International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),

ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75 IAEME
65











IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSLATOR STRATEGY FOR MIGRATION OF
IPV4 TO IPV6


ARUNKUMAR. R
1
, V. SRIDHAR
2
, S. DINESH REDDY
3
, CH. SREEDHAR
4



1
Assistant Professor,
2
Assistant Professor,
3
B.Tech student-ECE,
4
Assistant professor
1
CSE Department, Vidya Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Aziz Nagar, Ap, India.
2
ECE Department, Vidya Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Aziz Nagar, Ap, India.
3
B.Tech Student-Ece, Vidya Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Aziz Nagar, Ap, India
4
ECE Department, Global Institute of Technology, Moinabad, Ap, India




ABSTRACT

The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links together millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational institutions and individuals. The magnificence of the Internet is we
can access it from a computer anywhere. The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4
(IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. But Challenges in Todays Internet are Address
depletion, Loss of peer-to-peer model, increasing need for security, wireless/mobile devices
accessing Internet services.IPv6 provides a platform for new Internet functionality that will be
needed in the immediate future, and provide flexibility for further growth and expansion. IPv6 is
intended to succeed IPv4, which is the dominant communications protocol for most Internet traffic as
of now.
Although IPv6 solves addressing issues for customers, a long transition period is likely before
customers move to an exclusive IPv6 network environment. During the transition period, any new
IPv6-only networks will need to continue to communicate with existing IPv4 networks. This problem
arises, as lot of corporates with IPV4 web sites will not show interest to migrate to IPV6, which
involves financial burden, and also lack vendor support. NAT-PT is designed to be deployed to allow
direct communication between IPv6-only networks and IPv4-only networks. For a service provider
customer, an example could be an IPv6-only client trying to access an IPv4-only web server.
Enterprise customers will also migrate to IPv6 in stages, and many of their IPv4-only networks will
be operational for several years.

Keywords: IPV6, IPV4, NATPT, Protocal, Internet, Wireless Mobile Devices.


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ISSN 0976 6367(Print)
ISSN 0976 6375(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75
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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75 IAEME
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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTERNET ARCHITECTURE
The Internet architecture is of a layered design, which makes testing and future development
of Internet protocols easy. The Internet provides three sets of services. At the lowest level is a
connectionless delivery service (network layer) called the Internet protocol (IP). The next level is the
transport layer service. Multiple transport layer services use the IP service. The highest level is the
application layer services. The physical/link layer (Network N in Figure 1) envelops the IP layer
header and data. If the physical layer is an Ethernet LAN, the IP layer places its message in the
Ethernet frame data field.
The transport layer places its message in the IP data field. The application layer places its
data in the transport layer data field. A field in the transport layer header designates which
application layer program will act on the transport layer segment. An application program, based on
its need for reliability and throughput, selects the appropriate transport layer protocol to use. Since
the Internet only has one network-layer protocol (IP), going down the stack from a transport layer
protocol does not involve a selection.
The physical/link layer selected by the IP layer is dictated by an interface table associated
with the IP address in the IP header. The original TCP/IP reference model consists of 4 layers. The
process is reversed at the destination host. The Ethernet driver removes the Ethernet header and
passes the remainder (frame data containing IP header, TCP header, and FTP message) to the
destination IP.


















Figure 1: Conceptual layering of Internet protocols

2. IP ADDRESSING

For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to identify and locate each other.
While these addresses in below Figure are not actual network addresses, they represent and show the
concept of address grouping. This uses the A or B to identify the network and the number sequence
to identify the individual host.


Application 1 Application 2 Application N
Transport 1 Transport 2 Transport N
Internet (IP)
Network 1
e.g., token ring
Network 2
e.g., Ethernet
Network N
e.g., SMDS
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link / Physical
Layers
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75 IAEME
67


Figure 2.1: Internetworking

An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s. To make the IP address easier to use, the
address is usually written as four decimal numbers separated by periods. For example, an IP address
of one computer is 192.168.1.2. Another computer might have the address 128.10.2.1. This way of
writing the address is called the dotted decimal format. In this notation, each IP address is written as
four parts separated by periods, or dots.Each part of the address is called an octet because it is made
up of eight binary digits. For example, the IP address 192.168.1.8 would be
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000 in binary notation.

2.1 IPV4 ADDRESSING
A router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination network using the
IP protocol. The packets must include an identifier for both the source and destination networks.
Using the IP address of destination network, a router can deliver a packet to the correct network.
When the packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router uses the IP
address to locate the particular computer connected to that network. IP addresses are divided into
classes to define the large, medium, and small networks. Class A addresses are assigned to larger
networks. Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks and Class C for small networks.

2.2. Class A, B, C, D, and E IP addresses



Figure 2.2: Classful addressing

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75 IAEME
68
To accommodate different size networks and aid in classifying these networks, IP addresses
are divided into groups called classes. This is known as classful addressing .The Class A address
was designed to support extremely large networks, with more than 16 million host addresses
available. Class A IP addresses use only the first octet to indicate the network address. The
remaining three octets provide for host addresses.




Figure 2.3: Range of classes

3. IPV4 (Vs) IPV6

Over twenty years ago, IP Version 4 (IPv4) offered an addressing strategy that, although
scalable for a time, resulted in an inefficient allocation of addresses.


Figure 3.1: classful adress division
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
Class-A:
Class-B:
Class-C:
Class-D:
Class-E:
0-127
128-191
192-223
224-239
240-255
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Address Identifier Network Address Host Address
0 7 bits Network Address 24 bits Host Address
A
10 14 bits Network Address 16 bits Host Address B
110 21 bits Network Address 8 bits Host Address C
1110 Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255) D
1111 Reserved for future use
E
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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The Class A and B addresses make up 75 percent of the IPv4 address space, however fewer
than 17,000 organizations can be assigned a Class A or B network number. Class C network
addresses are far more numerous than Class A and Class B addresses, although they account for only
12.5 percent of the possible four billion IP addresses. Class C addresses are limited to 254 usable
hosts. This does not meet the needs of larger organizations that cannot acquire a Class A or B
address. Even if there were more Class A, B, and C addresses, too many network addresses would
cause Internet routers to come to a stop under the burden of the enormous size of routing tables
required to store the routes to reach each of the networks.


Figure 3.2: Address Hirerachy

4. ROUTING CONCEPTS

Routing is the act of moving information across an inter-network from a source to a
destination. Along the way, at least one intermediate node typically is encountered. Routing is often
contrasted with bridging, which might seem to accomplish precisely the same thing to the casual
observer. The primary difference between the two is that bridging occurs at Layer 2 (the link layer)
of the OSI reference model, whereas routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer).

4.1 ROUTING ALGORITHMS
Routing algorithms can be differentiated based on several key characteristics. First, the
particular goals of the algorithm designer affect the operation of the resulting routing protocol.
Second, various types of routing algorithms exist, and each algorithm has a different impact on
network and router resources. Finally, routing algorithms use a variety of metrics that affect
calculation of optimal routes.

Types of Routing

Static Routing
Dynamic Routing
Default Routing

4.1.1 STATIC ROUTING
Static routing is a data communication concept describing one way of configuring path
selection of routers in computer networks. It is the type of routing characterized by the absence of
communication between routers regarding the current of the network.
IANA
National
Local
Consumer
InterNIC
America
RIPE
Europe
APNIC
Asia
Regional
IANA
National National
Local Local
Consumer Consumer
InterNIC
America
RIPE
Europe
APNIC
Asia
Regional
InterNIC
America
RIPE
Europe
APNIC
Asia
InterNIC
America
RIPE
Europe
APNIC
Asia
Regional
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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4.1.2 DYNAMIC ROUTING
A router using dynamic routing will 'learn' the routes to all networks that are directly
connected to the device. Next, the router will learn routes from other routers that run the
same routing protocol (RIP, RIP2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP etc). Each router will then sort through
it's list of routes and select one or more 'best' routes for each network destination the router knows.

4.1.3 DEFAULT ROUTING
A default route, also known as the gateway of last resort, is the network route used by
a router when no other known route exists for a given IP packet's destination address. All the packets
for destinations not known by the router's routing table are sent to the default route. This route
generally leads to another router, which treats the packet the same way: If the route is known, the
packet will get forwarded to the known route. If not, the packet is forwarded to the default-route
of that router which generally leads to another router. And so on. Each router traversal adds a one-
hop distance to the route.

5. IPv6

The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or IPv4) has proven to be robust, easily
implemented and interoperable, and has stood the test of scaling an internet-work to a global utility
the size of todays Internet. This is a tribute to its initial design.
However, the initial design did not anticipate the following:

The recent exponential growth of the Internet and the impending exhaustion of the IPv4
address space.
The growth of the Internet and the ability of Internet backbone routers to maintain large routing
tables.
The need for simpler configuration.
The requirement for security at the IP level.
The need for better support for real-time delivery of dataalso called quality of service (QoS).

To address these and other concerns, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has
developed a suite of protocols and standards known as IP version 6 (IPv6). This new version,
previously called IP-The Next Generation (IPng), incorporates the concepts of many proposed
methods for updating the IPv4 protocol.

5.1 IPV6 FEATURES:

The following are the features of the IPv6 protocol:

New header format
Large address space
Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
Stateless and stateful address configuration
Built-in security
Better support for QoS
New protocol for neighboring node interaction


International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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6. IPV6 MIGRATION PLAN

The objective of the IPv6 migration plan proposal is to conduct a detailed study of network
infrastructure and critical applications and prepare a report detailing In the migration plan, we will
consider the implementation proposals that have minimal impact on day to day operations as well as
additional costs. The work undertaken will involve:

Study the network and gather information on network infrastructure, key network equipment,
servers, appliances and computers,
Gather information on critical applications,
Prepare plan to migrate to a dual stack IPv4/IPv6 network with minimal impact on existing
critical applications, and
Prepare strategies for IPv6 compliance audits based on Global Standards.

6.1 MIGRATION APPROACH
Prior to IPv6 deployment, we will consider these factors in organizations current
environment:

Inventory of current IPv4 addresses and time to address exhaustion.
Identification of IPv4 assets including routers, applications, servers and hosts.
Complexity of existing IPv4 networks.

6.2 PILOT IMPLEMENTATION
6.2.1 Approach for Large Organization: Large Organizations would incur more or high costs when
compared with medium or small enterprises. The level of costs again depends on the existing
network infrastructure, the existing level of network expertise, exposure and understanding on IPv6
of the IT staff.

6.3 APPROACH FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED ORGANIZATION
The relative costs for small to medium sized organization would also be high but slightly less
than large organization. Much of the cost would be for their core network infrastructure, operations,
and staff.

7. IMPLEMENTING NAT-PT FOR IPV6

7.1 NAT-PT
Using a protocol translator between IPv6 and IPv4 allows direct communication between
hosts speaking a different network protocol. Users can use either static definitions or IPv4-mapped
definitions for NAT-PT operation.


Figure 7.1: NAT-PT Basic Operation

NAT-PT runs on a router between an IPv6 network and an IPv4network to connect an IPv6-
only node with an IPv4-only node.Although IPv6 solves addressing issues for customers, a long
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
ISSN 0976 - 6375(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 65-75 IAEME
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transition period is likely before customers move to an exclusive IPv6 network environment. During
the transition period, any new IPv6-only networks will need to continue to communicate with
existing IPv4 networks.

7.2 STATIC NAT-PT
Static NAT-PT uses static translation rules to map one IPv6 address to one IPv4 address.
IPv6 network nodes communicate with IPv4 network nodes using an IPv6 mapping of the IPv4
address configured on the NAT-PT router. The NAT-PT device is configured to map the source IPv6
address for node A of2001:DB8:bbbb:1::1 to the IPv4 address 192.168.99.2. NAT-PT is also
configured to map the source address of IPv4 node C, 192.168.30.1 to 2001:DB8::a. When packets
with a source IPv6 address of node A are received at the NAT-PT router, they are translated to have
a destination address to match node C in the IPv4-only network. NAT-PT can also be configured to
match a source IPv4 address and translate the packet to an IPv6 destination address to allow an IPv4-
only host communicate with an IPv6-only host.

7.3 DYNAMIC NAT-PT
Dynamic NAT-PT allows multiple NAT-PT mappings by allocating addresses from a pool.
NAT-PT is configured with a pool of IPv6 and/or IPv4 addresses. At the start of a NAT-PT session a
temporary address is dynamically allocated from the pool. The number of addresses available in the
address pool determines the maximum number of concurrent sessions. The NAT-PT device records
each mapping between addresses in a dynamic state table.


Figure 7.2: Dynamic NAT-PT Operation

7.4 PORT ADDRESS TRANSLATION OR OVERLOAD
Port Address Translation (PA T), also known as Overload, allows a single IPv4 address to be
used among multiple sessions by multiplexing on the port number to associate several IPv6 users
with a single IPv4 address. PAT can be accomplished through a specific interface or through a pool
of addresses

Figure 7.3: Port Address Translation
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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8. RESULTS

8.1 STATIC NAT-PT


Screen: 8.1.1 Ping source to destination


Screen: 8.1.2 Ping destination to source

8.2 IPV4 MAPPED DYNAMIC NAT-PT


Screen: 8.2.1 Ping v6 to v4
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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Screen: 8.2.2 Ping v4 to pool

8.3 IPV4 MAPPED NAT-PT(PAT)


Screen 8.3.1: ping to IPv6 to prefix translated


Screen 8.3.2: ping IPv4 to port mapped

9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

NAT-PT is designed to be deployed to allow direct communication between IPv6-only
networks and IPv4-only networks. One of the benefits of NAT-PT is that no changes are required to
existing hosts. All the NAT-PT configurations are performed at the NAT-PT router. All this has
resulted in the development of a new protocol (IPv6) in order to solve these problems. IPv6 has a
much larger address space available (128 bit addressing), which should be sufficient for a longer
period of time for various applications. In addition, the new protocol provides a number of new
features and advantages over the old version.
International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976-6367(Print),
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A new addressing scheme that would resolve the limitations, and an interim path towards the
new scheme.

IPv6 to IPv4 NAT is just an interim solution
Yet as a knowledgeable network professional we need to know about IPv6 issues.

Benefits of NAT-PT:

NAT provides transparent and bi-directional connectivity between networks having
arbitrary addressing schemes
NAT eliminates costs associated with host renumbering
NAT conserves IP addresses
NAT eases IP address management
NAT enhances network privacy

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] IPv6 for all: A Guide for IPv6 usage and application in different environment by Mariela
Rocha,Guillermo Cicileo, Roque Gagliano. Internet Society ISOC-AR chapter argentina.
[2] IPv6 supported features "Start Here: Cisco IOS XE Software Release Specifics for IPv6
Features ," Cisco IOS XE I.
[3] Basic IPv6 configuration tasks Implementing IPv6 Addressing and Basic Connectivity,"
Cisco IOS XE IPv6 Configuration.
[4 ] IPv6 commands: complete command syntax command mode, defaults, usage guidelines.
[5] Cisco IOS IPv6 Command Reference MIBs.
[6] RFC 2765 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT).
[7] RFC 2766 Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT).
[8] www.cisco.com/cisco/web/support/.
[9] www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/ipv6/ .
[10] www.ipv6.apple.com/ .
[11] [IPV200501] ipv6 portal. http://www.ipv6tf.org/meet/faqs.php
[12] [RFC2373] R.Hinden,S.deering,IPv6 addressing architecture, Rfc2373,july1998.
[13] [RFC3587] R.Hinden, S.deering, E.nordmark, ipv6 global unicast address
format,RFC3587,aug 2013.
[14] Pings wg: http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html NGtrans: http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans
[15] IPv6 users site: http://www.ipv6.org.
[16] IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com.
[17] Fahim A. Ahmed Ghanem and Vilas M. Thakare, Compatibility Between the New and the
Current IPv4 Packet Headers, International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 202 - 210, ISSN Print:
0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.
[18] Chirag Mulchandani, Kinjal Mistry, Purva Chawan and Abhishek Shetty, Transition from
IPv4 to IPv6, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &
Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 169 - 176, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464,
ISSN Online: 0976 6472.
[19] Fahim A. Ahmed Ghanem and Vilas M. Thakare, Optimization of IPv6 Packets Headers
Over Ethernet Frame, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering
& Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 99 - 111, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464,
ISSN Online: 0976 6472.