntre 1000 $! 1'000 ".
$! Masini de portionat si ambalat untul*
Ma$!n!"e de ort!onat $! a%+a"at untu" $unt de d!#er$e t!ur!. Ce"e %a!
ra$and!te $! care $e *o"o$e$c "a no! $unt re#a-ute cu
%ecan!$% auto%at de ort!onare $! a%+a"are.
Ace$te %a$!n! $unt *or%ate d!ntr;o a"n!e de a"!%entare de unde untu"
e$te adu$ "a un tran$ortor e"!co!da" care;" !%!n&e !ntr;un o-!t!# de
*or%are. A!c! untu" caata *or%a dor!ta $! e$te ort!onat "a un anu%!t &ra%a3.
Ca"uu" re-u"tat e$te a$e-at e *o!ta de (art!e Fer&a%ent7 trecut !n
d!$o-!t!#u" de "!ere;a%+a"are $! ao! e#acuat cu a3utoru" une! +en-!
tran$ortoare.
A#anta3u" *o"o$!r!! %a$!n!"or auto%ate e$te de+!tu" %are care #ar!a-a
!n *unct!e de &ra%a3 <c!rca 30;120 ac(ete de 200 &9%!n7 ceea ce re#!ne "a
300;1..0 I& unt9ora=.
Utila3e pentru producerea continua a untului tip e4b
31
Constructia&
Cadru d!n ote";!no? e !c!oare $! rot! ad3u$ta+!"e cu ec(!a%ent
!nte&rat: *!ecare e"e%ent %ecan!c e$te *!?at e ace$t cadru7 dar e$te a$a%+"at
!ndeendent.Ace$t concet a$!&ura ca !ntrea&u" ut!"a3 e$te er*ect r!&!d $!
#!+rat!!"e $unt co%"et redu$e.
Co%onente"e r!nc!a"e $unt rea"!-ate !n !ntre&!%e d!n ote";!no?.
310B F entru co%o%ente"e care #!n !n contact cu rodu$e"e $arate 30. F
entru co%onente"e care nu #!n !n contact cu rodu$e"e $arate.
E?ter!or "uc!o$7 !nter!or o"!$at $au $a+"at.
Intet!nere u$oara : acce$ $! de%ontare *ac!"a a d!*er!te"or co%onente
a"e %a$!n!!.
Ace$te %ode"e $unt re#a-ut cu %otoare $earate ec(!ate cu
con#ert!-oare de *rec#enta <entru #ar!at!a turat!e! !n %od cont!nuu= entru
*!ecare *a-a de "ucru7 ut!nd *!! a$t*e" adatat entru roducerea de unt cu
cont!nut *oarte $ca-ut de u%!d!tate !n!t!a"a.
Sectiunea de '(atere) a untului&
Acea$ta $ect!une e$te a"catu!ta d!ntr;un c!"!ndru or!-onta" $! o t!3a de
V+atereW. C!"!ndru e$te re#a-ut cu $!$te% de rac!re. T!3a de V+atereW cu
a"ete %!c!. D!$tanta d!ntre eret!! c!"!ndru"u! $! t!3a de V+atereW e$te doar de
cat!#a %!"!%etr!!.S%antana e$te o%ata $re caatu" c!"!ndru"u!. E$te
!%ed!at re$ata contra erete"u! c!"!ndru"u! $! *ortata $a caete o %!$care de
a#an$. /r!n acea$ta act!une a t!3e! de V+atereW $%antana e$te tran$*or%ata !n
&ranu"e de unt $! "ate de unt.
Sectiunea de separare&
Acea$ta $ect!une e$te a"catu!ta d!ntr;un c!"!ndru or!-onta" rotat!#.
Acea$ta $ect!une e$te d!#!-ata !n doua art!: $ect!unea Vo$t;+atereW $!
$ect!unea drena3. In $ect!unea Wo$t;+atereW &ranu"e"e de unt $unt &ruate
entru a *or%a +u"&ar! !na!nte ca "ate"e de unt $a *!e condu$ $re $ect!unea
de drena3.
Sectiunea de lucru *&
In acea$ta $ect!une "ate"e de unt e$te e?tra$ d!n unt. Iar untu" e$te
a%e$tecat u$or. Acea$ta $ect!une e$te a"catu!ta d!ntr;o: $ect!une cu %anta de
rac!re e?tra;"un&a entru $earea "ate"u! de unt7 o co%r!%are *oarte
e*!c!enta r!n care e$te e"!%!nat tot "ate"e de unt7 a%e$tecarea cu d!*er!te
e"e%ente: aa7 $are7 cu"tur!7 etc.
Ca%era de #accu%: /r!n %ent!nerea unu! #acuu% core$un-ator. E$te
e?tra$ aeru"u! entru !%+unatat!rea a$ectu"u! ot!c.
Sectiunea de lucru +&
3,
In acea$ta $ect!une are "oc %a"a?area *!na"a. Acea$ta $ect!une e$te
a"catu!ta d!ntr;un tu+ cu %anta de rac!er cu 2 $necur! de a#an$ care a$!&ura
d!$tr!+ut!a *!na a ae!.
De$t!nate roducer!! untu"u! roa$at d!n $%antana %aturata $! ne%aturata
Constructia&
Jor%a c!"!ndr!ca $a+"at "a !nter!or7 $a+"at cu +!"e de $t!c"a "a e?ter!or
$au o"!-at re#a-ut cu:
Va"tur! de %a"a?are 100;2000 "!tr!!.
Jara #a"tur! de %a"a?are 30;1'000 "!tr!!.
/ut!ne! du+"u con!c.
/ut!ne! &Kro$co!c.
,unctii&
Batere
Ma"a?are
Carcateristici&
; Ta%+uru"7 carca$a an&ena3e"or7 $uortu" e?ter!or $! +ara de rotect!e $unt
*a+r!cate d!n ote" !no?>
; Caac de a"!%entare cu etan$are ant!;+acteoro"o&!ca
; 2 a"ete de %a"a?are
; Ou+"ou de #!-!tare
; Vent!" de drena3
; 1 #!te-a de +atere
; 1 #!te-a de %a"a?are
; Motor de antrenare cu an&ena3 reductor
; Suort e?ter!or d!n !no?
; Caac!tat! 100;2000 "!tr!!
.0
-nstalatie automata de dozare si am(alare unt
; Mater!a" entru a%+a"are: *o"!e de a"u%!n!u $au (art!e de er&a%ent>
; /utere !n$ta"ata <IL=: 272>
; /roduct!e <+uc9%!n=: .0;10>00;130>%a?.1'>%a?.20>%a?.1']>
; Greutate <I&=: 13,0;1.30.
Capitolul &
&!1! "ortimente pe piata
1! Untul de zer*
/entru untu" de aer $e *o"o$e$te ca %ater!e r!%a $%antana o+t!nuta
d!n -eru" re-u"tat de "a *a+r!carea +ran-etur!"or. Dua r!%a $%antan!re a
-eru"u! $%antana are un cont!nut $ca-ut de &ra$!%e $! $e trece d!n nou r!n
.1
$earator. Ao! $e *ace $a"area $%antan!! cu aa entru a $e !ndearta
&u$tu" ne"acut de -er care $e oate tran$%!te untu"u!.
/re"ucrarea $%antan!! $e *ace $earat: +aterea e! are "oc dua
%aturarea *!-!ca "a te%eratura cat %a! $ca-uta a"t*e" $e o+t!ne unt cu
con$!$tenta une! a"!*!!.
! Untul din zara*
In ca-u" cand cont!nutu" de &ra$!%e !n -ara dea$e$te 07' $e
rocedea-a "a $%antan!re. S%antana re-u"tata are un cont!nut de &ra$!%e de
2';30A caracter!-andu;$e r!ntr;o cant!tate %are de &"o+u"e de &ra$!%e de
d!%en$!un! %!c! ceea ce creea-a d!*!cu"tat! "a +atere.
D!n acea$ta cau-a $ec!*!c $! con$er#a+!"!tat!! redu$e untu" d!n -ara ca
$! untu" d!n -er $e *o"o$e$te !n $cour! !ndu$tr!a"e.
$! Untul topit*
To!rea untu"u! $e *ace !n $cou" %ar!r!! re-!$tente! "a a$trare
*o"o$!ndu;$e ca %ater!e r!%a untu" cu anu%!te de*ecte $au untu" d!n -ara
$au -er. Untu" to!t are un cont!nut %!c de aa7 $u+$tante a"+u%!no!de $!
"acto-a7 co%onentu" r!nc!a" *!!nd &ra$!%ea !n roort!e de ,1;,,A ceea
ce !! %are$te re-!$tenta "a a$trare.
Ja+r!carea !ndu$tr!a"a a untu"u! to!t $e oate *ace r!n :
rocedeu" r!n decantare: entru to!rea untu"u! e$te ne#o!e de un
ca-an cu eret! du+"!. In care $e toarna aa *!er+!nte c!rca 10;2'A d!n
#o"u%u" $au $! $e !ntroduce +ucate"e de unt curatate cu &reutate
%a?!%a de 'I&.
Dua to!rea untu"u! $e a$trea-a te%eratura r!d!cata !nca o ora.
/entru a &ra+! a"e&erea &ra$!%!! $e re$ara dea$ura 3;'A $are care a3uta "a
rec!!tarea $u+$tante"or a"+u%!no!de $! "a deunerea !%ur!tat!"or. Dua
reau$ $tratu" $uer!or de &ra$!%e "!%ede $e $cur&e !n a%+a"a3e !n care are
"oc $! rac!rea untu"u!. Stratu" !n*er!or !%reuna cu $u%a "uata de "a
$ura*ata ca-anu"u! $e toe$te adau&andu;$e aa $! %ent!nand te%erature
r!d!cata t!% de 3ore. Gra$!%ea re-u"tata $e a%+a"ea-a $earat.
rocedeu" r!n $earare centr!*u&a"a: ace$t rocedeu a$!&ura *a+r!carea
%ecan!-ata a !ntre&u"u! roce$$ de o+t!nere a untu"u! to!t
Untu" to!t !n #ane de$c(!$e e$te o%at !ntr;o #ana #ert!ca"a cu
a&!tator de unde trecut ao! !n aaratu" de a$teur!-are cu "ac! $! a$teur!-at
"a ,0;,'^C. Dua aceea e$te trecut !ntr;un concentrator Fautocurat!tor care
*unct!onea-a dua r!nc!!u" centr!*u&a" $earand &ra$!%ea de artea
ne&ra$a. Gra$!%ea concentrate e$te trecuta r!n de-odor!-ator $u+ #!d !ar !n
*!na" r!n rac!toru" cu a"c! unde e$te rac!ta "a 2.;21^C.
.2
Untu" to!t $e a%+a"ea-a !n +!doane %eta"!ce +utoa!e $au "a-! catu$!te
cu $ac! de o"!et!"ena.
Gu$tu" untu"u! to!t nu tre+u!e $a %a! re-!nte de*ecte"e %ater!e!
r!%e rodu$u" a#and o aro%a $ec!*!ca $! $tructura *!n n!$!oa$a. Untu" !n
$tare to!ta e$te a+$or+!t "!%ede *ara n!c! un $ed!%enta !ar cand $e race$te
tre+u!e $a a!+a cu"oarea de "a a"+a;&a"+ena "a &a"+ena !n toata %a$a.
&!! Tipuri de unt pe piata din #omania
Nao"act e$te unu" d!ntre ce! %a! %ar! roduc6tor! de "actate d!n Ro%8n!a.
Gra$!%e: 0'A
/rZt: 2 RON <t#a !nc"u$=
.3
M!""! Unt 0'A &ra$!%e 0702 RON <200&=
M!""! unt /er*ecto 10A &ra$!%e 272, RON <200&=
Untu" *ranu-e$c /r_$!dent e$te cuno$cut @n @ntrea&a "u%e ca *!!nd un
rodu$ de ca"!tate @na"t67 cu ce" %a! +un &u$t. E" e$te rodu$ @n Jrana7 @n
!n!%a re&!un!! Nor%and!a. /entru a &aranta ! a 6$tra ca"!tatea cea %a!
+un67 /r_$!dent $e"ec!onea-6 r!&uro$ ce"e %a! +une !n&red!ente.
Untu" /r_$!dent e$te un rodu$ natura"7 nu con!ne ad!t!#!7 e$te
a$teur!-at doar entru o c8t %a! +un6 con$er#are. E$te un rodu$ uor
d!&era+!" dator!t6 ac!-!"or &ra! care $unt a+$or+!! de or&an!$% *oarte uor.
Con*or% d!etet!c!en!"or7 coe*!c!entu" $6u de d!&e$t!+!"!tate e$te de ,2A.
Gra$!%e: 12A
/ret <cu TVA=: 0.20 RON
..
Var!ante: 17'A $! 37'A &ra$!%e
Va"a+!"!tate: 0 "un!
Gra%a3: 12'&7 200&7 2'0&
U$or tart!na+!"
Gra$!%e 12A
100A natura"7 nu cont!ne co"orant! $! aro%e art!*!c!a"e
/rodu$ cu $%antana roa$ata7 dua o reteta trad!t!ona"a &er%ana
10703 RON <200&=
'71. RON <12'&=
.700 RON <12'&=
Ba n!#e" !nternat!ona"7 Me&&"e e$te o co%an!e de or!&!ne &er%ana7
$ec!a"!-ata !n de-#o"tarea7 roducerea $! #an-area rodu$e"or "actate $! a
+ran-etur!"or7 !n*!!ntata !n 1112. Me&&"e: unt A"en7 Unt cu !aurt7 "ate
entru ca*ea7 "ate entru ca*ea e +a-a de &ra$!%! #e&eta"e7 *r!$ca $raK7
*r!$ca "!c(!da #e&eta"a Cre%e /at!$$er!e7 "ate UOT7 *r!$ca "!c(!da "e&eta"a
*ara -a(ar7 *r!$ca natura"a.
Unt +!o BaDorna
Untu" e$te +o&at !n re$ur$e %!nera"e7 !n $ec!a" $e"en!u <cont!ne %a!
%u"t $e"en!u dec!t cerea"e"e $au u$turo!u".=7 care e$te un utern!c ant!o?!dant.
.'
Untu" e$te o $ur$a +o&ata $! u$or a$!%!"a+!"a de #!ta%!na A7 recu% $!
#!ta%!ne"e E7 D $! D.
Gra$!%e 12A.
/rZt: 10.,0 RON
Co#a"act e$te o co%an!e roduc6toare de rodu$e "actate d!n Ro%8n!a.
Unt $uer!or Co#a"act 10 A &ra$!%e 200&r
/ret: 2.00 RON
+ibliografie
1. C. Banu7 Ut!"a3u" $! te(no"o&!a re"ucrar!! "ate"u!7 Ed. D!dact!ca $!
/eda&o&!ca7 Bucure$t!7 1,,' >
2. G. C(!nte$cu7 S.Gr!&ore7 Indru%ator entru te(no"o&!a rodu$e"or
"actate7 Ed. Te(n!ca7 Bucure$t!7 1,12 >
3. Raducuta Ion7 J!"!era "ate"u! !n Ro%an!a7 Ed!tura Cer%!7 Ia$!7 2001>
.. (tt:99LLL.*oodacI.ro9rodu$e9te(no"o&!a;de;*a+r!care;a;untu"u!9
'.
.0
.2