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Electric power systems
1. Single-phase system refers to the supply of A.C. electric power that has two circuit
conductors carry an alternating current, mostly used in residential homes. Two conductors in
the system are
(1) power-line wire [ 220 Vac]
L
~
(standard frequency is 50Hz.)
(2) neutral wire [ 0 Vac]
N
~
2. Three-phase system refers to the supply of A.C. electric power that has three circuit
conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their
instantaneous peak values at different times. Three conductors are
Note: Typically a third conductor, called ground is used as a protection against electric shock, and ordinarily only carries
significant current when there is a circuit fault.
(1) power-line wire L1
(2) power-line wire L2
(3) power-line wire L3
L1
L3
L2
N
Note: Three-phase systems may have a neutral wire. A neutral wire allows the three-phase system to use a higher voltage
while still supporting lower-voltage single-phase appliances.
Thelinetolinevoltageis380V
Thelinetoneutralvoltageis220V
Electrical Power
Electrical power represents an amount of the electrical energy
consumption per unit of time and is defined as the product of current and
potential difference. In an a.c. circuit, the electrical power (called apparent
power) consists of two components;
(1) active (real) power, if the energy consumed by the resistive load.
(2) reactive power, if the energy consumed by the reactive load, such
capacitors or inductors)

Activepower[W]
Reactivepower[VAr]
Powertriangle
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Active(real)power Active(real)power
P = V I cos
1 phase
3 phase
cos 3 =
phase phase
I V P
cos 3 =
line line
I V P
where cos is called a power factor (Pf) which is defined as a ratio of
the active power to the apparent power in the circuit.
Note: A load with a low Pf draws more current than a load with a high Pf for the same amount of
useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and
require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted
energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers
where there is a low power factor.
Digitalmultimeter
,also known as a or VOM(Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit A typical multi-meter may include
Voltageprobes
functions in one unit. A typical multi meter may include
features such as the ability to measure voltage, current
and resistance.
L
220Vac Amp.
N
Volt.
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Digitalmultimeter
Quantities measured
Common quantities
Voltage - Voltage
- Current
- Resistance
Additional quantities
- Capacitance
- Conductance
- Decibels
- Frequencey
- Inductance
- Temperature
etc
CurrentTransformer(CT) CurrentTransformer(CT)
is used for measurement of electric currents. When
current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can
be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments.
A current transformer has a primary winding, a
magnetic core, and a secondary winding of which the currents
in the primary and secondary windings are related by the
equation
Siliconsteelring Siliconsteelring
Advantages
- The measuring circuit is isolated from power circuit.
Caution: Do not disconnected the CT from its load when current
is flowing in the primary
I
s
=I
p
/N
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PowerAnalyzer(EnergyAnalyzer)
is an electrical measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical power analyzer may
include features such as the ability to measure voltage current include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current,
Pf, frequency, power, and energy.
L1
L2
V
1
V
2
V
CurrentTransformer(CT)
L3
N

1

2

3
V
3
Light Light
is the portion of electromagnetic
radiation that is visible to the human eye,
responsible for the sense of sight.
(wavelength range of 380 nm - 780 nm) ( )
( IES)
Illuminance (Lux) Illuminance (Lux)
RecommendedLightlevel(IES)
(wavelength range of 380 nm 780 nm)
Light Measurement
1. Luminous flux is the measure of the
useful power emitted by a light
source (The SI unit of luminous flux is
the lumen, lm [cd.sr]
()
300-700
100-200
300-500
300-750
: 300
500
100-300
: 100 300

/
office
walkway
classroom
plaza/shoppingmall
Illuminance (Lux) Illuminance (Lux)
the lumen, lm [cd.sr]
2. Luminous emittance or Illuminance is
the total luminous flux incident on a
surface, per unit area. It is a measure
of the intensity of the incident light
(Lux or Lumen/m
2
)
: 100-300
500-1,000
: 50
200
100-500
100-500
100
300-500
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Light(Lux)meter
Light
sensor
Photodiode
is a type of photodetector
Photodiode
voltage Light
isatypeofphotodetector
capableofconvertinglightinto
eithercurrentorvoltage
RANGE 0 to 50000 Lux in auto range of 0 to 199.9, 200 to 1999,
2000 to 20000 and 20000 to 50000 Lux. ( Auto range).
ACCURACY
5% 2 least counts.
0.1 in the range of 0 to 200 Lux.
RESOLUTION
Specification (Example)
g
1 in the range of 0 to 2000 Lux.
10 in the range of 0 to 20000 Lux.
100 in the range of 0 to 50000 Lux.
DATA HOLD
Data hold facility is provided.
3 Digit, 7 segment LCD type of 12.5mm height.
X10, X100, data hold and low battery indications are
provided
SENSOR Separately attached light sensor allows user to take
measurements at an optimum position.
POWER REQUIREMENTS 9 volts battery.
STANDARD ACCESSORIES Battery, instruction manual and carrying case.
DISPLAY