CHAPTER 1 THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY

All fields of study started as attempts to answer questions about ones environment.

SOCIOLOGY
- Study of society
- Factual information about society
- Science of society and the social interactions taking place within it.
- Broad discipline encompassing the various facets of human life
- Outcome of peoples search for a valid, reliable, and precise knowledge about society and society
- Shoemaker students learn to reflect upon human observations made by others

SOCIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Enables us to understand our society more objectively
- Quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of individual and society
INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
OF THE SELF AND THE WORLD

Charles Wright Mills translate private troubles into public issues / coined the sociological information

SCIENCE systematized and detailed explanation of and phenomenon
- Made up of assumptions, concepts, and rigorous methods and answers
- Observation / Experimentation body of knowledge about this phenomenon
NATURAL SCIENCES deal with objects and processes in nature and provide information on the nonhuman
Biological Sciences - biology, botany, zoology, and bacteriology
Physical Sciences astronomy, geology, chemistry, and physics

SOCIAL SCIENCES - deal with behavior and social system
Anthropology study of humanity and the similarities and diversity of cultures
- Biological/Physical wide range of cultures
- Cultural/Social study cultures, subcultures or society as whole
Psychology study of mind / behaviour
Economics concerned with human activities related to the production, consumption, and distribution
Political Science concerned with history and theory of government
History study of past events of human beings

Pure Science concerned with the pursuit of knowledge and truth without considering its practical use
Applied Science focuses on the search for solution

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN EUROPE
Auguste Combe
- believed in applying the scientific method to the study of society
- Coined the term sociology and became the FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY
Three Stages of Humanity
o Theological or fictitious
o Metaphysical or abstract
o Scientific or positive
Karl Marx
- One of the influential thinkers of the 19
th
whose ideas persist up to the present time
- Wrote Communist Manifesto intense anger over the misery of the lower class
- History is a continuous conflicting ideas and forces

Emile Durkheim
- Defined social phenomena as social facts
- Advanced social theory

Max Weber
- Significance of subjective meaning people give to their interactions with others

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN UNITED STATES
William G. Summer
- Collected volumes of data on the customs and moral laws of different societies
Talcott Parsons developed a general theory of action
Robert K. Merton concerned with linking general theory to empirical testing

THE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIOLOGY
Structural-Functionalism Perspective
- Social system theory, equilibrium theory, functionalism
- Provide for the social needs of its members
- Maintains social structures exist in society in order to carry out certain functions
Conflict Perspective
- Max Weber source of inequality
- Series of class struggles
- State of competition
Symbolic-Interaction Perspective
Communicative aspect that enables the individual to develop identity within a society
- Language consist of symbols representing physical objects
- George Herbert Mead humans are set apart from animals



























CHAPTER 2 THE LOGIC AND METHOD OF SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

Sociological Inquiry scientific activity to acquire valid and precise knowledge of our observable social word
CONDUCTING SOCIAL INQUIRY
1. Define the research problem and review related literature
2. Formulate the hypothesis
3. Plan the research design
4. Gather the data
5. Analyze the data
6. Formulate the conclusion
7. Check or verify results
8. Communicate the results to others

METHODOLOGICAL DESIGNS IN SOCIOLOGY
Experimental Method
- Meets the requirement for scientific research to accept or reject a hypothesis
- Method for studying the relation between two or more variable
- Weakness difficulty of duplicating experiments in the larger society
Survey Research
- Common research technique
- Involves systematic and large scale collection of information from people
- Weakness superficial since the responses are short
- Random Sample everyone in the population has an equal opportunity to be picked out
- Stratified Random Sample population is divided into age, sex, etc.
Field Research (Participant Observation)
- Study of the way of life of a group or people in its natural setting
- Weakness may take up to a year or more
Participatory Research
- Utilize the people, who are the actual targets of development projects
- Attempt to develop a peoples science
Feminist Research Dr Sylvia Guerrero
- Womens experience and oppression
- To understand, advocate for, transform and empower women

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Observation foundation of social research
Overt - respondent is informed about it
Covert observed without their knowledge
Interviews obtaining idea
Historical Research involves a continuous and systematic search for information
Life History study of the personal life of a person
Case Study extensive examination of a specific group over a long period of time
Content Analysis analysis of how people communicate and the messages people talk
Use of Films and Tape Recorder enables the researcher to preserve information more accurately

CERTAIN TYPES OF BEHAVIOR PATTERNS
Objectivity being unbiased and free of personal opinions or prejudices
Critical Spirit involves reflective skepticism and skillful judgement
Reflective Skepticism clarify an assertion or ask questions before accepting it as true
Liberalism develop cumulative and self-correcting knowledge
Communality


LESSON 8 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
SOCIAL INTERACTION
- Basis social process, a universal principle without which no social life is possible
- Vital principle in society
- Takes place in both the social group
- The way in which people respond or communicate with one another

LANGUAGE
- Crucial factor in social relationships
- Most important form of symbol

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Exchange
- Process by which one transfers social goods, services, and items to another
- Will benefit from frequent and voluntary interaction
Competition
- Manifested in a variety of situations / to excel and surpass the opponent
- personal competition direct, face to face contact or rivalry
- impersonal competition struggle between persons or groups not directly aware of each other
Conflict
- Rules of competitions are broken
- Struggle over the values or claims to status
War
- Most violent and intense form of conflict
- Wreaks havoc on life and property and disrupts and disorganizes the existing social order

COOPERATION present in varying degrees in every group / central feature of social life
TYPES OF COOPERATION
Informal Cooperation spontaneous and involves mutual give and take
Formal Cooperation deliberate contractual nature prescribing the reciprocal rights
Symbolic Cooperation situation where more members are supportive and interdependent

FUNCTIONS OF COOPERATION
1. Makes for social cohesion and integration
2. Contributes to social stability and order
3. Fosters consensus

DIFFERENTATION eliminate competition, creation of interest resulting wanting different things

INTERRELATION OF COMPETITION, CONFLICT, COOPERATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION
Competition struggle for a reward / scarcity
Conflict violent in the attempt to hurt with the opponent
Differentiation division of labour in society

ACCOMMODATION
- presence of continuous conflict to the point of destruction
- condition - the fact of equilibrium between individuals and groups
- process conscious efforts of men to suspend conflict



TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
1. Domination characteristics of the super/subordinate where the stronger party imposes its will.
2. Truce agreement to cease hostilities or fighting for a certain period of time
3. Compromise mutual giving of concessions and withdrawal of some demands
4. Conciliation effort is made to get parties to agree
Mediation - tries to reconcile the conflicting parties by looking into rational considerations
5. Arbitration - special method settling disputes through the efforts of a third party
6. Tripartite Approach another way to achieve mutual accommodation
7. Toleration without formal agreement / agreement to disagree

Reciprocity - kind of social exchange, which is a universal form of behavior
Utang Na Loob commonly observed among Filipinos / internal debt of gratitude
Hiya inability to pay
Walang Hiya - showing no shame, one of the worst labels one can heap on a Filipino

ACCULTURATION one group blends in and takes on the characteristics of another culture
ASSIMILATION implies the acceptance by a person or group of the cultural traits
CULTURAL PLURALISM a number of racial-ethnic groups living side-by-side retain their identity
AMALGAMATION hastens assimilation when groups are similar culturally and physically


































LESSON 9 - COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
- No single definition of the term
- Forms of social behavior in which the usual convention and involving a transgression of established institutional
patterns and structures
- Occurs in stress situations

THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS
CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE
- Determined by forces within the individual
EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE
- Unanimity but by differences in expressions and emotions
SMELSERS VALUE ADDED APPROACH
1. STRUCTURAL CONDUCIVENESS there exist certain social conditions
2. STRUCTURAL STRAIN a gap between expectations and reality resulting conflict
3. GENERALIZED BELIEF inability of participants to define and analyse the problem
4. PRECIPITATING FACTORS FORM OF DRAMATIC EVENTS
5. MOBILIZATION OF PARTICIPANTS TO JOIN THE ACTION
6. THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL

TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
Crowd - a transitory group of persons in an ambiguous and unstructured situations
o Milling aimless, restless movement of the members
o Anonymity failure or reluctance to identify one people
o Suggestibility tendency to accept unhesitatingly the opinion of others
o Circular Interaction movement of emotion in the circle
TYPES OF CROWD
1. Casual Crowd loosely organized whose members come and go
(Gathering around)
2. Conventional Crowd regular ways of behaving whose members may shout, clap, or boo
(Ball games, boing bouts, contest)
3. Acting Crowd an active, volatile group of excited person / most observed
Riots similar to mobs, but diffused in their activities, violent outburst
Mobs focused on a target that is resented / source of frustration
4. Panics situations in which people are largely affected by fear
(Disasters)
5. Expressive Crowd - rhythmic activity, intense emotional contagion and release.

Audience institutionalized crowd / usually passive and controlled by rules / entertaiment
Mass made of a number of disparate individual / very loosely organized and has little unity
Public dispersed collective and includes the elementary process of milling and rumor

Rumors and Gossip
- Rumors = unverified information
- Gossip = informal and idle talk but centers on the personal affairs of others

Fashion, Fads, and Crazes
- Fashion = applied to short-lived, socially approved variations in clothing
- Fads = passing fancies or novelties related to trivial deviations
- Crazes = new activities which excite person / intense attraction

Disaster Behavior - combines both crowd and mass behavior
Public Opinion product of collective discussion for decision making

Mass Communication dependent upon effective media to make information
Newspaper channel for disseminating information to the public
Radio powerful medium and reaches a wide audience
Television both sight and sound in conveying ideas to people
Motion Pictures can be informative and instructional

Social Movement a type of collectivity composed of people who share sentiments
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
1. Expressive Movement form of dissent against the existing power structures
2. Resistance Movement aims to change existing social values
Protest Movement aim to oppose social policies or programs
3. Reform Movement directed at changing certain aspects of the social class structure
4. Rebellion & Revolutionary Movement aim to change the whole social order