ENDOCRI NE SYSTEM

DI SEASE
BY SEI CHANG, MI RAE KI M, J UNWON L EE
DI ABETES MELLI TUS
BASI C TERMI NOLOGY
Endocrine System: body system in
which glands make hormones that
spread chemicals across the human
body
Glucose: sugar you consume when
eating food
Insulin: hormone that helps the glucose
get into your cells to give them energy,
produced by the pancreas gland
Pancreas
CAUSE OF DI SEASE
1. blood sugar/glucose levels are high
Pancreas not functioning
Type 1 Diabetes: body does not
make insulin
Type 2 Diabetes: insulin is not used
well
2. Effects on blood, therefore affects many
systems
***Without insulin, sugar stays in the blood,
pressure rises
CONSEQUENCES
1. Possible damage to the following organs:
eyes
heart stroke
kidneys
nerves
limbs (sometimes, you need to remove them)
HI STORY
HOW PEOPLE FROM PAST
DI SCOVERED DI ABETES
Diabetes first described by Ancient Egyptians
three-thousand years ago
1776- Dobson (Britain) confirmed the presence
of excess sugar in urine and blood as a cause
of their sweetness
1857- Claude Bernard (France) had concept
that diabetes is due to excess glucose
production
1955- Marketed the first treatments to diabetes
Claude Bernard
WHERE DOES THI S
FREQUENTLY
OCCUR I N THE U. S?
BASI C GEOGRAPHY
Key/Legend
darker colors =
higher diabetes rates
darkest color = more
than 10.6% of
population
HOW DO WE CURE
DI ABETES?
DI ABETES MEDI CATI ON
Diabetes medication: lowers blood glucose levels
Function: every type is different. Ex) type 2 diabetes,
may need medication including insulin.
Diabetes medication cannot cure diabetes
Most people will have to take it for the rest of their
lives.
I NSULI N DOSE
Insulin: necessary for everyone with Type 1
diabetes
Three groups of Insulin:
1. Animal
2. Human (not from humans, but
synthesized to match human insulin)
3. Analogues (similar to insulin)
Must inject insulin under skin (not into
muscle or vein)
FUTURE TREATMENTS I N
SCI ENTI FI C RESEARCH
I SLET TRANSPLANT
Islet: cluster of cells that work together to
regulate blood sugar
Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction
of insulin-producing cells in the islets of
pancreas.
Transplantation: extracting islet cells from the
pancreas of deceased donor; implanting them
in the liver.
Procedure performed 2/patient
2013, 95 islet transplants performed in 65
people in UK
Microscopic
images of islets
ARTI FI CI AL PANCREAS
Funding research into the artificial
pancreas
Articial Pancreas: combination of
electronic devices that work together
to monitor and adjust insulin levels
Tests successful in clinic
If tests at home successful, treatment
can be tested in large number of
people
Artificial Pancreas
THEORY/ CONCEPT FOR FUTURE
Vision to end Type 1 diabetes once and for all
Use vaccine-type treatments to prevent diabetes
from developing
Take much longer than other future methods
Key focus for research over next decade
Landmark discovery
ANSWER KEY FOR
ULTI MATE PUZZLE!
( DO I T FI RST)
ANSWERS
1a: glucose
1d: insulin
2a: animal
2d: islet
3a: diabetes
3d: rises
4a: vaccine
4d: limbs
WORKS CI TED
http://jonathaninthedistance.blogspot.kr/2011/02/obesity-diabetes-
physical-activity-and.html
https://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/What-is-diabetes/
Diabetes-treatments/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11953758
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html
http://license.umn.edu/technologies/z02003_implantable-microvalve-
device-for-controlled-insulin-delivery-in-type-1-diabetes-patients