Power Converter Aguglia PDF

CASonPowerConverters
2
DavideAguglia
CERN
Baden(CH)
8
th
May2014
DefinitionofPowerConvertersI&II
abasicintroduction
Outline
3
Power electronic converter definitions
Power electronics applications
Principles in power electronics
Power converter elements and rules
Main topologies overview
Galvanic insulation
Implications of technology limitations
Power converter design procedure
Conclusion
CAS on Power converters 2014 Dr. D. Aguglia
i
n

2

h
o
u
r
s

Differentpeople,differentdefinitions(majorityfromF.Bordry)
4
The source of the beam blow-up when we could not prove it was the
RF (Control room operator)
A powerful (small) black box able to convert MAD files into currents
(Accelerator Physics group member)
An equipment with three states, ON, OFF and FAULT (Another
operator)
Is it the same thing as a power supply? (Person from another physics
lab)
A big box with wires and pipes everywhere and blinking lamps.
Occasionally it goes BANGG! (A former CERN Power Converter
Group secretary view)
The source of the beam blow-up when we could not prove it was the
RF (Control room operator)
A powerful (small) black box able to convert MAD files into currents
(Accelerator Physics group member)
An equipment with three states, ON, OFF and FAULT (Another
operator)
Is it the same thing as a power supply? (Person from another physics
lab)
A big box with wires and pipes everywhere and blinking lamps.
Occasionally it goes BANGG! (A former CERN Power Converter
Group secretary view)
Differentpeople,differentdefinitions(majorityfromF.Bordry)
5
That which feeds the magnets (a visitor)
A stupid installation taking a non-sinusoidal current at poor power
factor (Power distribution engineer)
A standard piece of equipment available from industry off-the-shelf
(a higher management person, not in in this room !)
An electrical energy amplifier
(current Electric Power Converter Group secretary)
That which feeds the magnets (a visitor)
A stupid installation taking a non-sinusoidal current at poor power
factor (Power distribution engineer)
A standard piece of equipment available from industry off-the-shelf
(a higher management person, not in in this room !)
An electrical energy amplifier
(current Electric Power Converter Group secretary)
6
The task of a power
converter is
to process and
control the flow of
electric energyby
supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is
optimally suited for user
loads.
Control
Energy source
Application
/ load
Power electronics applications - general
Applicationsinawidepower(P)range.Examples:
P~W:batterybasedportableequipment
10W<P<1kW :computers&officeequipment
1kW<P<10MW :variablespeeddrives(motors&generators)
10MW<P<1GW:highpowertransmissionsystems(HVDC,UPFC,etc.)
7
From mercury arc rectifier, grid-
controlled vacuum-tube rectifier,
ignitron ,.
High frequency =>high
performances (ripple,
bandwidth, perturbation
rejection,...)
small magnetic
(volume, weight)
High frequency power semiconductors :
MosFet, IGBTs , GTOs, IGCTs,.
Power Diode and Thyristor
or SCR (Silicon-Controlled Rectifier )
Link to frequency of the
electrical network
50 Hz (60 Hz)
to solid state electronics (semiconductors)
Power electronics applications - Evolution
Power electronics applications - Accelerators
Supplyofseveralacceleratorsequipment:
Normalconductingandsuperconductingmagnets
ElectronictubesforRFproduction(klystrons,tetrodes,etc.)
Particlessources(protons,electrons,ions)
Allauxiliary/standardDCsupplies
(measurements,controlelectronics,etc.)
9
All the energy used to accelerate and guide the particle beams
passes through power electronics converters!
~
6
0
0
0

d
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
d

c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

a
t

C
E
R
N
Ifpowerflowsfromlefttoright
If powerflowsfromrighttoleft
Basic principles in power electronics
Controlismostofthetimeneeded(precision),butonecouldsetthe
referencedirectlyonthecontrolinput
Dependingonconvertertype,powercangoinoneorbothdirections
Lowlosses=highefficiency :smallsizeandweight!
10
Power converter
Controller
control
input
reference
measurement measurement
P
left
P
right
=
P
ght
P
Ic]t
=
P
Ic]t
P
ght
Oldtimes:Linearvoltage/currentregulationforDCDCconversion
A stepdownvoltageregulatorexample 325Vin 100out 10A:
11
Transistor (T) operated in its active region
Analysis:
P
in
=325Vx10A=3.25kW
P
out
=100Vx10A=1kW
P
T
=P
in
P
out
=225Vx10A=2.25kW
Efficiency:
=
P
out
P
n
=
1
S.2S
= u.S 3%!
R=10
Controller &
Linear driver
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

s
o
u
r
c
e

V
i
n
=
3
2
5

V

M
e
a
s
.
V
ref
=100 V
V
out
=100 V
225 V
Useduntil1960s(stillusedinspecialapplications:audio,highprecision,HF,)
Drawbacks:lowefficiency dissipatelosses stepdownonly noDCinsulation
R=10
D
C

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

s
o
u
r
c
e

V
i
n
=
3
2
5

V

V
out
=100 V
1
2
V
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
m

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

=
l
o
w

p
a
s
s

f
i
l
t
e
r
Special idealized
2 positions switch
Switch position
time
1
2
time
V
in
V
s
V
out
0
100 V
T
s
DT
s
(1-D)T
s
Modernpowerconverters:switchingprinciple(On Offstatesonly)
12
T
s
: switching period
f
s
=1/T
s
: switching frequency
D: duty cycle
I
out
=
1
I
s
= _ I
n
t Jt = I
n
1
s
0
Theuseofswitches:states
13
Static
characteristic
v
i
On state: closed
Off state: open
Reality
statechange transition(exampleof2segmentsswitches)
Two switch states:
Closed (On) : v=0
Open (Off): i=0
In each state p=vi=0
No losses in ideal switch!
v
i
Off
On
p<0!
p<0!
v
i
Off
On
p<0!
p<0!
Spontaneous commutation
Quadrant change
auto turn-on;
auto turn off
No switching losses
Controlled commutation
No quadrant change
controlled turn-on;
controlled turn off
Switching losses
Control Gate!
2segmentsswitches
14
Modern power converter elements - switches
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
3segmentsswitches
BJT
MOSFET
IGBT
Diode v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
Someother3segments
15
Modern power converter elements - switches
4segmentsswitches
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
T
h
y
r
i
s
t
o
r
D
u
a
l

t
h
y
r
i
s
t
o
r
Triac
Modern power converter elements - sources
Losslesselementsarewelcomedinpowerelectronicsconverters:
ifpossibleavoidresistorsorsemiconductorsoperatedintheiractiveregion!
Sourcesdefinition
16
Two types of sources:
Voltage source
which imposes a voltage independently of the current flowing
through it. This implies that the series impedance of the source is
zero (or negligible in comparison with the load impedance)
Current source
which imposes a current independently of the voltage at its
terminals.
This implies that the series impedance of the source is infinite (or
very large in comparison with the load impedance)
Two types of sources:
Voltage source
which imposes a voltage independently of the current flowing
through it. This implies that the series impedance of the source is
zero (or negligible in comparison with the load impedance)
Current source
which imposes a current independently of the voltage at its
terminals.
This implies that the series impedance of the source is infinite (or
very large in comparison with the load impedance)
A source could be a generator or a receptor!
17
The principle of operation of a converter is based on the
switch mode action of its switches. Commutations of these
switches generate very fast current and/or voltage transients
so that the transient behaviour of the sources is fundamental.
A source is a voltage source if the voltage across its terminals
cant undergo a discontinuity due to the external circuit
variation.
A source is a current source if the current flowing through it
cant undergo a discontinuity due to the external circuit
variation.
18
Instantaneous impedance :
the limit of the impedance Z(s) when the Laplace operator s
tends towards infinity.
New definitions:
Voltage Source has a zero instantaneous impedance
Current Source has an infinite instantaneous impedance
Example:
- Capacitor: Z(s) = 1 / (C.s) , limit Z(s) = 0 => voltage source
- Inductance : Z(s) = L.s , limit Z(s) = => current source
s
s
19
L
C
I
I state variable
dI/dt
Current source
v
dV/dt
V state variable
Voltage source
2
L
2
1
LI E

2
CV
2
1
c
E

Modifying / improving source nature
20
Plant
Plant
U
Voltage
Source
Battery
L
C
Current
Source
Cables
Voltage
Source
There are 8 type of sources
21
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
Unidirectional source
voltage : if the voltage, across its terminal, cant change sign
current : if the current, flowing through it, cant reverse
Bidirectional (reversible) source :
voltage : if the voltage, across its terminal, can change sign
current : if the current, flowing through it, can reverse
Unidirectional source
voltage : if the voltage, across its terminal, cant change sign
current : if the current, flowing through it, cant reverse
Bidirectional (reversible) source :
voltage : if the voltage, across its terminal, can change sign
current : if the current, flowing through it, can reverse
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
In power electronics we switch/commutate
sources, thats it!
22
U
i
I
i
I
s
U
s
Direct Link
I
i
I
s
U
s
I
i
I
s
U
s
Inverse Link
Open Link
Active components used as switches to create a
succession of link and no link between sources to assure
an energy transfer between these sources with high
efficiency.
Active components used as switches to create a
succession of link and no link between sources to assure
an energy transfer between these sources with high
efficiency.
Modern power converter interconnection rules
23
Modern power converter - interconnection rules
Turn Off impossible
Turn On impossible
V
Voltage source
Current source
electronic switches modify the interconnection of impeding circuits
any commutation leading instantaneous variations of a state variable is
prohibited
24
Turn On impossible
V1
V2
Turn Off impossible
I2
I1
Interconnection between two impeding networks can be modified only if :
- the two networks are sources of different natures
(voltage and current)
- the commutation is achieved by TWO switches. The states of the
two switches must be different.
Modern power converter - interconnection rules
Switching converter
V I
Switching converter
V I
Switching converter
V I
The 3 basic topologies
Directconversion:linkingsourcesofdifferentnature
25
Switching converter
V I V
I
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Basic direct conversion topology
Disconnection
(current source short-circuited,
voltage source open-circuit)
Connection (energy flow between sources)
- S1 & S4 closed => a
- S3 & S2 closed => b
- S1 & S3 (or S2 & S4) closed => c
a
b c
Directconversionbasictopologies
26
V
I
S
1
S
3
S
4
S
4
V
I
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Indirectconversion: linkingsourcesofsamenature
need intermediate element
- modification of source nature
- use of two direct link structures
- indirect structure
Indirectconversionbasictopologies
27
Input Output Input Output
V
I
V
V
L
V
I
V
V
L
I
I
V
I
C
I
I
V
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
C
u
r
r
e
m
t
-
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
Indirectconversionbasictopologies
28
Output
using two direct converters
V
I
I
V
V V
L
I
V
V
I
I I
C
Inductance buffer
Capacitor buffer
indirectconversionbasictopologies:
29
Voltage-Voltage Indirect Converters
V
i
First sequence
L
V
o
S
e
c
o
n
d

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
L
V
o
V
i
Voltage-Voltage Indirect Converters
basic configuration
L
V
o
V
i
OR
L
indirectconversionbasictopologies
30
Current-Current Indirect Converters
First sequence
Current-Current Indirect Converters
basic configuration
I
i
I
o
C
S
e
c
o
n
d

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
I
i
C
I
o
C
I
i
I
o
OR
Finally:
31
V to I
V to V
I to I
Power converter topologies: Elementary
commutation cells
32
V
I
S
1
S
2
Rules (reminder)
Do not create discontinuity on V & I
Do not short the voltage source!
Do not open the current source!
S
1
& S
2
are complementary!
S
1
: On & S
2
: Off, or S
1
: Off & S
2
: On, no other possibilities !
State transition of a switch implies state transition of its complementary switch
The reversibility's of the voltage and current sources determine the static
characteristics of the switches.
The switches need to have static characteristics with the same number of
current and voltage segments.
The reversibility's of the voltage and current sources determine the static
characteristics of the switches.
The switches need to have static characteristics with the same number of
current and voltage segments.
Power converter topologies
Convertersmainclassification
33
Conversion type family
DC/DC Chopper
AC/DC Rectifier
DC/AC Inverter
AC/AC Cyclo- (& matrix) converter
AC/DC/AC DC-link converter
DC/AC/DC AC-link converter
Very used in particles
accelerators
Here we concentrate on the red ones
With a systematic approach!
Power converter topologies DC/DC conversion
Letsderivetheconverterbetweenavoltageandacurrentsource,both
unidirectionalincurrentandvoltage.Possibleconnections:
34
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
4
Basic topology Connection 1
S
2
S
4
Connection 2
S
1
S
3
Connection 3
Connection 2 same as connection 3 : just select one, lets take connection 2.
Now derive the switches characteristics we need in connection 1 & 2:
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
S
1
S
2
S
3
always open circuit
NO SWITCH
S
4
always short-circuit
A WIRE
35
OnefindwhatitiscalledtheBuckconverter(voltagestepdown)
L
o
a
d
V
out
I
out
Commutation cell
I
out
V
out
I
out
V
out
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4
L
HF
C
HF
Current source ensured by L
HF
L
HF
-C
HF
filter attenuates switching harmonics
This is a one quadrant converter positive output V & I
The output voltage can be stepped-down only
Buck converters are part of the so-called chopper
family
Letsderivetheconverterbetweenacurrentandavoltagesource,both
unidirectionalincurrentandvoltage.Possibleconnections:
36
Basic topology Connection 1 Connection 2
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
4
S
1
S
2
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
S
1
S
2
S
3
always open circuit
NO SWITCH
S
4
always short-circuit
A WIRE
L
o
a
d
V
out
I
out
Commutation cell
I
out
V
out
I
out
V
out
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4
L
HF
C
HF
37
OnefindwhatitiscalledtheBoostconverter (voltagestepup)
HF
L
HF
-C
HF
This is a one quadrant converter positive output V & I
The output voltage can be stepped-up only
Boost converters: chopper family
Drawback: transistor dimensioned for V
out
Letsderivetheconverterbetweentwovoltagesources,bothunidirectionalin
currentandvoltage.Possibleconnections:
38
v
i
Off
On
S
1
S
2
S
3
always open circuit
NO SWITCH
S
4
S
0
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
always open circuit
NO SWITCH
Basic topology Connection 1 Connection 2
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
0
S
0
S
2
S
3
L
o
a
d
V
out
I
out
Commutation cell
I
out
V
out
I
out
V
out
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4
L
HF
C
HF
39
OnefindwhatitiscalledtheBuckBoost converter(voltagestepup)
HF
L
HF
-C
HF
This is a one quadrant converter inverted voltage
The output voltage can be stepped-up or down
Buck-Boost converters: chopper family
Drawback: inverted voltage isolated version
Limitations: Transistor blocking voltage V
in
+V
out
40
Homework:withthesamemethodyoufindtheconverterbetweentwocurrent
sources,bothunidirectionalincurrentandvoltage(theuk converter)
Exercise:Youhavetoproposetheconvertertopologyfor
thefollowingapplication:
1. Feedamagnetwiththefollowingcurrentshape:
2. WehaveaDCvoltagesourcewhichcanbebidirectionalin
currentifweaddacapacitorinparalleltoit
time
i
Magnet
41
Definetheoutputsourcesnature:
Basicconfigurationandpossibleconnections:
time
i
Magnet
v
out
V
out
I
out
Q1 Q2
Q3 Q4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
4
S
2
S
4
Connection 2
S
1
S
3
Connections 3, 4
S
3
S
2
v
i
Off
On
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
42
Switchesanalysis:
Finaltopology:
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
4
S
2
S
4
Connection 2
S
1
S
3
Connections 3, 4
S
3
S
2
Commutation cells
I
out
V
out
MAGNET
M
A
G
N
E
T
L
HF
C
HF
No magnet current ripple control Magnet current ripple control
43
Homework:Demonstratethatforsupplyingamagnet
withthefollowingshape:
Youneedthefollowingconverterstructure:
time
i
Magnet
M
A
G
N
E
T
L
HF
C
HF
Is this a DC/DC
converter only?
Power converter topologies AC/DC conversion
LinecommutatedAC/DCconverters:fullwaverectifiers(singlephase)
44
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
4
S
2
Connection 2
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
v
i
Off
On
In full wave rectifiers we use diodes turn-on and turn-off natural commutation
provided by the AC line.
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
80V
oscillation
LinecommutatedAC/DCconverters:fullwaverectifiers(singlephase)
45
L
o
a
d
I
out
V
in
L
HF
C
HF
I
in
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

V
out
V
in
I
out
I
in
Voltage ripple is attenuated
with the low pass filter
Ripple factor defined as
the absolute maximal
oscillation over nominal
average value (one
definition).
Example on right:
R=80V/636V=12.6%
Maximal average
output voltage:
I
out,mux
=
2
n
I
n

LinecommutatedAC/DCconverters:fullwaverectifiers(threephase)
46
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

V
out
V
inBA
V
inCB
V
inAC
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

V
out
V
inA
V
inB
V
inC
I
inA
I
inB
I
inC
L
o
a
d
Muchsmallervoltageripplecomparedtosinglephase
Highermaximalaverageoutputvoltage:
I
out,mux
=
S
n
I
`
n,L-L
Asinsinglephase,fundamentalharmonicvoltageandcurrent
areinphase,cos()=1andpowerfactornearunity.
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

V
inA
V
inB
V
inC
V
out
I
inA
I
inB
I
inC
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

V
inBA
V
inCB
V
inAC
V
out
LinecommutatedAC/DCconverters:controlledrectifiers(threephase)
47
L
o
a
d
Cancontrolthebridgeoutputvoltagebychangingthefiring
angle:
Bidirectionaloutputvoltage,2quadrantsconverter.
Currentisshiftedby (fundamental)
ACsideactiveandreactivepower(neglectingharmonics):
P=3*V
phase
*I
line
*cos()
Q=3*V
phase
*I
line
*sin()
Huge reactive power
at low DC voltages
I
out
=
S
n
I
`
n,L-L
cos o
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

V
out
V
inA
V
inB
V
inC
I
inA
I
inB
I
inC
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

LinecommutatedAC/DCconverters:controlledrectifiers(threephase)
48
=60 =120
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

=180
0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.03 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.038 0.04
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

V
out
V
inBA
V
inCB
V
inAC
Power converter topologies isolation
Ground connections are used to guarantee personnel safety and
determine the insulation to ground levels of each active part of the
circuit
Galvanic isolation is used to separate two or more electric circuits with
grounds at different potential. It is an effective method of breaking
ground loops (EMC). Personnel safety is increased by preventing
accidental current from reaching ground through a persons body
Sometimes galvanic isolation is trivially required to separate the circuit
and grid grounds
49
L
o
a
d
50
K4
K3
K1
K2
I
o
V
i
V
i
K1
K2
K4
K3
I
o
V
i
K1
K2
K4
K3
I
o
AC
AC
51
AC-DC
converter
AC link
(HF)
DC-AC
converter
AClink voltageorcurrentlink
AHFAClinkisinterestingsincethetransformerironcorecanbedrasticallyreduced.
ForaconstantmaximalmagneticinductionB,theironcoresectionisinversely
proportionaltotheACfrequency.
Atypicalexample
52
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC mains
Magnets
DC
AC
HF inverters &
transformer
HF rectifier & filter 50Hz rectifier
Awesome! We are done, we are able to perform any
electrical conversion with power electronics!
53
Ok then, lets find the topology of a 1MV,
100kA DC/DC converter
Switchesarelimitedinblockingvoltageandconductingcurrent
Athighfrequenciesinductorsbehavesalsoascapacitors,and
capacitorsbehaveasinductors
Lossesarealwaysanightmare,inswitches,inductors,and
capacitors.
Switchingfrequenciesprimarilylimitedbylosses(not
only)noteasytoreachverysmallripplesathighpower
54
Othertopologieshavebeendeveloped,andstillareunderdevelopment,to
facethetechnologicallimitationsofpowerelectronicscomponents.
R&Dinthisdomainprimarilyorientedtowardnewtopologiesandoptimisation
ofknownones.
Parallel association of converters
55
Whenthepowerdemandincreasesabovetheratingofthepower
semiconductor,theonlysolutionistobuildatopologywithparallelor
seriesconnectionofsubsystems
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC mains
Magnets
DC
AC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC mains
DC
AC
AC
DC
AC
DC
AC mains
DC
AC
56
14 ms
350 A Peak
720V Peak
Multi-Turn Extraction: Current/Voltage waveforms
Peak Power: 405 kW
Voltage: 900V
Max Current: 450A
Series association of converters
57
CERN - PS
Generatorinertiastoresenergytobe
deliveredtomagnets
Themotorprovidestheaverageactive
powerdissipatedbytheentiresystem
time
i
Magnet
v
out Series association of converters
DC/DCconverterstransferthepowerfromthestoragecapacitorstothemagnets.
6capacitorsbanks(4flying)arenotconnecteddirectlytothemains.Theyarechargedviathemagnets
OnlytwoAC/DCconverters(calledchargers)areconnectedtothemainsandsupplythelossesofthe
systemandofthemagnets.
Chargers
Insteadtheenergytobetransferredtothemagnetscanbestoredincapacitors
Flying capacitors
Patent
Theglobalsystemwithdedicatedcontrol
hasbeenfiledasapatentapplication.
EuropeanPatentOffice,Appl.Nr:
06012385.8(CERN&EPFL)
Magnets
DC converters
58
Thegeneratorinertia
hasbeenreplacedby
capacitors
Themotorhasben
replacedbytheAC/DC
chargerconverters.
NewCERNPSmainconverter:Seriesassociationofconverters
Capacitor banks Electrical room Cooling tower Control room Power transformers
59
POPS 6kA/10kV
Seriesandparallelassociationofconverters:SPSmainpowerconverter(6kA)
60
time
i
Magnet
v
out
Rememberthatforthyristor rectifiers:
Bidirectionaloutputvoltage,2quadrantsconverter.
Currentisshiftedby (fundamental)
ACsideactiveandreactivepower(neglectingharmonics):
P=3*V
phase
*I
line
*cos()
Q=3*V
phase
*I
line
*sin()
I
out
=
S
n
I
`
n,L-L
cos o
Huge reactive power
at low DC voltages
SVC
Indeed
61
Reactivepower,especiallyatcurrent
flattop,isenormous.Mustbe
compensated:SVC!
TheStaticVar Compensator
(SVC)producesreactive
powerandfiltersharmonic
currentsinordertoreduce
reactivecurrents.
62
Harmonic filters
TCR
SVCroleonthe18kV
Compensatereactivepower(Thyristor ControlledReactor)
Cleanthenetwork(harmonicfilters)
Stabilizethe18kVnetwork(>1%)
63
50Hz transformer
Thyristor rectifier
Output filter
18kV AC
Magnets
parallelassociationofLHC13kA/18Vconverter
time
i
Magnet
v
out
64
parallelassociation:ALICEdipole31kA/180V
65
Voltage multiplier : switches
The Nobel prize power converter :
[Cockroft & Walton] who in 1932 used this Greinacher multiplier
(1913) to power their accelerator, performing the first artificial
nuclear disintegration in history. In 1951 they won the Nobel
Prize in Physics for "Transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially
accelerated atomic particles".
Schematic of Greinacher - Cockcroft and Waltons voltage multiplier.
Opening and closing the switches S, S transfers charge from capacitor K3
through the capacitors X up to K1.
66
Thismultiplierisstillused
L
HF
C
HF
HF transformer
HV/lowcurrentpowersupply
HVcapacitorchargers(similar)
67
V
I
Vk1
Vk2
Ik1
Ik2
A2
A1
V1
V2
L1
L2
commutation cell with inductive voltage source
On command : OK
Off command : overvoltage
Commutationcellwithparasiticcomponents:realnatureofthesources
68
On
Off
I
k
V
k V
k
I
k
On
Off
V
k
I
k
On
Off
Aided commutation : addition of aided
commutation network (snubber)
Series Inductance : turn On
Parallel capacitor : turn Off
Should discharge the snubber before the next
commutation ! (losses, extra components,.)
High commutation losses
=> frequency limitation
To limit the losses :
high dI/dt and /or dV/dt
=> EMI problem
(two segments switches)
Hardcommutation
5/7/2014 69
Switching losses
I
U
P
t
t
t
Commutation
Turn On
On Off
I
U
P
t
t
t
On Off
Commutation
Turn On
Aided commutation
Hard Commutation
70
On
I
k
V
k
On
I
k
V
k
Thyristor
Turn On control
On
Off : no control;
by the circuit topology
I
L
= 0
High inductance
can be added to
reduce the turn ON
losses
High inductance
can be added to
reduce the turn ON
losses
I
L
Off
Softcommutation:ZeroCurrentSwitching(ZCS)
71
Off
V
k
I
k
Off
I
k
V
k
Dual Thyristor
TurnOff control
V
C
High capacitance
canbeaddedto
reduce the turn
OFF losses
High capacitance
canbeaddedto
reduce the turn
OFF losses
On : no control;
by the circuit topology
V
C
= 0
Off
On
Softcommutation:ZeroVoltageSwitching(ZVS)
72
Softcommutation:ZeroVoltageSwitching(ZVS)
S
1
Smallcapacitorscanbeaddinparalleltothetransistor
WhenturningoffS1,currentisdeviatedintotheparallelcapacitorwhich
startscharging.VoltageacrossS1risesupslowerandcommutationlosses
aredrasticallyreduced
VerygoodforloweringEMI
73
Resonantconverters
Variablefrequencyorphaseshiftoperation
Tankresonancecanbeexploitedtostepuporstepdownvoltage
Loaddependency
HF transformer
L
o
a
d
L
HF
C
HF
H
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t

t
a
n
k
74
Load specs
(L, R, C values, precision,
)
Load examples:
- Magnet (high current)
- Klystron (High Voltage)
- Particles source (HV)
- RF equipment (HV)
Specs analysis for
topology selection
(1,2,4 quadrants,
active/passive converter
closed/open loop
regulation, switches
technology, )
U
t
i
l
i
t
y

g
r
i
d

s
p
e
c
s
(
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

p
o
w
e
r

q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
)
Efficiency, cost, volume, EMI,, specs
Components
design and/or
specifications
(analytical or
numerical
approaches)
Numerical
verification of
selected topology
(dedicated numerical
simulations for general
converter functionality)
Laboratory tests
3D Mechanical
integration &
construction
On site
commissioning
Example: Inverse reasoning from spec
75
Wehavetofeedamagnet:L
mag
=500H,R
mag
=3m
Therequiredcurrentis:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
3
800
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
800
Time [s]
I
m
a
g

[
A
]
I
max
=750A
I
min
=750A
Whatkindofconverteryouneed?
Converterassociation?
Switchestechnology?
Need of some kind of simplified
pre-design evaluation
76
Firststepistoderivetheoutputvoltageoftheconverter.Ifrequiredadd
cablesinductanceandresistance
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
3
1000
500
0
500
1000
Time [s]
I
m
a
g

[
A
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
3
400
200
0
200
400
Time [s]
V
o
u
t

[
V
]
Ok,somethinglikethis:
Probablyonlyonebridgeis
enough,currentok1200V
or1700VIGBT?WellDCbus
at600to700Vshouldbe
okthen1200VIGBT(can
switchfaster!)
M
A
G
N
E
T
L
HF
C
HF
77
Talkingaboutswitchingweforgottoaskwhatisthemaximumallowable
currentrippletothemagnetguy!
(Followingdiscussioncomesfrompersonalexperience,maybedifferentforyou!)
MagnetGuy:Ineed10ppmmaxrippleinthemagneticfield!
PowerEng:Well,ok,butwhatistherippleincurrentthen?
MagnetGuy:Ineedtocheck,isthisspecsoimportant?
PowerEng:Itisoneofthemostimportant!Itgoesfromeasytounfeasible!
MagnetGuy:Pleasemakeaproposalofwhatyouthinkisreasonableforyou,
youknow,inthepastthatmagnetwassuppliedbyanice,ripplefree,
capacitordischargesupply,nowyoucomewithyournewstuffandinsert
harmonicseverywhereandourmagnethastofilterthem(heispartially
right).
PowerEng:Iunderstandgivemeaweekandwillgetbacktoyou,cheers!
78
Ok,ripplecanbefiltered,butthefilterwillslowdownthedynamicsandI
dontknowifwecanfollowthecurrentshapeprecisely
Ohno!!!!Whatstheprecision(stability)theywant!
Magnetguy:1%isfine!
Firsthintonripple:mustbelowerthan1%!(becareful,insomecasesthe
specificationofstabilityorripplemaybeafunctionoffrequency)
Ok,letsfixtherippleto0.5%,shouldbeok.
Howdoweevaluatethisquickly?Trial&errormethod?Optimization?No,
wedidntfollowallcoursesyetletsdosomethingterriblysimplified!
Assumeasinusoidalcurrentrippleof5%,thenthemaxvoltagerippletobe
appliedtothemagnetis:
I
out,p
= i
mux
ripplc 2n
sw
I
mug
= 7Su A S% 2n
sw
Suu pE
= u.u118
sw
79
Ok,iff
sw
=10kHz,V
out,rip
=118V.Canbeeasilysimulated!
HowdoIselectthefilter?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
3
1000
500
0
500
1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10
3
500
0
500
From extremely simple simulation
L
HF
C
HF
+V
DC
-V
DC
At switching frequency f
sw
, the
filter must attenuate at -26dB
2u log
10
I
out,p
4
n
,
2I
C
4/ from
Fourier
80
Howmanydecadesdownwillthefiltercuttingfrequencybe?
Whereisthisfrequency?
JccJ =
26JB
4uJB
= u.6S uecaues
c
=
sw
1u
-dccd
= 2.24 kEz
f
G
f
sw
f
c
-26dB
f
c
decd
-40dB/dec
Enough open-loop bandwidth?
probably not, what actions are
required? Increase f
sw
? Interleave then?
Increase filter order? Ask for a more
precise spec to magnet guy?...live
discussion
Conclusion
81
multidomain and integrated approach which justifies the importance of next
lectures!
Converters
Power
Converters
Solid-state
physics
Circuit
theory
Systems and
control theory
Signal
Processing
Electronics
Electromagnetism
Power
Systems
Load
Modelling
Simulation and
computing
Thank you for your attention!
82

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