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1
2[ Chapter 9
The Muscular System
3 Introduction
Skeletal muscles: movement in environment
Smooth muscles: intestines, ureters, veins and arteries
Cardiac muscle: pumps blood through heart and blood vessels
40% - 50% of body weight
4 L_ The Types of Muscle
51 The Types of Muscle (cont'd.)
Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated
Smooth: involuntary, nonstriated and uninucleated
Cardiac: involuntary, striated and uninucleated
6 I The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle
zI The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle (cont'd.)
8 The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle (cont'd.)
Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle
Epimysium: covers the perimysium
Fascia: covers the epimysium
Myosin: A bands
Actin: I bands
Z lines
H zone

The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle (cont'd.)
Sarcomere: between two adjacent Z lines
Actual contraction process occurs here
Sarcotubular system
T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum
The Physiology of Muscle Contraction
iiI
Introduction

Motor unit: all muscle cells innervated by one motor neuron
Muscle cell properties
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractility
Elasticity
Neuroelectrical Factors

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Na+ higher concentration outside muscle cell
K+ higher concentration inside muscle cell
Resting potential: charge outside positive and inside negative
Electrical potential: rush of Na inside cell
K moves outside cell attempting to balance
13L J Neuroelectrical Factors (cont'd.)
Action potential
Calcium released
Troponin and tropomyosin action inhibited
Activated myosin links to actin filaments
14 117 Chemical Interactions
Myosin heads contain ATP
ATP releases energy upon myosin/action link
Energy released used to pull action
Sodium: potassium pump pumps out sodium
Resting potential restored
15 El Energy Sources
ATP: energy source for muscle contraction
ATP production
Glycolysis
Krebs citric acid cycle
Electron transport
Alternate sources: fatty acids and phosphocreatine
16 The Muscle Twitch
17 The Muscle Twitch (cont'd.)
Stimulus > latent period > contraction > relaxation
Contraction strength depends on
Strength, speed and duration of stimulus
Weight of load
Temperature
All-or-none law
18 pa Muscle Tone
1.91L] Muscle Tone (cont'd.)
State of partial contraction throughout whole muscle
Maintains pressure on abdominal contents
Helps maintain blood pressure
Aids digestion
Types
Isotonic, isometric
20 IIL J i The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
21
11
The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle (cont'd.)

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Found in hollow structures
Involuntary, uninucleated, nonstriated
Arrangement (two layers)
L ongitudinal (outer)
Circular (inner)
22 E The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle
23 El, The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle (cont'd.)
Autonomic nervous system control
Involuntary, uninucleated, striated
Intercalated disks: coordinate contraction
Cardiac muscles: contract, relax and contract 75
24ICIJ The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
25 IC: I The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Action
Shape
Origin and insertion
L ocation
Direction of fibers
261C1 The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Origin: more fixed attachment of muscle
Insertion: movable attachment of muscle
Tendons: attach muscle to bone
Aponeurosis: wide flat tendon
27 The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Flexors: bend limb at a joint
Extensor: straighten limb at a joint
Abductors: move limb away from midline
Adductors: bring limb toward midline
Rotators: revolve limb around axis
28 Li The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
Dorsiflexors: raise the foot
Plantar flexors: lower the foot
Supinators: turn palm upward
Pronators: turn palm downward
29 Vii! The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles
L evators: raise a part of the body
Depressors: lower a part of the body
Prime movers or agonists: bring about an action
Antagonists: oppose agonists
Synergists: assist prime movers
30

times/minute
(cont'd.)
(cont'd.)
(cont'd.)
(cont'd.)
(cont'd.)
The Function and Location of Selected Skeletal Muscles
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31 111 Superficial Muscles
Superficial muscles of the body, anterior view

32 E Superficial Muscles (cont'd.)
Superficial muscles of the body, posterior view

33 E l Muscles of Facial Expression
Occipitalis
Frontalis
Zygomaticus
L evator labii superioris
Orbicularis oris and buccinator
34 E Muscles of Facial Expression (cont'd.)
Muscles of the head and neck, anterior view

351Lill Muscles of Facial Expression (cont'd.)
Muscles of the head and neck, lateral view

3611 Muscles of Mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Pterygoid
37 1E! Muscles of the Eye
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
L ateral rectus
Superior and inferior oblique
38[l Muscles Moving the Head
Sternocleidomastoid
Contraction of both causes flexion of neck
Contraction of one causes rotation to left or right
39 11 j Muscles Moving the Shoulder Girdle
L evator scapulae
Rhomboids
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius
Serratus anterior
4o1] Muscles Moving the Humerus
Pectoralis major
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L atissimus dorsi
Teres minor
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
41 IL Muscles Moving the Elbow
Brachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
Anconeus

42 Muscles Moving the Wrist
Flexor carpi
Extensor carpi
431E Muscles Moving the Hand
Supinator
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

44 EP Muscles Moving the Thumb
Flexor pollicis
Extensor pollicis
Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis
Opponens pollicis
Muscles Moving the Fingers
Flexor digitorum
Extensor digitorum
Interossei
461; Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
47 Q1 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (contd)
48111 Muscles of Respiration or Breathing
Diaphragm
Main muscle
External and internal intercostals

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Expand the ribs
4911 Muscles Moving the Femur
Psoas
Iliacus
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
so [Li Muscles Moving the Knee Joint
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Popliteus
Gracilis
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
51 Muscles Moving the Foot
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis posterior
Soleus
Peroneus longus
Plantaris
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus tertius
52;11; Muscles Moving the Toes
Flexor hallucis
Extensor hallucis
Flexor digitorum
Extensor digitorum
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
- .
53 1 Lii Animation Accessory Muscle Use
The following animation illustrates how the accessory muscles assist with the
breathing process
saj Summary
Described the gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle
Contrasted skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle anatomy
Described muscle contraction and the role of neuroelectrical and chemical factors and
energy sources
Named major muscles of the body


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Chapter 10
The Nervous System
troduction, Spinal Cord and
Spinal Nerves
Control center and communication.
network
Directs functions of body's organs and
systems
Interprets external environment /1" iik.A)ke , f.
Determines reaction to change
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Homeostasis: balanced internal
environment
Controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
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Central nervous system: brain and spinal
cord
Peripheral nervous system
eripheral system
nsory neurons
Efferent peilpheral system
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Autonomic - sympattibtic and parasympathetic
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Astrocytes: support, connection, blood
brain barrier (%bittL us.. PctiA ,
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Oligodendroglia: support, myelin sheath
formation
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Ependymal: line the_ entric es f the brain
Schwann: myelin sheaths in peripheral
nervous system
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Cell body
Dendrites: receptive areas
Axon: extension of cell body
Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
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Multipolar: several dendrites coming off
cell body (1.--&-cott 14. 6 J --c-A-- )
Bipolar: one dendrite and one axon
Unipolar: one process extending from cell
body
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Nerve cell fiber resting potential
Na* concentration higher on outside
IK* concentration higher on inside
Negative charge on inside
Positive charge on outside
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The Physiology of the Nerve
Impulse

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Receptors: detect environmental stimuli
Sensory: receive impulse from receptor
site
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Internuncial: transmit impulse for
interpretation and processing
Motor: reaction to the stimulus


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e olarization: Na+ rush inside cell
olarization: K rush out to restore
balance
Depolarization: Repolarization moves in
one direction
Myelinated vs. unmyelinated
All-or-none law
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Synapse: axon terminal branches close to
next dendrites
Impulse reaches axon terminals
Triggers neurotransmitter release into
synaptic cleft
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Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Most common
Epinephrine Vf W
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine (S-A-144Alittf4 VAMP
Endorphins
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This animation illustrates the physiology of the nerve impulse
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
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Knee-jerk reflex
Maintain homeostasis
Heartbeat/breathing rates
Digestion
Coughing
Sneezing
Swallowing
Vomiting
Involuntary
reaction to
external
stimulus
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White matter
Groups of myelinated axons 9Ite 4
Forms nerve tracts in CNS
Gray matter
Cuovu'
Nerve cell bodies and dendrites
Unm elinated axon bundles
ortex: gray matter on surface of brain
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Nerve: bundle of fibers outside CNS
Gangli nerve cell bodies outside CNS
Trat : bundle of fibers inside CNS
Nucleus: nerve cell bodies and dendrites
inside CNS
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Horns: areas of gray matter in spinal cord
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Conveys sensory impulses to the brain
Integrates reflexes
Spinal nerves connect at roots
Dorsal root: sensory
Ventral root: motor
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Continuation of medulla oblongata
31 segments each with pair of spinal
nerves
Protected by meninges
Dura mater (6L-u-14A-4-L
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All 31 pairs arise from union of dorsal and
ventral roots
Mixed nerves consisting of motor and
sensory fibers
Most exit vertebral column between
vertebrae

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Named and numbered according to region
and level of spinal cord
Cervical: 8 pairs
Thoracic: 12 pairs
Lumbar: 5 pairs
Sacral: 5 pairs
Coccygeal: 1 pair
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8/14/2013
Named the major division of the nervous
system
Classified neurons and neuroglial cells
Discussed the physiology of the nerve
impulse and transmission at synapses
Named the different types of neural tissue
Discussed the structure of the spinal cord
Named the s inal nerves
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12
Chapter 11
The Nervous System
The Brain, Cranial Nerves,
utonomic Nervous System
and the Special Senses

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Brain is divided into four main parts
Brainstem: controls breathing, heartbeat rates
to auditory and visual stimuli
Diencephalon: ntrols homeostasis )4-
Cerebrum: controls intellectual processes and
emotions
Cerebellum: maintains body posture and
balance
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Main parts: brainstem, diencephalon,
cerebrum and cerebellum
Protection
Cranial bones
Meninges Dcurn_iyiale6 avuliwid
pia.
- Cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricles
Interventricular foramen
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The Anatomy and Functions of
the Brainstem
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Connects spinal cord with brain
Connects parts of brain with each other
Helps control breathing
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Medulla oblongata (430/1-4- 0-6 imittm,
Ascending and descending tracts Cr\ey\J e_
Connect spinal cord with the brain
Some tracts cross over in medulla
Reticular formation: controls consciousness (51
Reflex centers
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Optic tracts
Mamillary bodies: memory and t motionai
responses
Thalamus
- Relay station for sensory impulses
Interpretation center for pain, temperature and
touch 64,01.)
Epithalamus: contains pineal gland
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Midbrain
Ventral cerebral peduncles: convey impulses
from cortex to pons and spinal cord
Dorsal tectum: reflex center
Controls movement of head and eyeball
(visual stimuli)
Controls movement of head and trunk
(auditory stimuli)
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Hypothalamus: homeostasis
Controls and integrates autonomic nervous
system
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organs
Controls pituitary gland and links endocrine
and nervous systems
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Frontal lobe
Cerebral caner
(gray matter)
Longduclinal fissure,
Central swats
Corpus cattosurn-
Partelal lobe
Insula
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Cerebral cortex: gray matter surface
L ongitudinal fissure separates two
hemispheres
Gyri: folds CpiltvGd
Sulci: grooves
Corpus callosum: bridge connecting two
hemispheres
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Surface of the cortex
Motor areas control muscular movements
- Sensory areas interpret sensory impulses
- Association areas process emotions and
intellect (
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Cerebral hemispheres
- Frontal lobe: muscle movement, moods,
aggression, smell, motivation - -
-Parietal lobe: touch, pain, balance, taste,
temperature
- Temporal lobe: hearing, smell, memory,
abstract thought, judgment
- Occipital lobe: vision
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The Cerebellum: Structure
and Function
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Butterfly-shaped
Two partially -- ted hemispheres
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The Autonomic Nervous
System
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Subdivision of efferent PNS
Functions without conscious effort
Regulates functionsof4nternal organs
Assists-iii-maintaining-homeostasis
Helps deal with emergency situations...
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Sympathetic
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- Increases_heartbeat and breathing rates
CLNeurotransma'setylcholine and
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Parasympathetic
Restores body to nonstressful state
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Stimulates digestion, urination and defecation
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The 1 2 Cranial Nerves and
Their Functions
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(I) Olfactory: smell
(II) Optic: sight
(Ill) Oculomotor: movement of eyeball,
constriction of pupil ,vAtt-6.e?!..: at, /
(IV ) Trochlear: movement of eyeball
(V ) Trigeminal: chewing, sensations in
teeth U1 4 R/x,--A -e-< 2-)
(V I) A bducens: movement of eyeball
(V II) Facial: facial expression, taste, tear
and salivary glands
(V III) V estibulocochlear: equilibrium,
hearing
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(IX) Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, taste,
salivary glands
(X) V agus: certain muscle movements,
sensory impulses J1 12. t/iti-,
(XI) A ccessory: swallowing, head
movement
(XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing, speech
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Molecules in air dissolve in nasal mucus
Bipolar sensory neurons transfer chemical
impulse
Olfactory bulbs receive impulse
Impulse sent to olfactory cortex
Odor variety dependent on brain
interpretation
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Taste depends on chemicals dissolvV in
saliva
Taste influenced by olfactory sensations
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Taste buds on tongue, palate and pharynx
Taste bud cell types
Exterior capsule: epithelial cells
Interior: taste cells
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Eyes protected by eyelids and eyelashes
Tears
Lubricate the eyes
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Contai nd gamma globulin
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(Pru irklteeixternal, visible, flexible part
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Lined with hair and ceruminolis glands'
j_ Tympanic membrane: vibrates in response to
sound
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Middle
Audit(ry ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes .
Openirigs..-oval and round windows
Eustachian tube: equaliz es pressure
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Structures of the ear shown in cross
section
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Inner ear
- Cochlea:hearing
- Equilibrium
Static:vestibule
Kinetic:semicircular canals
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1 3
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Named the principal parts of the brain
Discussed the functions of the major parts
of the brain
Named the 1 2 cranial nerves
Discussed the role of the autonomic
nervous system and its divisions
Described the special senses and the
organs involved
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