INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH

Answer The Questions

1. What is the definition of the research?
Answer :
Based on many sources and expert Research is:
Research is a systematic process of inquiry aimed at providing information to
solve problems (Cooper & Emory, 1995)
Research related to businesses that knowingly directed to know or learn new
facts as well as the distribution of the human desire to know (Suparmoko, 1991)
Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic
investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a
scientific method. The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic
research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and
systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of
scientific matters of our world and the universe. (wikipedia).
Research is a inquiry or investigation manageable, systematic, data-driven,
critical, objective, and scientific research on a specific problem in order to find
answers or solutions related. ( uma sekaran)
Research is a systematic way for the purpose of improving, modifying and
developing knowledge that can be delivered (communicated) and tested
(verified) by other researchers. Basically the research is any process that
produces knowledge.( Tripodi and Meyer, 1969)
Research is an effort to find, develop and test a scientific knowledge. Research is
defined as: "An attempt to discover, develop, and test the truth of a knowledge,
and efforts were made by the scientific method" (Sutrisno Hadi, 2001).
Research is a scientific activity to obtain or penetrate the boundaries of existing
knowledge. (Trullinger, 1951)


2. What is the good research ?
Answer :
The good reseach have many criteria, the characteristics of good research and scientific
writing are:
1) Critical and analytical
2) Contains concept and theory
3) Using the term with a precise and uniform definition.
4) Rational
5) Objective

Good research, in addition to having the above characteristics, also has the
characteristics:
1) The purpose and research problem must be clearly described so as not to cast
doubt to the reader.
2) In research techniques and procedures that must explain detaily.
3) Objectivity of the research should be kept to show evidence of the samples
taken.
4) Shortcomings during the implementation of research should be informed in an
honest and explain the impact of the shortage.
5) Validity and reliability of data must be examined carefully.
6) Objects or phenomena that were observed to rigorously according to ability,
experience, and strong motivation of the researcher.
7) Coherency, mengkait intertwined between the one with the other, between
paragraphs to one another, between one chapter to another chapter.

3. Mention and explain the types of research ?
Answer :
The type of research can be grouped according to : Objectives, approaches, levels of
explanation, and analysis and data types.
1) According to research objective
a. Applied research is research that is directed to obtain information that can be
used to solve the problem.
b. Basic research is a research directed merely to understand the problem in depth
in the organization (without wanting to apply the results). Basic research aims to
develop a theory and not direct attention to practical usability. So pure research
/ foundation regarding the discovery and development of science.
2) According to Research Methods.
a. Research Survey is population Research conducted on large and small, but data
studied are data from samples taken from the population, so that found events
relative, distribution and relationships between variables and psychological
sosilogis.
b. Ex post facto research is the research that conducted to investigate the events
that have occurred which then trace back to determine the factors that could
cause the incident.
c. Experimental Research namely a study trying to find the influence of certain
variables on other variables in strictly controlled conditions. Independent
variable manipulated by the researcher.
d. Naturalistic research is a research use the methode that often referred to as
qualitative methods, the method of research used to examine the condition of
natural objects (as his opponent) in which the researcher is as a key instrument.
Example: offerings to business success.
e. Policy Research is a process of research done on, or analysis of social problems
are fundamental, so the findings can be recommended to policy makers to act in
a practical way to solve the problem.
f. Action Research is research that aims to develop the most efficient working
methods, so that production costs can be reduced and productivity can be
improved institutions. The main objective of this research is to change: 1) the
situation, 2) behavior, 3) organizations, including the structure of the working
mechanism, work climate, and institutions.
g. Evaluation research is part of the decision making process, namely to compare an
event, activity and product standards and programs that have been specified.
h. Research History regard to the logical analysis of the events that took place in the
past. Source data can be primary, that is, those who were directly involved in the
incident, or the sources of documentation relating to the incident. The purpose
of historical research is to reconstruct the events of the past systematically and
objectively, through the collection, evaluation, verification, and synthesis of data
obtained, so that determined the facts to make a conclusion.

3) Research by Level of explanation
The study according to the level of explanation is research that intends to
explain the position of the studied variables and the relationship between one
variable with another variable.
a. Descriptive Research is research conducted to determine the value of
independent variables, whether one or more variables (independent) without
making comparisons, or linking with other variables.
b. Comparative Research is a study that is comparing. VariabelPenelitian expost
facto, descriptive, comparative, research is still the same Asosiatifnya varabel
independent research but to sample more than one, or in a different time.

c. Associative / Relationships Research is research that aimed to know the
relationship between two variables or more. With this research, there will be
constructed a theory that could serve to explain, predict and control a symptom.
4) Research by Type and Analysis of Data
The types of data and analysis in the study can be grouped into two major things
that is qualitative and quantitative data.
a. Qualitative data is data in the form of words, sentences, schematics and
drawings.
b. Quantitative data is data in the form of numbers or qualitative data that
diangkakan (scoring). For qualitative and quantitative research will be
discussed more depai in a separate chapter.

4. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research ?
Answer :

1) Quantitative research
Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and their relationships.
The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical
models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it
provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
Quantitative research is used widely in social sciences such as psychology,
sociology, anthropology, and political science. Research in mathematical
sciences such as physics is also 'quantitative' by definition, though this use of
the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the term relates to empirical
methods, originating in both philosophical positivism and the history of
statistics, which contrast qualitative research methods.
Qualitative methods produce information only on the particular cases studied,
and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses. Quantitative methods
can be used to verify, which of such hypotheses are true.



2) Qualitative research
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic
disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and
further contexts.
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human
behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.
The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not
just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often
needed, rather than large samples.
Qualitative methods produce information only on the particular cases studied,
and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses (informative guesses).
Quantitative methods can be used to verify which of such hypotheses are true.
The diffence, more clearly can be see, at the table bellow :
QUANTITATIVE

Reality 'out there' (external reality): creation of nature / nature / subject to the
laws of nature that raw separate from human interpretation, objective, simple,
positive, nature can not be changed, the fact is free from value / interpretation
researcher
So, only one reality in nature (one truth / objective), all members of society to
define / interpret reality in the same way
Research Methodology: Quantitative (dominance of the figures and the use of
statistical / mathematical formula / quantification of reality)
The use of an explicit procedure / definite and formal in defining the concept,
build a hypothesis / proposition from the start and operationalize and measure
concepts and variables so that the validity of the new propositions can be
assessed again by other researchers and the results can be accepted, rejected or
modified)
The logic of his theory: deductive (general to the particular / the general
hypothesis to specific answers)
Applied to the natural sciences
Empirical: observing external phenomena through sensory devices
Learn a little but many
Treating respondent as an object (giver of data / information)
Keeping the distance between researcher and researched (so as not to affect
the results)


QUALITATIVE

Reality "is in" (internal): there in the human mind / experienced internally /
interpreted / man-made based on definition: subjective.
So, a lot of truth (subjective)
Research Methodology: Qualitative (pembahasaan verbal domination and no
processing of statistical and other mathematical formulas)
The procedure is flexible. Not obliged to build 'hypothesis' because it can affect
the direction of a social research that is very open. There is no term 'variables'.
There is no term 'population' or 'sample' as well as in quantitative research,
because it does not aim to mengeneralisir results (samples taken according to
destination, but little studied in / not using the 'random sampling').
Respondents also not restricted to a choice in answering the question. Research
procedures that produce descriptive data, presenting it in words
Applied to the social sciences
Empirical: Case study (trying to understand the human, not a measure)
Learn a little but deep
Treating respondent as subjects (partners / experts consulted)
Eliminating the distance between researcher and researched (for understanding
the details of the problems / capture reality with interaction)



By: Heny Rofizar