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Rotating electrical machine

Any form of apparatus which has a rotating member and generates, converts, transforms, or modifies
electric power, such as a motor, generator, or synchronous converter.

Any form of apparatus, having a rotating member, which generates, converts, transforms, or modifies
electric power. Essentially all of the world's electric power is produced by rotating electrical generators,
and about 70% of this energy is consumed in driving electric motors. Electric machines
are electromechanical energy converters; generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
and motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
An electric machine can be constructed on the principle that a magnet will attract a piece
of permeable magnetic material such as iron or magnetic steel. In illus. a, a pole structure is shown
along with a magnetic block that is allowed to rotate. The magnetic block will experience
a torque tending to rotate it counterclockwise to the vertical direction. This torque called a reluctance or
saliency torque, will be in the direction to minimize the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. In illus. b, a
winding is added to the rotor (the part which is allowed to rotate). In this case there is an additional
torque on the rotor in the counterclockwise direction produced by the attraction of opposite poles. This
torque will be approximately proportional to the sine of the angle . While the magnets in the
illustration are electromagnets, permanent magnets could be used with the same effect.


Rotating electrical machines -- generators and motors -- are devices that transform mechanical power
into electrical power, and vice-versa. Electrical power from a central power station can be transmitted
and subdivided very efficiently and conveniently. The operation of electrical machines is explained by
four general principles, that will be briefly presented below. These principles are not difficult to
understand, and illuminate most of the reasons for the stages in the historical development of electrical
power, and especially of electric railways. This page discusses motors in general, but the specific
application to electric locomotives is emphasized. Electricity is the medium that carries power from the
prime mover, whether at a central power station or on the locomotive, to its point of application at the
rail, and allows it to be controlled conveniently.

Armature windings
In electrical engineering, an armature generally refers to one of the two principal electrical components
of an electromechanical machine generally in a motor or generator but it may also mean the pole
piece of a permanent magnet or electromagnet, or the moving ironpart of a solenoid or relay.

The other component is the field winding or field magnet. The role of the "field" component is simply to
create a magnetic field (magnetic flux) for the armature to interact with, thus the field component can
comprise either permanent magnets, or electromagnets formed by a conducting coil.
The armature, in contrast, must carry current so it is always a conductor or a conductive coil, oriented
normal to both the field and to the direction of motion, torque (rotating machine), or force (linear
machine). The armature's role is twofold. The first is to carry current crossing the field, thus
creating shaft torque in a rotating machine or force in a linear machine. The second role is to generate
an electromotive force (EMF).
In the armature, an electromotive force is created by the relative motion of the armature and the field.
When the machine acts in the motor mode, this EMF opposes the armature current, and the armature
converts electrical power to mechanical torque, and power, unless the machine is stalled, and transfers
it to the load via the shaft. When the machine acts in the generator mode, the armature EMF drives the
armature current, and shaft mechanical power is converted to electrical power and transferred to the
load. In an induction generator, these distinctions are blurred, since the generated power is drawn from
the stator, which would normally be considered the field.
A growler is used to check the armature for shorts, opens and grounds.





Field poles

(electromagnetism) A structure of magnetic material on which a field coil of a loudspeaker, motor,
generator, or other electromagnetic device may be mounted.

A field coil is an electromagnet used to generate a magnetic field in an electro-magnetic machine,
typically a rotating electrical machinesuch as a motor or generator. It consists of a coil of wire
through which a current flows.
In a rotating machine, the field coils are wound on an iron magnetic core which guides the magnetic
field lines. The magnetic core is in two parts; a stator which is stationary, and a rotor, which rotates
within it. The magnetic field lines pass in a continuous loop or magnetic circuitfrom the stator through
the rotor and back through the stator again. The field coils may be on the stator or on the rotor.
The magnetic path is characterized by poles, locations at equal angles around the rotor at which the
magnetic field lines pass from stator to rotor or vice versa. The stator (and rotor) are classified by the
number of poles they have. Most arrangements use one field coil per pole. Some older or simpler
arrangements use a single field coil with a pole at each end.
Although field coils are most commonly found in rotating machines, they are also used, although not
always with the same terminology, in many other electromagnetic machines. These include
simple electromagnets through to complex lab instruments such as mass spectrometers and NMR
machines.

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