A Study on Reduction of Transmission System Losses of

NER Grid
Submitted in requirement of
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
For
Executive Trainee
Submitted By
Rahul Chakrabarti
Executive Trainee(Electrical) XV Batch
Employee o! "#$%"
&lace o' &o(tin) on *+T ER,-C. Shillon)
&o/er 0rid Corporation o' 1ndia ,td

2ckno/led)ement
I am very thankful to Sh.N.R.Paul (DGM-SO), Sh.A.Mallik (!hief Mana"er-
SO II) an# Sh.S.Sha#ru##in (Mana"er-SO II) N$R%D!, Po&erGri# for their
kin# 'u((ort an# valua)le "ui#ane in hel(in" me hoo'e my area of (ro*et
&ork an# "ui#in" me throu"h the om(letion of thi' (ro*et #urin" O+,.
I am al'o thankful to my 'enior' an# other 'taff at N$R%D! &ho (rovi#e#
their hel( an# 'u((ort at every (oint of time &henever I &a' in nee#.
(Rahul Chakrabarti)
$-eutive ,rainee ($letrial)
2

CERT131C2TE


This is to certify that Sh. Rahul Chakrabarti, (Employee No. 0240 of
E!ecuti"e Trai#ee$%& 'atch of ()*ER+R,-) successfully carrie. out the pro/ect
0ork title. RE-4CT1* *3 TR2S51SS1* S6STE5 ,*SSES *3 ER 0R1-
u#.er my 1ui.a#ce a#. super"isio# .uri#1 o# /ob trai#i#1 ()2T).
(2!5allick)
Chie' 5ana)er( S*711)
ER,-C. Shillon)

3

T2B,E *3 C*TETS


Abstract .. 5

Background
The Indian Power System 6
The North-astern !egiona" Power System 6
Introduction ... #
Study ob$ecti%es &'
(ethodo"ogy &'
About Siemens PSS) so*tware ... &'
Study a++roach ... &,
Power -"ow !esu"ts
-ebruary."ean-hydro/ 0**-+eak case ... &1
-ebruary."ean-hydro/ Peak case .. ,&
August.high-hydro/ 0**-+eak case .. ,#
August.high-hydro/ Peak case .. 1,
0bser%ations .. 12
3onc"usions 1#
!e*erences . 4&
4

2b(tract
This report 0ill summari4e the results of a tra#smissio# system stu.y , ha. co#.ucte. as
part of my pro/ect 0ork .uri#1 )# 2ob Trai#i#1 at North$easter# Re1io#al 5oa. -espatch
Ce#ter (NER5-C, Shillo#1).
The purpose of the stu.y 0as to a#aly4e .iffere#t co#.itio#s i# the NER +ri. i.e. .iffere#t
seaso#s a#. times of the .ay a#. search for 0ays to re.uce the T6- losses of NER +ri. by
i#tro.uci#1 operatio#al .iscipli#e.
'asically, po0er$flo0 stu.ies .etermi#e if system "olta1es remai# 0ithi# specifie. limits
u#.er "arious co#ti#1e#cy co#.itio#s, a#. 0hether e7uipme#t such as tra#sformers a#.
co#.uctors are o"erloa.e.. The 1ri. operator may thus be able to aptly /u.1e the co#ti#1e#cy
a#. pla# ho0 to ma#a1e the system .uri#1 the co#ti#1e#cy beforeha#.. (o0er$flo0 stu.ies
may also be use. to i.e#tify the #ee. for a..itio#al 1e#eratio#, capaciti"e or i#.ucti"e &8R
support, or the placeme#t of capacitors a#. reactors to mai#tai# system "olta1es 0ithi#
specifie. limits. Thus po0er$flo0 stu.ies pro"i.e i#puts to the 1ri. operator as 0ell as the
system pla##er for better operatio# of the system.
The stu.y 0as co#.ucte. usi#1 the Sieme#s (SS9E ((o0er System Simulator for
E#1i#eeri#1) soft0are "ersio# 2: to a#aly4e the .iffere#t parameters "ital to the 1ri. operator
i.e. li#e flo0s a#. bus "olta1es (fre7ue#cy 0as kept fi!e. at ;0<4). -iffere#t base cases ha. to
be use. for stu.yi#1 impacts o# the 1ri. at .iffere#t times of the .ay a#. seaso#s.
Si#ce electrically the NER 1ri. is the smallest of the ; re1io#al 1ri.s i# ,#.ia 0ith "ery lo0
a"ailability, re.uctio# of losses, if possible, 0oul. be a ma/or achie"eme#t i# 1ri. operatio#.
To mi#imi4e tra#smissio# losses, it is #ecessary to .eco#1est the tra#smissio# corri.ors as
also ha"e proper &8R ma#a1eme#t pri#ciples i# place. *ithout proper &8R compe#satio#
.e"ices i# place, it becomes ma#y a times #ecessary to take o#e of the parallel li#es of e!isti#1
400k& -9C ckt. li#es i# NER out of ser"ice. This lea.s to se"ere loss of reliability as the 400k&
#et0ork acts as the backbo#e i# the fra1ile NER 1ri. a#. a#y co#ti#1e#cy may 1ri. to loss of
sy#chro#i4atio#, isla#. formatio# i# "arious places a#. i# the most se"ere case may e"e# lea. to
blackout. Si#ce most of the li#es are S9C a#. #$= co#ti#1e#cy co#.itio#s are #ot satisfie. i#
most of the places, it is "ery #ecessary that reacti"e compe#satio# .e"ices are i#stalle. at the
earliest so that ope#i#1 tra#smissio# li#es o# o"er"olta1e are #ot #ecessary a#ymore.
8lso as the 1ri. becomes lar1er a#. more comple!, it 0oul. be #ecessary to i#stall
co#trolle. reacti"e compe#satio# .e"ices such as >8CTS or S&Cs that assist i# a./usti#1 to real
time co#.itio#s i# the +ri..
;

Back)round
The 1ndian &o/er Sy(tem
The ,#.ia# (o0er System has bee# .i"i.e. i#to ; electrical re1io#s "i4., Norther#, *ester#,
Souther#, Easter# a#. North$easter#, for the purpose of effecti"e po0er system pla##i#1 a#.
operatio#.
81ai# the 0hole of ,#.ia# +ri. is .i"i.e. i#to t0o separate 1ri.s ?
,. The NE* +ri. @ 0hich is a# i#terco##ecte. 1ri. ha"i#1 the Norther#, *ester#,
Easter# a#. North$Easter# Re1io#s sy#chro#ously co##ecte..
,,. The Souther# Re1io#al +ri. @ 0hich is yet to be sy#chro#ously co##ecte. to the
NE* +ri.. Curre#tly it is co##ecte. 0ith the NE* +ri. "ia asy#chro#ous <&-C
li#ks o#ly.
The ; re1io#s form fi"e separate 1ri.s 0ith a# R5-C ( Re1io#al 5oa. -espatch Ce#ter)
e#truste. 0ith operatio#al respo#sibilities of the 1ri.s. The Re1io#al -espatch Ce#ters
(R5-Cs) 0ere forme. to act as i#.epe#.e#t bo.ies i# the aforeme#tio#e. fi"e re1io#s of
,#.ia 0ith the 1oal of reliable operatio# a#. ma#a1eme#t of the (o0er+ri..
'esi.es the fi"e R5-Cs, a Natio#al 5oa. -espatch Ce#tre (N5-C) has bee# co#stitute. as
per Ai#istry of (o0er (A)() #otificatio# ce#tre. at Ne0 -elhi 0ith backup at ER5-C a#.
is the ape! bo.y to e#sure i#te1rate. operatio# of the #atio#al po0er system.
The N5-Cs a#. the R5-Cs to1ether come u#.er the ambit of (o0er System )peratio#
Corporatio# (()S)C)), a 0holly o0#e. subsi.iary of (o0er +ri. Corporatio# of ,#.ia
5imite..
The orth7Ea(tern Re)ional &o/er Sy(tem
There are states i# NER as 8ssam, 8ru#achal (ra.esh, Aa#ipur, Ae1halaya, Ai4oram,
Na1ala#. a#. Tripura, k#o0# as the Se"e# Sisters.
The NER +ri. is electrically the smallest of the ; re1io#al 1ri.s i# ,#.ia a#. has =:
co#stitue#ts i# all @ The states as be#eficiaries, B ,S+S o0#e. by Ce#tral (SCs NEE(C)
a#. N<(C a#. the lo#e ,#ter State Tra#smissio# Ctility, ()*ER+R,-.
The 1ri. #et0ork of the CTC as 0ell as the states is broa.ly classifie. i# three cate1ories?
,. 400k& system forms the backbo#e of the NER +ri..
,,. 220k& #et0ork comprisi#1 of 8ru#achal (ra.esh a#. 8ssam.
,,,. =32k& +ri. pocket comprisi#1 of Tripura, Aa#ipur, Ai4oram, Ae1halaya a#.
Na1ala#..
NER 1ri. is co##ecte. 0ith the rest of NE* +ri. throu1h the follo0i#1 ,R li#ks 0ith ER ?
,. 400k& 'o#1ai1ao#(NER)$Ne0 sili1uri(ER) -9C li#e.
,,. 220k& Salakati(NER)$'irpara(ER) -9C li#ks.
:

8ll i#ter$re1io#al po0er e!cha#1e. throu1h these li#ks o#ly.
NER 1ri. has also o#e i#ter#atio#al =32k& li#k from Salakati(NER) to +elyphu('huta#).
There are B ,S+Ss (,#ter State +e#erati#1 Statio#) i# the re1io# 0ith total i#stalle. capacity
of =23;A*.
)ut of these B ,S+S, 2 are thermal (1as base.) 1e#erati#1 statio#s( 8+'(( a#. 8+T((
operate. by NEE(C)) 0hile remai#i#1 : are hy.ro 1e#erati#1 statio#s( R<E(, Dopili,
Dopili St1$,,, Dha#.o#1, -oya#1 operate. by NEE(C) a#. 5oktak operate. by N<(C).
The lar1est 1e#erati#1 statio# i# this re1io# is R<E( (Ra#1a#a.i) i# 8ru#achal (ra.esh 0ith
i#stalle. capacity of 3E=3;A*. ,t is a ru#$of$the ri"er type hy.el po0er pla#t 0ith small
po#.a1e.
The NER states (be#eficiaries) ha"e share allocatio# of these ,S+S. 'esi.es these, 8ssam,
Ae1halaya, 8r.( a#. Na1ala#. also ha"e share allocatio# i# NT(C statio#s of ER (>arakka,
Talcher, Dahal1ao# a#. Dahal1ao# St1$,,).
'esi.es the ,S+S 1e#erati#1 statio#s, these states the ha"e their o0# 1e#erati#1 statio#s.
The state 0ise i#stalle. capacity are as follo0s?
,. 8ssam(8SE')$ 423.;0A*
,,. Ae1halaya(AeSE')$ =B;.20A*
,,,. Tripura$ =:2.;0 A*
,&. Na1ala#.$ 24.0A*
&. Ai4oram$ 22.F2A*
Thus total i#stalle. capacity i# the re1io# is arou#. 22=;A* 0ith hy.ro$thermal ratio of
arou#. :0?40.

-ig5 P06! (AP 0- N0!T7-AST!N !8I0NA9 8!I
1ntroduction
E"ery electrical #et0ork suffers from losses calle. electrical losses or tra#smissio# losses i#
course of the physical .eli"ery of po0er from the 1e#erators to the co#sumers. Tra#smissio#
loss i# a# electrical #et0ork is i#flue#ce. by a #umber of factors like "olta1e, 7ua#tum of loa.,
relati"e .ista#ce bet0ee# loa. ce#tre a#. 1e#erators. Tech#ically speaki#1, it is #either possible
#or i#te#.e. to ha"e a loss$less electrical tra#smissio# system. The hi1hly ske0e. #ature of
1e#eratio# a#. loa. i# ,#.ia i#"ol"es lo#1 haula1e of po0er thereby further escalati#1 the effect
of tra#smissio# loss. Ne"ertheless, it is possible to mi#imi4e this loss throu1h optimal a#.
efficie#t 1ri. operatio#.
,# the prese#t ,#.ia# sce#ario, tra#smissio# loss plays a "ital role i# 1ri. operatio#. -ra0al
Sche.ules at state periphery are arri"e. at by .e.ucti#1 tra#smissio# loss (usually e!presse. as
a perce#ta1e) from E!$(( ,S+S -ispatch Sche.ules. Thus a state 0hich has hi1her e#titleme#t
from a# ,S+S has to bear a hi1her loss 7ua#tum o# accou#t of tra#smissio# loss. ,# a..itio# if
po0er is allocate. from ,S+S situate. i# o#e re1io# to be#eficiaries of a#other re1io#, the
be#eficiaries are sub/ecte. to the tra#smissio# losses of, #ot o#ly the t0o re1io#s co#cer#e. but
also of the i#ter"e#i#1 re1io#s. Similarly 0hile tra.i#1 throu1h (o0er e!cha#1es sellers ha"e to
compe#sate for the tra#smissio# losses o"er a#. abo"e the co#tracte. 7ua#tum a#. buyers 0ill
recei"e lesser tha# co#tracte. po0er .ue to .e.uctio# of losses alo#1 the co#tracte. path.
The -ra0al Sche.ule has si1#ifica#t commercial implicatio# as it is the basis for
computatio# of C#sche.ule. ,#tercha#1e (C,) a#. the char1es thereof. 'esi.es, from 1ri.
operatio#al poi#t of "ie0, re.uctio# of tra#smissio# losses mea#s i#crease i# a"ailability 0hich
is "ery importa#t for a# e#er1y .eficit system like NER +ri..
The basic po0er$flo0 stu.y starts 0ith a k#o0# system state, k#o0# as the base$case. 8
compariso# is ma.e from this base$case. 8 pre.efi#e. set of system .isturba#ces are applie. to
this base case a#. "iolatio#s are recor.e.. This establishes a be#chmark from 0here to compare.
81ai# the same system .isturba#ces are applie. to the base$case are #o0 applie. to a# altere.
case a#. "iolatio#s are recor.e.. These "iolatio#s re7uire a solutio# by i#tro.uci#1
mo.ificatio#s i# the system.
'asically, po0er$flo0 stu.ies .etermi#e if system "olta1es remai# 0ithi# specifie. limits
u#.er "arious co#ti#1e#cy co#.itio#s, a#. 0hether e7uipme#t such as tra#sformers a#.
co#.uctors are o"erloa.e.. The 1ri. operator may thus be able to aptly /u.1e the co#ti#1e#cy
a#. pla# ho0 to ma#a1e the system .uri#1 the co#ti#1e#cy beforeha#.. (o0er$flo0 stu.ies
B

may also be use. to i.e#tify the #ee. for a..itio#al 1e#eratio#, capaciti"e or i#.ucti"e &8R
support, or the placeme#t of capacitors a#. reactors to mai#tai# system "olta1es 0ithi#
specifie. limits. Thus po0er$flo0 stu.ies pro"i.e i#puts to the 1ri. operator as 0ell as the
system pla##er for better operatio# of the system.
The T6- losses i# po0er systems comprise a si4eable portio# of total electricity 1e#eratio#,
0ith losses estimate. at arou#. 3G $ :G ra#1e. The system loss re.uctio# approaches i#clu.e?
)ptimi4i#1 "olta1e profiles i# systems, particularly .uri#1 hea"y loa. co#.itio#s, to
re.uce losses by usi#1 optimally locate. &8R compe#satio# .e"ices or by ope#i#1 li1htly
loa.e. tra#smissio# li#es .uri#1 hi1h "olta1e co#.itio#s. )pe#i#1 li1htly loa.e.
tra#smissio# li#es shoul., ho0e"er, be take# as the last resort as it lea.s to re.uctio# of
system reliability.
Csi#1 reacti"e po0er ma#a1eme#tH i.e. impro"i#1 loa. po0er factor a#. placi#1
.y#amically co#trolle. reacti"e po0er sources such as S&Cs a#. ST8TC)As at lar1e
loa. ce#ters remote from 1e#eratio#. Csi#1 S&Cs a#. ST8TC)As are, ho0e"er, a costly
optio# a#. may #ot be al0ays feasible.
Csi#1 po0er$electro#ics$base. tra#smissio# co#trollers for po0er flo0 .istributio# to
re.uce me1a0att losses o# tra#smissio# corri.ors.
'y elimi#ati#1 co#1estio#, up1ra.i#1 to hi1her li#e "olta1es, a#. locati#1 "arious
1e#eratio# asset types closer to the loa..
Re.uctio# of T6- losses 0oul. ha"e se"eral key impacts as follo0s?
,. Result i# i#crease. po0er tra#sfer capability, 0hich may be applie. to .efer i#stallatio#
of #e0 tra#smissio# facilities or relie"e some co#strai#ts.
,,. Re.uces utility C)2 emissio#s a#. a compa#yIs o"erall 1ree#house 1as footpri#t.
,,,. Re.uces electrical losses, resulti#1 i# fi#a#cial sa"i#1s a#. impro"e. life e!pecta#cy of
some e7uipme#t.
,&. Supports re1ulatory actio#s relate. to e#er1y$efficie#cy ma#.ates.
Theoretically T6- losses comprise of t0o .iffere#t compo#e#ts @
,. Tech#ical losses @ losses cause. by curre#t flo0i#1 i# the #et0ork. These are ohmic
losses a#. proportio#al to the s7uare of curre#t flo0i#1 i# the #et0ork. Thus a#y
re.uctio# of li#e curre#ts 0oul. lea. to re.uctio# of tra#smissio# losses.
,,. No#$tech#ical losses @ losses cause. by theft, frau. a#. a.mi#istrati"e losses.
,# this paper, by the term losses, 0e shall al0ays mea# tech#ical (ohmic) losses. The 0hole
NE* +ri. po0er system mo.ele. i# (SS9E base case shall be use. as a starti#1 poi#t a#. by
performi#1 po0er$flo0 stu.ies 0e 0ill try to i.e#tify the poi#ts i# the #et0ork co#tributi#1
most to tech#ical losses a#. su11est metho.s to re.uce them.
F

Study *b8ective(
,. Check for li#e o"erloa.s .uri#1 peak a#. off$peak perio.s of the .ay
,,. Check for li1htly loa.e. li#es .uri#1 off$peak hours
,,,. Check for out$of$limit bus "olta1es .uri#1 peak a#. off$peak perio.s of the .ay
,&. -etermi#e system up1ra.es #ee.e. to impro"e reacti"e po0er sce#ario a#. re.uce T6-
losses
&. (erform po0er flo0 stu.ies to .etermi#e o"erall system impact.
5ethodolo)y
,. 'ase Case?
The NE* +ri. tru#cate. base case 0as use. i# the stu.y. ,# this tru#cate. base$case,
E<& system is mo.ele. up to 220k& (but =32k& for NER), all 1e#erati#1 u#its of J;0A*
0ith s0itchi#1 at =32k& are mo.ele. a#. all loa.s are lumpe. at 2209=32 k&.
,,. 'asically a KTrial a#. ErrorL approach 0as a.opte. because of the comple!ity of the
i#terco##ecte. po0er system, 0ith "aluable i#puts from the system operators to stay o#
track.
,,,. &olta1e optimi4atio# a#. reacti"e po0er ma#a1eme#t 0ere the t0o key pri#ciples use. to
arri"e at the 1oal of tra#smissio# loss re.uctio#.
2bout Siemen( &SS9E (o't/are
(o0er System Simulatio# for E#1i#eeri#1 ((SS9E) is compose. of a comprehe#si"e set of
pro1rams for stu.ies of po0er system tra#smissio# #et0ork a#. 1e#eratio# performa#ce i#
both stea.y$state a#. .y#amic co#.itio#s. (SS9E ca# be utili4e. to facilitate
=0

calculatio#s for a "ariety of a#alyses, i#clu.i#1?
,. (o0er flo0 a#. relate. #et0ork fu#ctio#s
,,. )ptimal po0er flo0
,,,. 'ala#ce. a#. u#bala#ce. faults
,&. Net0ork e7ui"ale#t co#structio#
&. -y#amic simulatio#
The (SS9E i#terface supports a "ariety of i#teracti"e facilities i#clu.i#1?
,. ,#tro.uctio#, mo.ificatio# a#. .eletio# of #et0ork .ata usi#1 a sprea.sheet
,,. Creatio# of #et0orks a#. o#e$li#e .ia1rams
,,,. Stea.y$state a#alyses (loa. flo0, fault a#alysis, optimal po0er flo0, etc.)
,&. (rese#tatio# of stea.y$state a#alysis results
(SS9E uses .iffere#t file types. The most commo#ly use. file types are $ E.sa"(Sa"e. case
file) a#. E.ra0(Ra0 .ata file).
8ll the base$cases use. as a starti#1 poi#t of all po0er$flo0 stu.ies i# (SS9E are i# E.sa"
format. The sa"e. case file is a bi#ary ima1e of the loa. flo0 0orki#1 case. Each sa"e. case
is a complete po0er flo0 .ata set i#clu.i#1 a#alysis results that may be importe. i#to (SS9E
as a #e0 base case at a#y time.
8lso a#other file type E..r0 (the co$or.i#ate .ata file) is also use. fre7ue#tly for .ra0i#1
the S5- of the sa"e. case file usi#1 the -RE- tool.
Study approach
,. The tru#cate. base$case i#clu.es all the physical characteristics of each eleme#t co#tai#e.
0ithi# the NE* +ri.. Eleme#ts i#clu.e? tra#smissio# li#es, buses, tra#sformers, a#. a#y
other compo#e#ts that make$up the po0er 1ri..
,,. The base$case 0as appropriately scale. (usi#1 the SC85 tool of (SS9E) 0ith recor.e. .ata
from the <-R (<istorical -ata Recor.i#1) tool of SC8-8 system i#stalle. i# NER5-C to
closely resemble the real$time co#.itio#s i# the 1ri..
,,,. &arious tools pro"i.e. i# the (SS9E 0ere use.. The loa.$flo0 stu.y 0as performe. usi#1
the >NS5 (>ull Ne0to#$Raphso# Solutio#) tool 0ith all .efault setti#1s i.e. Tap a./ustme#t
@ 5ock taps, 8rea$i#tercha#1e co#trol @ .isable. a#. &8R limits @ apply automatically.
,&. 8 pictorial represe#tatio# of the 1ri. 0as obtai#e. by utili4i#1 the .ra0i#1 pro1ram +)CT.
&. )ut$of$limit bus "olta1es 0ere checke. usi#1 the &C<CD tool, setti#1 appropriate "olta1e$
limits specifie. i# the +ri. sta#.ar.s (0.F; to =.0; p.u. for bus$"olta1es 220k& a#. abo"e,
a#. 0.Fp.u. to =.=p.u. for "olta1e le"el of =32k&).
&,. Reports 0ere 1e#erate. usi#1 "arious report 1e#erati#1 tools i#built i# the (SSE soft0are,
that also 1a"e the calculate. tra#smissio# losses.
==

&o/er 3lo/ Re(ult(
8C loa. flo0 0as ru# usi#1 the (SS9E soft0are o# base$case appropriately scale. to closely
resemble the co#.itio#s i# the Ne0 +ri.. -ata for scali#1 0as collecte. from the <-R of
SC8-8. )#ly those co#.itio#s 0ere co#si.ere. 0he# there 0as #ot outa1e of a#y ma/or
eleme#t i# the +ri. o# accou#t of shut.o0#. (eak a#. off$peak cases 0ere co#si.ere.
separately as 1ri. co#.itio#s are e#tirely .iffere#t .uri#1 peak a#. off$peak perio.s. 'esi.es
those, .iffere#t seaso#s of the year 0ere co#si.ere. @ t0o seaso#s of key importa#ce i# respect
of NER +ri. are the hi1h$hy.ro a#. lea#$hy.ro seaso#s, as the NER +ri. is hea"ily .epe#.e#t
upo# hy.ro 1e#eratio#. 8lso some other co#.itio#s, as a#. 0he# co#si.ere. rele"a#t to the
stu.y 0ere co#si.ere. @ for e!ample, the (u/a Seaso# (usually i# )ctober) .uri#1 0hich the
NER +ri. e!perie#ces ma!imum .ema#..
8 s#apshot of the NER 1ri. .ra0# usi#1 the (SSE -R8* tool is sho0# belo0?
=2

3i): Snap(hot o' ER )rid in &SSE
The results of "arious cases are summari4e. belo0?
C2SE 1 : 3ebruary (,ean7hydro) *''7peak Ca(e
Time o' the day: 2
#.
Time 'lock
Con(ideration(:
Central Sector 0eneration
State( -ata
State( ,oad 0eneration
20B&& #%#5;
2runachal
&rade(h
$% 5; il
20T&& %<5; 2((am $=> 5; ?<@ 5;
RAE& il 5anipur @> 5; il
Bopili il 5e)halya #?= 5; @= 5;
Bhandon) il 5iCoram @@5; il
Bopili711 il a)aland <% 5; > 5;
-oyan) il Tripura =? 5; D$ 5;
,oktak %?5;
=3

Sub(y(tem Summary:
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE SCAA8RM >)R T<E SC'SMSTEA S(EC,>,E- 'M EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
N)NES?
= NER
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
=4= 'CSES 2= (58NTS 4 A8C<,NES =0: 5)8-S
200 'R8NC<ES 2: TR8NS>)RAERS 0 -C 5,NES 0 >8CTS -E&,CES
8CTC85 N)A,N85
A* A&8R A* A&8R
>R)A +ENER8T,)N 0B.B $2.4 0B.B $2.4
T) C)NST8NT ()*ER 5)8- F22.0 2;:.2 F22.0 2;:.2
T) C)NST8NT CCRRENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) C)NST8NT 8-A,TT8NCE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 'CS S<CNT 0.0 =33. 0.0 =2;.0
T) >8CTS -E&,CE S<CNT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 5,NE S<CNT 0.4 ;4:.3 0.4 4F2.2
>R)A 5,NE C<8R+,N+ 0.0 =30.: 0.0 =;B4.B
&)5T 5)SSES 5,NE S<CNTS C<8R+,N+
5E&E5 'R8NC<ES A* A&8R A* A&8R A&8R
400.0 F =.:4 =B.4B 0.4 ;=:.2 F;F.=
220.0 34 =0.32 B.2 0.0 30.2 4:B.
=32.0 =; 2:.F4 F2.=F 0.0 0.0 302.B
T)T85 200 3B.F0 =FB.3F 0.4 ;4:.3 =30.:
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

C2SE 2 : 2,, ,1ES C*ECTE- B4T 1R+4,170*A&4R *&E. -A2R52202R7
-4,,2VCAERR2 *&E 2- &2CA0R257,45SA*0 *&E

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;;.4 3B.F

NER $2.4 2;:.2 =33.B ;4:.2 =30.: 23F.; =FB.4
E,*SS F $!"@$$ E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?

'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==24 =4:.B3
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.=0B3 =4:.30
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=2=: =4B.0;
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=4:B =;=.3B
=4

:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.=033 =4;.:3
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=324 =4F.4
:=: A82C5, =32 =.0B:F =43.4
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0;:4 422.;;
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0;34 23=.;
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0:2F 42;.=
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0;00 23=.00
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0::2 42:.4

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C)
E N)NE E
C2SE B : B*02102*7B1204R1 1 *&EE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;4.3 40.

NER $34.2 2;:.2 =42.: ;0:.2 =::4. 204.4 20.F
E,*SS F $!##<DE
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?

'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:00: D<C(, =32 =.=3:F =;0.0
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.=2:3 =4B.:
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.=22= =4B.==
:==3 -<5,+8)N =32 =.=020 =4;.4:
:==4 2+,+<)(8 =32 =.=00 =4;.2F
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=3:: =;0.03
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=:2; =;3.4;
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.==2 =4.4
:=20 TEN(CR =32 =.=3FF =;0.4
:=2= +)<(CR =32 =.=4F4 =;=.2
:=22 N5D<A(CR =32 =.=:0= =;3.=3
:=23 -<EA82, =32 =.=;BF =;2.F
:=2; SA8+R,2 220 =.04B 23:.4:
:=;B '5,(R8= =32 =.=3:; =;0.02
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0F:; 24=.24
:=:0 (8&), =32 =.=4;4 =;=.=F
:=:= ')D) 220 =.0;:: 232.4;
:=:2 2N8+8R 220 =.0;:: 232.4:
:=:3 N85'8R, =32 =.0FB= =44.F;
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=4 =;=.;0
:=: A82C5, =32 =.=:0 =;3.22
:32F D,55,N+ 220 =.0:FB 23;.3:
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0F43 43.2
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0:; 23:.B3
=;

:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0FB; 43F.40
:0; -A8(R2 220 =.0::0 234.;3
:=; D)(,528 220 =.00: 23;.;3
:= ')N+4 400 =.0::0 42:.3B
:=F S5DT2 220 =.0;:F 232.;2
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0FF 43F.=:
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
)#e circuit of 'o#1ai1ao#$'i#a1uri 0as ope#e. to pre"e#t the o"er"olta1e co#.itio# at se"eral buses.
<o0e"er, it may be #ote. that ope#i#1 o#e circuit of 400k& 'o#1ai1ao#$'i#a1uri 0oul. cause losses to
i#crease a#. 1reater o"er"olta1e problems i# the NER 1ri.. <e#ce it is a."isable to keep this li#e co##ecte.
al0ays.
C2SE C : B*0210*7B1204R1 1 C,*SE-. ;A1,E B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 1 *&EE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;4.3 3F.F

NER $33:.: 2;:.2 =3F 443.3 =;BB.B 2=0.4 203.4
E,*SS F $!?$#DE
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:00: D<C(, =32 =.=334 =4F.:0
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==3B =4.02
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.=0FB =4:.3
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=23= =4B.2;
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=4B4 =;=.;F
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.=04 =4;.B2
:=20 TEN(CR =32 =.=3:3 =4F.FF
:=2= +)<(CR =32 =.=4; =;=.23
:=22 N5D<A(CR =32 =.=;:2 =;2.:2
:=23 -<EA82, =32 =.=;;0 =;2.4
:=2; SA8+R,2 220 =.023 23;.F=
:=;B '5,(R8= =32 =.=330 =4F.;;
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0F33 240.;3
:=:0 (8&), =32 =.=4= =;0.=
:=:= ')D) 220 =.0;=3 23=.2B
:=:2 2N8+8R 220 =.0;4= 23=.F0
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=340 =4F.:B
:=: A82C5, =32 =.=;:F =;2.=
:32F D,55,N+ 220 =.0:4 234.B2
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.04= 23:.30
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0F4F 43.F
:0; -A8(R2 220 =.0:40 234.0B
=:

:=; D)(,528 220 =.0:B4 23;.0:
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0F43 43.3

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE
8s the earlier case yiel.e. u#fruitful results, 'o#1ai1ao#$'i#a1uri 0as close. but o#e circuit of 400k&
'o#1ai1ao#$'alipara 0as ope#e. to restrict the hi1h "olta1e co#.itio# at "arious buses. This le. to lo0er
losses tha# the pre"ious case a#. "olta1e situatio# 0as also better. 'ut still o"er"olta1es pre"aile. at "arious
buses.
C2SE -: B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 *&EE-. ;A1,E B2,1&2R27R2022-1 *&EE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;2.; 3B.F

NER $3=:.3 2;:.2 =3.= ;04.; =:;4.; 24.B =F;.:
E,*SS F$!"$== E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:00: D<C(, =32 =.==BF =4.0
:=00 'T(S2 220 =.0;=4 23=.30
:=02 8+,82 220 =.0;24 23=.;3
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==BB =4.:B
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.==4 =4.=4
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=2B: =4B.F
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=;4= =;2.34
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.=0F =4:.4B
:=20 TEN(CR =32 =.=2=: =4B.0:
:=2= +)<(CR =32 =.=30: =4F.24
:=22 N5D<A(CR =32 =.=40: =;0.;:
:=23 -<EA82, =32 =.=3F3 =;0.3F
:=2; SA8+R,2 220 =.0:40 234.0B
:=;B '5,(R8= =32 =.==B =4.::
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0B0= 23.:3
:=:0 (8&), =32 =.=2:B =4B.4
:=:= ')D) 220 =.0;0F 23=.2=
:=:2 2N8+8R 220 =.0;0 23=.=:
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=3F; =;0.4=
:=: A82C5, =32 =.=4=2 =;0.:4
:32F D,55,N+ 220 =.0;B4 232.B;
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0:0 430.40
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0:;3 234.3B
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0B4 43=.3
:0; -A8(R2 220 =.0;: 232.4:
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0:0 233.3;
=

:= ')N+4 400 =.0;44 42=.;
:=F S5DT2 220 =.0;0 23=.=;
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0:; 430.;B
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
EN)NE
Still o"er"olta1e co#.itio#s pre"aile. at se"eral buses.
C2SE E: 1R+4,170*A&4R C*ECTE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;2.2 3B.

NER $3=2. 2;:.2 =3B.4 ;0;.F =:;.4 2;0. =F3.:
E,*SS F $!"#%?E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=00 'T(S2 220 =.0;= 23=.3
:=0= 'T(S= =32 =.0BFB =43.B:
:=02 8+,82 220 =.0;2: 23=.;B
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==F2 =4.3
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.==;= =4.=F
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=2F0 =4F.02
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=;4; =;2.40
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.==0= =4:.;4
:=22 N5D<A(CR =32 =.=043 =4;.
:=23 -<EA82, =32 =.=02B =4;.;
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0 23.0F
:=:= ')D) 220 =.0;=0 23=.2=
:=:2 2N8+8R 220 =.0;0: 23=.=2
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=3FF =;0.4
:=: A82C5, =32 =.=04F =4;.B4
:32F D,55,N+ 220 =.0;B4 232.B4
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.02 430.BF
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0:;3 234.3:
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0B00 43=.FF
:0; -A8(R2 220 =.0;:: 232.4;
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0:0: 233.33
:= ')N+4 400 =.0;;0 422.0=
:=F S5DT2 220 =.0;=0 23=.22
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0B34 433.3:
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
=B

E N)NE E
Co##ecti#1 the "ital =32k& Nir/uli$+ohpur li#k cause. losses to re.uce 0hile "olta1es at the remote buses at
#orther# e#. of NER 1ri. (ra#1a#a.i, 4iro etc.) i#crease. further. 'ut it is recomme#.e. to keep this li#e
co##ecte. as losses re.uce. 0ith i#crease. reliability.
C2SE 3: -A2R52202R7-4,,2VCAERR2 C*ECTE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;2.2 3B.

NER $3=2. 2;:.2 =3B.4 ;0;.F =:;.4 2;0. =F3.:
E,*SS F $!"#%?E
*hile co##ecti#1 this li#e lea.s to hi1her reliability i# the system (Tripura system), it has
appare#tly #o effect o# either tra#smissio# losses #or system "olta1es.
C2SE 0: &2CA0R257,45SA*0 C*ECTE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;=.: 3B.0

NER $3=:.B 2;:.2 =3B.4 ;0;.F =:;F.3 2;0.: =F=.4
E,*SS F @!D<=%E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=00 'T(S2 220 =.0;= 23=.3
:=02 8+,82 220 =.0;2: 23=.;B
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==F2 =4.3
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.==;= =4.=F
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=2F0 =4F.03
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=;4; =;2.40
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.==0= =4:.;4
:=22 N5D<A(CR =32 =.=043 =4;.
:=2; SA8+R,2 220 =.0:3; 233.FB
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0 23.0F
:=:= ')D) 220 =.0;=0 23=.22
:=:2 2N8+8R 220 =.0;0: 23=.=2
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=3FF =;0.4
:=: A82C5, =32 =.=04B =4;.B4
:32F D,55,N+ 220 =.0;B3 232.B3
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.02 430.BF
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0:;3 234.3:
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0B00 43=.FB
:0; -A8(R2 220 =.0;: 232.4:
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0:0; 233.32
=F

:= ')N+4 400 =.0;;0 422.0=
:=F S5DT2 220 =.0;=0 23=.22
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0B34 433.3;

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
C2SE A: B2,1&2R2751S2 11 *&EE- ( T* 51T102TE A10A V*,T20E C*-1T1* 2T SEVER2,
B4SES )

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $2;0. 3.2

NER $3B3.0 2;:.2 =33.B 4F:.4 =;2.: 2=.4 =B;.
E,*SS F @!>%%%E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.==3B =4.02
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.=0FB =4:.4F
:==; R8N+,8 =32 =.=23= =4B.2:
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=4B4 =;=.;F
:==B '8R8N8+R =32 =.=04 =4;.B2
:=2; SA8+R,2 220 =.0;30 23=.:;
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0:3; 233.F
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0;0 422.F
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0;3B 23=.B4
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0:3: 42;.44
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0;04 23=.0B
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0::F 42:.;
:4: RN+N-,= =32 =.0:F0 =4=.==
:;0 N,R2C5, =32 =.0:0 =40.B;
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
)pe#i#1 this o#e circuit of the 400k& 'alipara$Aisa -C lea. to hea"y re.uctio# i# tra#smissio# losses a#.
much impro"e. "olta1e co#.itio#s. 8s of curre#t situatio#, it has become #ecessary to fre7ue#tly ope# o#e
20

circuit of this "ital li#k .uri#1 #i1ht hours to pre"e#t o"er"olta1es at Ra#1a#.i, 'alipara a#. Aisa
substatio#s.
C2SE 1: 2 <"5V2R B4S RE2CT*R ;2S 2--E- T* TAE B2,1&2R2 $""kV B4S T* 51T102TE A10A
V*,T20E C*-1T1*S 2T SEVER2, B4SES and B2,1&2R2751S2 11 ;2S C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= 0B.B F22.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 $2;0.2 3:.

NER $2;;.B 2;:.2 =B4.: 4B:.B =;4F.3 =B3.; =B2.3
E,*SS F@!>#=D E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=== +)CR,(CR =32 =.=0B4 =4:.30
:==2 +)SS+8)N =32 =.=044 =4;.B
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=423 =;0.F
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.=2B0 =4B.BF
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
8..i#1 this reactor sol"e. the problem of i#a.e7uate &8R si#k i# the 400k& buses a#. sol"e. the problem
of hi1h "olta1e totally. ,t is thus hi1hly recomme#.e. to i#stall t0o a..itio#al 2;A&8R reactor at 'alipara
400k& bus that 0ill sol"e the problem of ope#i#1 li#es to pre"e#t hi1h "olta1es.
C2SE 11 : 3ebruary (,ean7hydro) &eak Ca(e
Time o' the day: ;
#.
Time 'lock
Con(ideration(:
Central Sector 0eneration
State( -ata ER7ER
3lo/ State( ,oad 0eneration
20B&& #=>5;
2runachal
&rade(h
>$ 5; il
7?D$ 5;
20T&& %>5; 2((am >@@ 5; #$? 5;
RAE& #=D5; 5anipur D? 5; il
Bopili ?$"5; 5e)halya #?# 5; D@ 5;
Bhandon) ##5; 5iCoram <? 5; il
2=

Bopili711 ?D5; a)aland %# 5; ?" 5;
-oyan) ?D5; Tripura ?<@ 5; D> 5;
,oktak =D5;
>>$5; ?$D=5; $$#5;
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE SCAA8RM >)R T<E SC'SMSTEA S(EC,>,E- 'M EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
N)NES?
= NER
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
=4= 'CSES 2= (58NTS ;; A8C<,NES =0: 5)8-S
202 'R8NC<ES 2: TR8NS>)RAERS 0 -C 5,NES 0 >8CTS -E&,CES
8CTC85 N)A,N85
A* A&8R A* A&8R
>R)A +ENER8T,)N =32F.B $2=0.: =32F.B $2=0.:
T) C)NST8NT ()*ER 5)8- =;B.F 44;.4 =;B.F 44;.4
T) C)NST8NT CCRRENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) C)NST8NT 8-A,TT8NCE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 'CS S<CNT 0.0 B.3 0.0 :;.0
T) >8CTS -E&,CE S<CNT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 5,NE S<CNT 0.4 ;42. 0.4 4F2.2
>R)A 5,NE C<8R+,N+ 0.0 =2;.4 0.0 =;BF.4
&)5T 5)SSES 5,NE S<CNTS C<8R+,N+
5E&E5 'R8NC<ES A* A&8R A* A&8R A&8R
400.0 F =.== =3.4 0.4 ;=2.; F;;.:
220.0 34 =4.=2 =0F.B 0.0 30.= 4:B.0
=32.0 =;F 34.F3 =;:.03 0.0 0.0 30=.F
T)T85 202 ;0.=: 2F.;; 0.4 ;42. =2;.4
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

C2SE 2: 2,, ,1ES C*ECTE- B4T 1R+4,170*A&4R *&E. -A2R52202R7
-4,,2VCAERR2 *&E 2- &2CA0R257,45SA*0 *&E

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $30=.2 ;=.

NER $=FB.4 44;.4 B4.B ;3;.3 =02.F =3.2 30=.B
22

E,*SS F @!?=D>E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0;=3 420.;3
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0;3; 42=.3B
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
EN)NEE
C2SE B: B*02102*7B1204R1 1 *&EE-

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $302.; ;3.0

NER $=B;.B 44;.4 B2. 4:.4 =;;2.B :=.F 30F.:
E,*SS F @!#$%"E
This li#e 0as ope#e. /ust to check its effect o# the system. ,t le. to hi1her tra#smissio# losses as also
re.uce. reliability. )fte# .ue to problems at either 'o#1ai1ao# or 'i#a1uri si.e, or i#terme.iate tie$breaker
problems, o#e circuit is kept out of ser"ice. ,t is .esirable to a"oi. such a co#.itio#s.
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 := 0.F34: =23.3:
:==: R)*T8 =32 := 0.F3B: =23.BF
:=:: S,(828<R =32 := 0.F32: =23.==
C2SE C: B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 1 *&EE-. ;A1,E B*02102*7B1204R1 1 C,*SE-
23

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.3 0.0 $302.0 ;2.:

NER $=;.3 44;.4 B0.B 4=3.B =4F=.B :F.3 30.2
E,*SS F @!###@E

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?

'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F2B3 =22.;4
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F320 =23.02
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F2:2 =22.2:
This li#e 0as ope#e. /ust to check its effect o# the system. 8t the same time, 'o#1ai1ao#$'i#a1uri , 0as
close.. This le. to re.uce. tra#smissio# losses tha# pre"ious case, but i# o"erall the tra#smissio# losses 0ere
more tha# 0he# this li#e 0as co##ecte..
C2SE -: B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 1 C,*SE-. ;A1,E B2,1&2R27R2022-1 1 *&EE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.3 0.0 $302.B ;3.4

NER $=;;.: 44;.4 B0.0 42.4 =;;F.= BF.F 3=;.
E,*SS F @!#%"DE
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F324 =23.0B
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F3:3 =23.;F
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F304 =22.B=
This case 0as the 0orst amo#1 pre"ious three a#. he#ce i# case of a#y o"er"olta1e problem, it is #e"er
a."isable.
24

C2SE E: 1R+4,170*A&4R C*ECTE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $300.B ;=.3

NER $2=0.: 44;.4 B.3 ;42. =2.: =;B.: 2B3.0
E,*SS F @!?$=?E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0;:; 232.43
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0:=0 424.4=
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0;2: 23=.;
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0:33 42;.34
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0;=4 23=.30
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0;0 422.B
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F4B: =2;.22
Co##ecti#1 this "ital i#ter$state li#k Nir/uli$+ohpur lea. to re.uce losses i# the system u#like pre"ious cases
a#. also le. to impro"e. reliability.
C2SE 3: -A2R52202R7-4,,2VCAERR2 C*ECTE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $300. ;=.2

NER $2=2.: 44;.4 B.2 ;42.; =2B.4 =;B.= 2B2.:
E,*SS F@!?$"? E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:=;F '5,(R82 220 =.0;:2 232.3
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0:0B 424.3=
:02 A,S8 2 220 =.0;22 23=.4F
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0:3= 42;.2;
:=; D)(,528 220 =.0;=0 23=.2=
:4; RN+N-,4 400 =.0;: 422.:F
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
2;

:==; R8N+,8 =32 := 0.F4FF =2;.3B :=:: S,(828<R =32 := 0.F4B; =2;.20
Co##ecti#1 this li#e ha. "ery mi#or effect o# the system. The tra#smissio# loss re.uce. a#. bus "olta1es
also re.uce. sli1htly 0hich is better for the system. <e#ce it is a."isable to keep this li#e i# ser"ice.
C2SE 0: 2 #<5V2R B4S RE2CT*R 1S 2--E- 2T TAE B2,1&2R2 $""kV B4S
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $30=.; ;2.0

NER $=F=.B 44;.4 ===.; ;32.2 =:F3.3 =2;. 2B:.B
E,*SS F @!?>%=E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 =.0;03 =3B.:4
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F4=3 =24.2;
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F4;B =24.B4
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F3F: =24.03
Co##ecti#1 a# a..itio#al 2;A&8R reactor at the 400k& 'alipara bus le. to impro"eme#t i# the o"er"olta1e
sce#ario but le. to i#crease. tra#smissio# losses. 'ut this a..itio#al reacti"e &8R si#k is utmost #ecessary
for safe operatio#.
C2SE A: TAE 2--1T1*2, #<5V2R B4S RE2CT*R 2T B2,1&2R2 $""BV B4S ;2S RE5*VE-.
;A1,E 2 ?#!<5V2R B4S RE2CT*R ;2S 2--E- 2T 51S2 $""BV B4S
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $30=.= ;=.:

NER $20=.2 44;.4 FF.4 ;3.3 =0F.B =4. 2B4.B
E,*SS F @!?=@DE

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 =.0;24 =3B.F2
:0= A,S8 4 400 =.0;22 420.B
:03 '5,(R84 400 =.0;;: 422.2:
2:

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F4;; =24.B=
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F43F =24.:0
Si#ce earlier case le. to i#crease. tra#smissio# losses, the 2;A&8R bus reactor at 'alipara 0as remo"e.
0hile a =2.;A&8R reactor 0as a..e. to the Aisa 400k& bus. 5osses 0ere less tha# i# pre"ious case, but
this 0as u#able to totally miti1ate the o"er"olta1e problem at buses.
C2SE 1: 2,S* 2-- 2 ?#!<5V2R 2--1T1*2, RE2CT*R 2T B2,1&2R2 $""BV B4S
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $30=.; ;2.0

NER $=F0.F 44;.4 ===.4 ;32.2 =:2F.B =2;.B 2B.0
E,*SS F @!?>%<E

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 =.0;0= =3B.:=
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F4=3 =24.2;
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F4; =24.B4
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F3F: =24.03

C2SE +: 1CRE2SE TAE RE2CT*R C2&2C1T6 2T 51S2 $""BV B4S T* #<5V2R 2--1T1*2,
C2&2C1T6
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =32F.B =;B.F 0.0 0.4 0.0 $30=.: ;2.=

NER $=F0.= 44;.4 ===.2 ;32.3 =:F2.2 =2:.0 2B.3
E,*SS F @!?D@=E

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
2

'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F4=3 =24.2;
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F4; =24.B3
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F3F: =24.03
The tra#smissio# losses further i#crease. i# this case. Thou1h "olta1e situatio# 0as better.
Thus from the abo"e cases, it is e"i.e#t that a..itio#al &8R si#ks are #ecessary at Aisa or 'alipara buses
0hile some &8R sources are #ecessary i# 8ssam at Ra#1ia bus.
C2SE 111 : 2u)u(t (Ai)h7hydro) *''7&eak Ca(e
Time o' the day: Time 'lock
Con(ideration(:
Central Sector 0eneration
State( -ata ER7ER
3lo/ State( ,oad 0eneration
20B&& ##"5; 2runachal $" 5; il 5;
2B

&rade(h
20T&& %$5; 2((am <<" 5; #"" 5;
RAE& ##"5; 5anipur @" 5; il
Bopili ?$>5; 5e)halya ?=" 5; @" 5;
Bhandon) $#5; 5iCoram #< 5; il
Bopili711 #?5; a)aland << 5; ?" 5;
-oyan) %"5; Tripura D< 5; ?"" 5;
,oktak >"5;
T*T2, >%<5; D<<5; @$"5;
Sub(y(tem Summary:
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE SCAA8RM >)R T<E SC'SMSTEA S(EC,>,E- 'M EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
N)NES?
= NER
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
=4= 'CSES 2= (58NTS 4 A8C<,NES =0: 5)8-S
=FB 'R8NC<ES 2: TR8NS>)RAERS 0 -C 5,NES 0 >8CTS -E&,CES
8CTC85 $$$$$$% %$$$$$ N)A,N85 $$$$$$%
A* A&8R A* A&8R
>R)A +ENER8T,)N 0B.B $2.4 0B.B $2.4
T) C)NST8NT ()*ER 5)8- F22.0 2;:.2 F22.0 2;:.2
T) C)NST8NT CCRRENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) C)NST8NT 8-A,TT8NCE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 'CS S<CNT 0.0 =33. 0.0 =2;.0
T) >8CTS -E&,CE S<CNT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 5,NE S<CNT 0.3 432. 0.3 3F0.2
>R)A 5,NE C<8R+,N+ 0.0 =43.B 0.0 =32=.0
&)5T8+E 5)SSES 5,NE S<CNTS C<8R+,N+
5E&E5 'R8NC<ES A* A&8R A* A&8R A&8R
400.0 : =.00 ==.3B 0.3 402.; ::3.F
220.0 34 =0.32 B.2 0.0 30.2 4:B.
=32.0 =;B 2.=0 F2.:; 0.0 0.0 30;.2
T)T85 =FB 3B.42 =F=.: 0.3 432. =43.B
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
C2SE 2: 2,, ,1ES C*ECTE- EXCE&T 1R70*A. -G202R7-4,,2V. &2CA7,45SA
>R)A T) T) 'CS T) 5,NE >R)A T)
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 =FB. 40.2
2F


NER $40;.= 22.F =2.B ;20.2 =::0.0 =03.0 23=.=
E,*SS F @!D>D%E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=0;= =4;.B
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0F2= =44.=:
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E

C2SE B: 1R+4,170*A&4R C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 =FB.B 40.=

NER $4=2.3 22.F =2B. ;=F.= =:;:.2 FB. 224.;
E,*SS F@!D>"? E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=042 =4;.;
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0F=2 =44.04
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
Co##ecti#1 this li#k sli1htly re.uce. the tra#smissio# losses a#. it is al0ays a."isable to keep this li#k i#
ser"ice.
C2SE C: -G202R7-4,,2VCAERR2 C,*SE-
30

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 =FF. 3F.2

NER $4=:.F 22.F =2B. ;=F.= =:;. FB.; 22=.
E,*SS F@!>D$@ E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=04= =4;.;
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0F=2 =44.04
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
EN)NEE
Co##ecti#1 this li#k further re.uce. the tra#smissio# losses.

C2SE -: &2CA0R257,45SA*0 C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 200.0 3B.F

NER $4=F.; 22.F =2B. ;=F.0 =:;F.4 FB.4 22=
E,*SS F @!>=<=E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=04= =4;.;
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0F=2 =44.04
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
*hile co##ecti#1 this li#k has al0ays tur#e. out to be be#eficial, it is #ot possible to keep it i# ser"ice most
of the time .ue to limitatio#s i# this li#e 0hich restricts the li#e loa.i#1 to 30$3;A*. <a. this li#e bee# able
to carry more curre#t, loa.i#1 o# =32k& Dhleirihat$'a.arpur li#k 0oul. also be re.uce. as these act as
parallel paths, thus pro"i.i#1 some relief to the =32k& pocket of NER.

C2SE E: B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 *&EE-
3=

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 =F.; 4=.;

NER $3.0 22.F =2:.= 40;.4 =4=.= 4B.B 240.F
E,*SS F $!??@>E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.0F44 =44.4:
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0B= =42.B
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
C2SE 3: B*02102*7B1204R1 *&EE-9B2,1&2R27B*0 C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =20:.3 F:.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 =FF.2 3F.

NER $40B. 22.F =2. 4;:.3 =;2.2 32. 22F.0
E,*SS F @!D$#E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
'CS '8SD& &(pu) &(k&)
:==: R)*T8 =32 =.=0=0 =4;.33
:=:: S,(828<R =32 =.0BB= =43.:3
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
32

C2SE 1V : 2u)u(t (Ai)h7hydro) &eak Ca(e
Time o' the day: Time 'lock
Con(ideration(:
Central Sector 0eneration
State( -ata ER7ER
3lo/ State( ,oad 0eneration
20B&& ##"5;
2runachal
&rade(h
>" 5; il
5;
20T&& %$5; 2((am D#< 5; #<" 5;
RAE& $"?5; 5anipur D< 5; il
Bopili ?$>5; 5e)halya #?" 5; ?"" 5;
Bhandon) $#5; 5iCoram << 5; il
Bopili711 #?5; a)aland D% 5; ?# 5;
-oyan) %"5; Tripura ?<< 5; ?"" 5;
,oktak ?""5;
?"%=5; ?=?%5; $=#5;
Sub(ytem Summary :
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE SCAA8RM >)R T<E SC'SMSTEA S(EC,>,E- 'M EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
N)NES?
= NER
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
=4= 'CSES 2= (58NTS ;; A8C<,NES =0: 5)8-S
203 'R8NC<ES 2: TR8NS>)RAERS 0 -C 5,NES 0 >8CTS -E&,CES

8CTC85 N)A,N85
A* A&8R A* A&8R
>R)A +ENER8T,)N =32F.B $2=0.: =32F.B $2=0.:
T) C)NST8NT ()*ER 5)8- =;B.F 44;.4 =;B.F 44;.4
T) C)NST8NT CCRRENT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) C)NST8NT 8-A,TT8NCE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 'CS S<CNT 0.0 B.3 0.0 :;.0
T) >8CTS -E&,CE S<CNT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T) 5,NE S<CNT 0.4 ;42. 0.4 4F2.2
>R)A 5,NE C<8R+,N+ 0.0 =2. 0.0 =;F=.4
&)5T 5)SSES 5,NE S<CNTS C<8R+,N+
5E&E5 'R8NC<ES A* A&8R A* A&8R A&8R
400.0 F =.== =3.4 0.4 ;=2.; F;;.:
33

220.0 34 =4.=2 =0F.B 0.0 30.= 4:B.0
=32.0 =:0 3:.0F =;F.4 0.0 0.0 304.=
T)T85 203 ;=.32 2B2.FF 0.4 ;42. =2.

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
C2SE 2: 2ll line( connected except ir8uli70ohpur. -Ga)ar7-ullavcherra and &anch)ram7
,um(hnon)
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $=2=.3 ;=.4
NER $=33.= 4:4.; =44.= ;=:.: =:30.2 :;.= 30:.B
E,*SS F @!"%=$E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:=0B D<5(8R8 =32 0.F4F; =2;.33
:=0F C<N-R(CR =32 0.F3: =23.
:==0 28+,R- =32 0.F3=0 =22.BF
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F=:2 =20.F3
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F=B4 =2=.23
:== 8A,N+8)N =32 0.F3BF =23.F4
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F=32 =20.;4
:=:B N8R8N+, =32 0.F4=F =24.32
:=:F -,S(CR =32 0.F4B= =2;.=;
:40= SERC<,( =32 0.F434 =24.;2
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 0.F32B =23.=3
C2SE B: 1R+4,170*A&4R C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $=2=.: ;=.
NER $=;2.: 4:4.; =4;. ;20.: =:43.; B.0 2B2.=
E,*SS F @!"D$E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
34

%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:=0F C<N-R(CR =32 0.F42; =24.4=
:==0 28+,R- =32 0.F3;F =23.;4
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F200 =2=.44
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F22; =2=.B
:== 8A,N+8)N =32 0.F43B =24.;B
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F=2 =2=.0
:=:B N8R8N+, =32 0.F4: =24.F
:40= SERC<,( =32 0.F442 =24.:3
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 0.F33 =23.24
Deepi#1 Nir/uli$+ohpur close. i#creases the tra#smissio# losses to a certai# e!te#t, but impro"es the lo0
"olta1e co#.itio# sli1htly. This li#e is usually kept close. .uri#1 peak co#.itio#.
C2SE C: -A2R25202R7-4,,2VCAERR2 C,*SE-

'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $=2=.: ;=.
NER $=;4.0 4:4.; =4;. ;20.: =:4;.= B.2 2B2.=
E,*SSES F @!"D@>E
This has more or less #o effect o# either tra#smissio# loss or system "olta1es. 'ut better to keep it co##ecte.
as it impro"es system reliability.
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:=0F C<N-R(CR =32 0.F42: =24.42
:==0 28+,R- =32 0.F3:0 =23.;;
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F20= =2=.4;
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F22: =2=.F
:== 8A,N+8)N =32 0.F43F =24.:0
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F=3 =2=.0B
:=:B N8R8N+, =32 0.F4:B =24.FB
:40= SERC<,( =32 0.F44B =24.=
:40: 5CN+5E, =32 0.F343 =23.33
3;

C2SE -: &2CA0R257,45SA*0 C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $=20.: ;0.
NER $=;F.; 4:4.; =4;. ;2=.0 =:4B.F F.: 2B.;
E,*SSES F @!"@<%E
This co##ectio# lea.s to a hea"y re.uctio# i# tra#smissio# losses as also impro"es the lo0 "olta1e co#.itio#
at some buses. ,t is a."isable to keep it co##ecte., althou1h it is practically #ot possible .ue to some i#here#t
problems i# this li#k 0hich restricts the flo0 i# this li#e to arou#. 30$3;A*.
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:=0F C<N-R(CR =32 0.F43; =24.;4
:==0 28+,R- =32 0.F3:F =23.:
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F20: =2=.;2
C2SE E : B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 *&EE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 $=2=.F ;2.=
NER $=;F.; 4:4.; =42.: 403.B =443.: =B.; 2BB.=
E,*SSES F @!??%?E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F03F ==F.3=
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F0;3 ==F.;=
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F00; ==B.B:
3:

)pe#i#1 this li#e hea"ily i#creases the tra#smissio# losses as is 7uite e"i.e#t because the -9C li#e is
co#"erte. to S9C a#. this causes the o"erall resista#ce of the li#e to be i#crease. lea.i#1 to i#creases losses
as also re.uce. reliability. ,t is thus al0ays a."isable to keep this li#k co##ecte..
C2SE 3 : B*02102*7B1204R1 *&EE- 2- B*02102*7B2,1&2R2 C,*SE-
'CS 5,NE
N)NE +EN 5)8- S<CNT S<CNT C<8R+,N+ NET ,NT 5)SSES
= =;4F.; =:=F.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 $=2=.3 ;=.;
NER $=42.F 4:4.; =43.4 4;3.0 =4F:.3 F.4 2B3.=
E,*SSES F @!">#$E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E +RE8TER T<8N =.0;00?
%$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&) %$$$$$$ 'CS $$$$$% 8RE8 &((C) &(D&)
E N)NE E
'CSES *,T< &)5T8+E 5ESS T<8N 0.F;00?
'CS '8SD& &((C) &(D&)
:==0 28+,R- =32 0.F24 =22.0:
:==; R8N+,8 =32 0.F04 ==F.
:==: R)*T8 =32 0.F0F0 ==F.FF
:=:: S,(828<R =32 0.F04= ==F.34

*b(ervation(
>rom the .iffere#t cases stu.ie. abo"e, the follo0i#1 obser"atio#s ca# be ma.e?
The tra#smissio# losses are typically hi1her .uri#1 the lea# hy.ro perio.s as compare. to
the hi1h hy.ro seaso#s. This is because most of the resources are mostly hy.ro base. 0hich
lea. to hea"y shorta1es .uri#1 the lea#$hy.ro seaso# a#. .ema#. of NER has to be met
0ith po0er from the ER. This lea.s to haula1e of po0er o"er lo#1 .ista#ces, lea.i#1 to
hi1her tra#smissio# losses.
3

8lso losses are typically lesser i# the peak hours of the .ay as compare. to the off$peak
hours. This may be because .uri#1 the peak hours, the po0er 1e#erate. are co#sume. close
the resources o#ly lea.i#1 to lesser .ista#ces i# tra#smissio# of po0er a#. lo0er losses.
8lso .uri#1 the off$peak hours there are li1htly loa.e. li#es i# the system causi#1
o"er"olta1e problem at "arious buses lea.i#1 to a# e!cess of &8R i# the system. -ue to
i#a.e7uate &8R si#ks i# NER, the losses are typically hi1h (si#ce total losses i#"ol"e both
A* a#. A&8R losses). This problem is abse#t i# the peak perio.s, 0he# the li#es are
loa.e. upto their capacity.
,t may also be see# that losses are lo0er 0he# all li#es i# the system are co##ecte.. This
co#firms to the la0s of physics that parallel li#es lea. to lo0er resista#ce a#. he#ce lo0er
losses. 'ut .ue to operatio#al co#strai#ts, se"eral li#es are u#.er outa1e co#.itio#s lea.i#1
to hi1her losses as also out$of$limit "olta1e problems at se"eral buses.
There are i#a.e7uate &8R si#ks i# the NER 0hich lea. to o"er"olta1e at se"eral buses
.uri#1 off$peak hours. 8s a result se"eral li#es ( mostly 400k& o#es) ha"e to be kept ope#
lea.i#1 to hi1her tra#smissio# losses as also loss of reliability. <e#ce it is su11este. to
i#stall a.e7uate &8R compe#satio# .e"ices i# the re1io#.
Conclu(ion(
,# the NER system, as has also bee# me#tio#e. before, the 400 D& tra#smissio# li#es are 0holly
o0#e. by CTC a#. pre.omi#a#tly e!ist i# the #orther# part of NER 1ri.. This stro#1 400 D&
backbo#e co##ects NER 0ith #ei1hbori#1 ER a#. assists bulk po0er tra#smissio# bet0ee# the t0o
re1io#s. Si#ce #o#e of the states ha"e a#y 400 D& tra#smissio# li#es, be#efits from the prese#ce of
a stro#1 400 D& CTC #et0ork are #ot bei#1 reali4e. i# the re1io#. The 220k& #et0ork is also
pre.omi#a#tly o0#e. by the CTC a#. e!ist i# #orther# part of the +ri. o#ly. Aost of the states are
e#tirely .epe#.e#t o# the =32 D& tra#smissio# li#es to meet their respecti"e po0er .ema#.s. 8s a
3B

result the =32k& pocket is hi1hly co#strai#e. a#. susceptible to fre7ue#t failure. 8lso #$=
co#ti#1e#cy co#.itio#s are #ot met i# the =32k& pocket as most of the =32k& li#es are si#1le$
circuits o#ly.
Table 7 ?
State( Thermal Aydro Total
2runachal &rade(h #%!#" @>!#> =<!$>
2((am @$$!#" ?"#!"" $$=!#"
5anipur $<!@" #!>" $>!?"
5e)halaya "!"" ?><!#" ?><!#"
5iCoram ##!D# ?#!?" @<!"#
a)aland @!#= #%!@" @"!<=
Tripura ?@@!=" ?=!"" ?$D!="
Central Sector @%<!"" >="!"" ?#@<!""
Total D<?!$> ?#$@!=> #?D<!?=
8s see# from Table$= abo"e, 1e#eratio# i# NER is hy.ro .omi#ate. a#. #ot much of thermal
1e#eratio# support is a"ailable for miti1ati#1 base loa. of the re1io#. This is also compou#.e. by
the fact that the mea1er thermal sources are locate. at the e!tremities of the NER +ri. as may be
see# from fi1ure belo0.
3F


Thus .uri#1 mo#soo# most of the hy.ro 1e#erators i# NER ru# at almost full capacities, thereby
facilitati#1 most of the states to meet their loa.s from their #ei1hbori#1 hy.ro sources. This results
i# lo0er tra#smissio# losses for the re1io# as a 0hole as the circuit$kms i#"ol"e. for po0er .ra0al
becomes lesser. )# the co#trary, .uri#1 the lea# seaso# the hy.ro 1e#erators are usually operate.
.uri#1 the peak hours o#ly as #o#e of the hy.ro$1e#erators ha"e sufficie#t po#.a1e, thereby
emphasi4i#1 the .epe#.e#ce o# NER thermal 1e#erators a#. scope for import from a./oi#i#1 ER.
Such a situatio# results i# po0er haula1e o"er lo#1 circuitous routes i#"ol"i#1 the 0eak, #o#$
re.u#.a#t =32 D& tra#smissio# system.
The 1raph belo0 captures the ;2 0eek loss tra#smissio# loss patter# i# NER .uri#1 the year 20=0$
==. >rom the loss$patter# it is clear that the tra#smissio# losses are comparati"ely lo0er i# the hi1h$
hy.ro seaso# tha# i# lea#$hy.ro seaso# .ue to reaso#s as state. abo"e.
40

Su))e(tion( :
To mi#imi4e the tra#smissio# losses it is #ecessary to .eco#1est the po0er flo0s as also effecti"e
&8R ma#a1eme#t, 0hich 0ill lea. to lo0er tra#smissio# losses as also better "olta1e profile of
NER. 8 hu1e #umber of pro/ects i# the po0er sector are u#.er0ay i# NER, 0hich i#clu.e
1e#erati#1 pla#ts ((allata#a, 'o#1ai1ao#, Dame#1 a#. others) a#. also a# e!te#si"e #et0ork of
400k& a#. 220k& tra#smissio# li#es that 0ill help to re.uce the bur.e# o# the strai#e. =32k&
#et0ork of NER.
8lso curre#tly o#ly fi!e. &8R compe#satio# .e"ices are a"ailable i# NER system a#. that is far
too i#a.e7uate to meet the 1ro0i#1 .ema#. of "ariable compe#satio#. ,# future, 0ith the a..itio#
of 1e#eratio# as 0ell as tra#smissio# capacity, use of a."a#ce. &8R co#trol .e"ices like >8CTS,
S&C etc. are also .esire. to pro"i.e real$time &8R compe#satio# i# the +ri..
<o0e"er, 0hate"er be the approach, tra#smissio# loss 0ill al0ays e!ist i# a#y electrical #et0ork.
(roper coor.i#atio# a#. respo#sible actio# amo#1st the pla##ers, system operators a#. all stake
hol.ers is of paramou#t si1#ifica#ce i# tackli#1 the issue a#. operati#1 the ,#.ia# electricity 1ri. i#
a more efficie#t ma##er.
4=

Re'erence(
http?99portfolio.epri.com9
*ester# 8rea (o0er 8.mi#istratio# (*8(8) paper o# System ,mpact stu.y usi#1 (SSE.
ECE .epartme#t 0ebsite of Colora.o ,#terstate u#i"ersity pro"i.i#1 li#ks to 1ui.es for
0orki#1 i# (SSE.
Sieme#s (Ti (SS9E "2: ma#ual.
CE8 +ri. Sta#.ar.s 20=0.
8 paper o# Tra#smissio# losses a#. prici#1 metho.olo1y i# the perspecti"e of NER.
42