DC-DC Converter Voltaje-Mode Control

Design OPAMPS and Infrastructure

Reyes, Rosales, Jos
Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla
Puebla, Mxico
wedlion_89@hotmail.com

Abstract This paper presents the design of a DC-DC
converter and its internal structure, which basically for this
paper considered three main blocks (an error amplifier, a
comparator and a DC-DC converter), which will be explained
later in more detail.
This paper starts by giving a general introduction of the DC-
DC converters and their use today, then emphasizes the
converter used in this document and the reason that was used,
the output of this converter is sent as feedback error amplifier,
which is also at the transistor design, so that the output generates
a PWM signal (pulse-width modulation) that is necessary for a
good converter efficiency.

The purpose of this document is to provide the reader a broad
view about the DC-DC converter in voltage mode and observe
that there is a transistor level circuit that meets the expectations
of the error amplifier.

I. INTRODUCTION

Power electronics in general is responsible for processing
and controlling the flow of electrical energy by supplying
voltages and currents in an optimal way for the loads. This
processing can become current conversions or regulation will
be processed same parameters voltage, current, frequency, as
required by the load.
In the industrialized world, the key to any activity is
energy. However, the loads that occur in such circumstances
are largely non-linear, to help work with these charges have
been introduced into the world electrical power converters as
these significantly improve energy consumption, thereby
improving also equipment performance and preventing these
suffer any damage.
A power converter is a basic module (building block) of
power electronics systems. The converters use power
semiconductor devices (diodes, transistors, thyristors, SCR)
controlled by electronic signals (control circuits) and energy
storage elements (inductors and capacitors). Figure 1 is shown
the block diagram of the power converter with the necessary
signal to the control.


Convertidor
DC-DC
Controlador
Vout
Vin
Ref

Fig. 1. Diagram of the power converter whit control.


The converters can transform the nature of the energy for it
to be used in different applications. In this way they are divided
into:

AC to DC converter (Rectifier)
DC to AC converter (Inverter)
DC to DC converter (Chopper)
AC to AC (Ciclo-converters)

These converters are termed direct energy converters, as
used for a single step conversion.
This paper emphasizes the DC-DC converters.
There are two methods for DC-DC conversion:
Linear: Based on the use of a regulatory element
that works in your area resistive dissipating
energy.
Switched Converters: They are based on the use of
semiconductor elements working in switching (cut
/ driving), thereby regulating the flow of power to
the inverter output. These converters are also
called switching power supplies and have
significant advantages over linear converters.





II. SWITCHED CONVERTER OPERATION


The principle is the same for all switched power converters
is based on energy storage and transfer in switching cycles.
During the first interval of the working cycle, the drive stores
the energy in the coil, transferring the second energy range to
work this capacitor. The control governs the conduction states
and locking switches.

To introduce the basic operation of the DC-DC converters,
consider the circuit shown in Figure 2, consisting entirely of a
switch and a pure resistive load.

Vin
S
Vout
R0
i0

Fig. 2. Diagram of basic operation DC-DC converter

The switch opens and closes according to a signal of period
"T" drive period called. The time during which the switch is
closed, and therefore the load is connected to the primary
power source, driving time will be called T
ON
. On the other
hand the time that the switch remains open, leaving the load
isolation, lockout time is called T
OFF
. The sum of T
ON
and
T
OFF
, as seen in Figure 3, gives the converter period (T).

T
T - TON
z
Vout
TON
Vin

Fig. 3. Converter period

When the switch S is closed, 0 <t < T
ON
, the source voltage
is reflected in the load, causing current flow through it. If
instead S is open, T
ON
<t <T, the link between source and load
is broken, the latter being insulated from the first. As the load
is purely resistive, the current flowing through it, under these
conditions, completely vanishes.

Whereas all the elements involved in the converter are
ideal, we can say that:
The average load voltage, Vout, is directly
proportional to the voltage applied to the converter
input.
Varying swing is achieved T
ON
D (duty cycle)
between 0 and 1 so that the output senial can vary
between 0 and Vin. In this way it can control the
power flow to the load. Mximosde values and
average power voltage at the load will be:

Vout (Max) = Vin (1)
Pout (Max) = (Vin)
2
/Ro (2)

As is well known, the ideal switch does not exist, but the
design can be as close as possible to an ideal MOSFET
transistor, it should be emphasized that despite the MOSFET
can not handle as much power as the BJT, this has a much
faster switching the aforementioned.

Several topologies of DC-DC converters are the best known
type boost, buck, buck-boost, SEPIC and CUK. Topologies
mentioned only boost and buck types are basic DC-DC
converters, the others are combinations or adaptations of these
basic topologies. For this work we used buck topology.

III. BUCK CONVERTER

Also known as reducer converter, called this way because it
is always true that the output voltage is equal to or less than the
input voltage. In Fig 4 you can see the outline of this converter.


Transistor
Control
DC
D
i
o
d
e
Inductor
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
R
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
Vss

Fig. 4. Reducer Converter

The circuit was held in Pyxis next seen in Figure 5




Fig. 5. Circuit Reducer Converter Whit Control

The transistor switches at a frequency F = 1 / t. On the
drive there are two operating modes, one when the inductor
current is canceled and another when maintaining a minimum
current without being canceled. For the study of the ideal
converter will consider the transistor as a switch
When the current is mild variation is said to be in
"continuous mode". Now according to the law of conservation
of flow holds:

(Vs Vo)DT= -Vo (1-D)T (3)
Where D is the duty cycle and T is the period, Vo is the
output voltage Vs is the source voltage.

From the above it follows that

D=Vout/ Vs (4)

To calculate the capacitor inductor, one has as a rule of
estimation.

L >= R(1-D)/2F (5)
Cmin = (1 -D)Vo/ 8VrLF
2
(6)

It proposes a 10K load at a frequency of 100 MHZ with this
results in an inductor and a capacitor 30UH 3pF. As output
clipped signal is obtained, as shown in Figure 6.


Fig. 6. Vout of the Reducer Converter Ideal

This result is implemented with an ideal switch, but this
was changed to a MOS transistor and its behavior is the same.

IV. GENERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE DC-DC
CONVERTER CONTROL MODE VOLTAGE

In voltage mode control scheme shown in Figure 7, the
converter output voltage is detected and subtracted from one
external reference voltage error amplifier.
The error amplified produces a control voltage which is
compared with a constant amplitude waveform with a
sawtooth. The PWM comparator produces a signal that feeds
the switches that control the DC-DC converter.


Comparator
Convertidor
DC-DC

Error
Amplifier

Voltaje
Reference
Voltaje output
Control
Voltaje
PWM
Signal
Sawtooth
Waveform

Fig. 7. Voltage Mode Control Scheme

The design of the DC-DC converter is done. To show the
general behavior of this system is to design the error amplifier
transistor level.
This block involves placing an array of transistors single
ended configuration such that input Vin is obtained, an input
Vip and output Von, which is shown in Figure 8.




Fig. 8. Array of Transistors Singles-Ended

The proper functioning of the error amplifier depends on
the good design of transistor-level device, for this we must
ensure that all transistors are in the saturation region, so as we
all know have to calculate the dimensions of the transistors for
a positive response.

The error amplifier is designed with a configuration in
differential mode, where input is obtained as the output voltage
and the reference voltage, the general diagram of this
configuration is shown in Figure 9.




V1 V2
R1
R2
R3
R4
Vout
-
+


Fig. 9. Differential Amplifier ideal

From where you get

(7)


V. RESULTS

The error amplifier is designed with a block instance where
single ended configuration transistor level.
The general scheme using the above described are shown in
Figure 10.


Fig. 10. General Sheme of the D-DC Converter whit
Control

The following figures show the behavior of the converter
made.
With a 1.2V reference voltage, the output is 1.4v
offering.

Fig. 11. To 1.2V reference voltage
With a 1.4V reference voltage, the output is 1.5v
offering.


Fig. 12. To 1.4V reference voltage

With a 1.6V reference voltage, the output is 1.6v
offering.


Fig. 13. To 1.6V reference voltage


With a 1.7V reference voltage, the output is 1.8v
offering.


Fig. 14. To 1.7V reference voltage

VI. CONCLUSION

This document has allowed us to analyze the operation of a
DC-DC converter controlled chopper in voltage mode.
In the resulting signals obtained can be observed that all
this has on pulse circuit in the output voltage of the circuit, this
presents disadvantages applications when it is used by a control
signal fed back to avoid these voltage spikes that may be
detrimental to the loads.
The results generated in this paper were satisfactory, as it
was found to design a transistor level amplifier which together
with a feedback comparator worked for a DC-DC converter.
This work was a result of learning which consisted of in-depth
study of the transistor and its applications.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Rashid, Muhammad, Electrnica de Potencia, Tercera edicin,
2004
[2] Mohan, Ned, First Course on Power Electronics and Drives,
edicin 2003
[3] F. Maloberti, Analog Design for CMOS VLSI systems,
Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001.
[4] Mohan, Ned,Undelad, Tore, Robbins, William, Electrnica de
potencia, convertidores, aplicaciones y diseo, tercera edicin.
[5] Garzon S. Carolina, Anlisis de convertidores de potencia DC-
DC con software libre de openmodlica, 2012.