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=
S
r S
N
N N
Slip
Losses in an Induction Motor:
The power input to an induction motor, P
in
, is in the form of three-
phase electric voltages and currents. The first loss in the machine is I
2
R
losses in the stator windings (the stator copper loss). Then some amount of
power is lost as hysteresis and eddy currents in the stator (stator core
losses). The power remaining at this point is transferred to the rotor of the
machine across the air gap between the stator and the rotor. This power is
called the air-gap power of the machine. After the power is transferred to
the rotor, some of it is lost as I
2
R losses (the rotor copper loss), and the rest
is converted from electrical to mechanical form. Finally, friction and
windage losses and stray losses are subtracted. The remaining power is
the output of the motor, P
out
.
The core losses in the induction motor come partially from the stator
circuit and partially from the rotor circuit. Since an induction motor normally
operates at a speed near synchronous speed, the relative motion of the
magnetic fields over the rotor surface is quite slow, and the rotor core
losses are very tiny compared to the stator core losses.
The higher the speed of an induction motor, the higher its friction,
windage and stray losses. On the other hand, the higher the speed of the
motor, the lower will be its core losses. Therefore, these three categories of
losses are sometimes lumped together and called rotational losses. The
total rotational losses of a motor are often considered to be constant with
changing speed, since the component losses change in opposite directions
with change in speed
Advantage:
It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable
construction (especially squirrel cage type).
Its cost is low and is very reliable.
It has sufficiently high efficiency.
It requires minimum of maintenance.
It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not
to be synchronized .its starting arrangement is simple especially for
squirrel cage type motor.
Disadvantages:
Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
Just like a dc shunt motor its speed decreases with increase in load.
Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of the dc shunt motor.
Block Diagram:
Procedure:
Set the apparatus as shown in the block diagram.
Set the rated line voltage, V
L
, and for each different value note the
values of line current, I
L
, the total true 3-phase power, W
T
, and the
total reactive power, Q, using measuring unit when you are applying
load on the DC Generator using Brake Control Unit. For P and Q
measurement refer to Appendix of Manual.
Measure the total power using the concept of 2-wattmeter method
(Use appendix for 2-wattmeter method) for 3-phase measurement.
Note the values of torque, T, the output power, P
out
, and the motor
speed, N
r
, are measured from the brake control unit (BCU) for each
value.
Calculate the values of power factor, cos , % slip and the efficiency,
from the formulas given.
Plot the graphs as mentioned
Observations: Synchronous Speed = N
s
= _______ rpm
S.No.
Line to
Line
Voltage
V
L
(V)
Line
Current
I
L
(A)
Total
Power
W
T
(W)
Reactive
Power
Q
(VAR)
Power
Factor
cos
Rotor
Speed
N
r
(rpm)
%
Slip
Torque
(N.m)
Output
Power
P
out
(W)
Efficiency,
(%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Formulas
100 %
=
S
r S
N
N N
Slip
L L
T
I V
W
3
cos = 100 =
in
out
P
P
Graphs:
1. Plot output versus efficiency
2. Plot reactive power versus efficiency
3. Plot speed versus efficiency
4. Plot power factor versus efficiency
5. Plot torque versus efficiency
6. Plot torque slip curve
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Comments:
What is the purpose of load test of induction motor?
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________________________________________
Why one of the watt meters gives negative, zero and then positive reading
as the load is increased gradually.
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________________________________________
Is it possible for both watt meters to give same reading, if possible then
why?
______________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________
What would you do with W
1
if its reading becomes negative?
______________________________________________________________________
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What is power factor of induction motor at no load and why?
______________________________________________________________________
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Why does power factor increases with load?
______________________________________________________________________
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What type of motor was used in experiment, slip ring or squirrel?
______________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________
What type of motor was used in experiment, slip ring or squirrel?
______________________________________________________________________
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Is induction motor a variable speed motor?
______________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________
Why does motor damage due to over loading.
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Can power factor of induction motor be leading?
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Marks Obtained = _________
Date = __________________
Signature = ______________
EXPERIMENT NO 8
TO RUN AN INDUCTION MOTOR AS INDUCTION GENERATOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
APPARATUS:
Induction motor
DC Machine
Break control unit
Measuring unit
Power supply
PROCEDURE:
First run DC motor (separately excited) and note the direction of rotation of the motor.
Connect ac motor separately and run it and note its direction of rotation.
If it is same as that of the DC motor then procedure further otherwise first make the
direction of rotation of both same by changing the phase sequence.
Start both of them together. Measuring unit will show the values of voltage, current, real
power and reactive power.
At this point the speed is less than 1500 rpm. Now increase the speed of the motor so that
it becomes equal to the rated speed that is 1500 rpm.
At this speed the motor is in floating condition i.e when slip becomes zero the machines
would be in floating condition. Again note the values of current, voltage, active and
reactive power for the floating condition.
Now increase the speed further from 1500 rpm. At this point the motor becomes
generator and the values of voltage, current active and reactive power become negative.
Note down these readings in the table.
Ind
Motor
DC
M/C
M.U BCU
Power
supply
OBSERVATIONS
State of
machine
V I W
1
W
2
W
T
p.f Q
Ind. Motor
Floating
Ind.
Generator
EXPERIMENT # 9
CONSTRUCTION OF V-CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Synchronous motors are AC motors that have a field circuit
supplied by an external DC source. They convert AC electrical power to mechanical power. It is
electrically identical to an alternator or AC generator. Some characteristics of the synchronous
motor are:
It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant
speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency.
It is not self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous or near synchronous speed by
some means before it can be synchronized to the supply.
It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and
leading.
PRODUCTION OF TORQUE:
In a synchronous motor, a three-phase set of stator currents
produces a rotating magnetic field, B
S
. The field current, I
F
of the motor produces a steady-state
magnetic field, B
R
. Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the rotor
field will tend to line up with the stator field, just as two bar magnets will tend to line up if
placed near each other. Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field will
constantly try o catch up. Larger the angle between the two magnetic fields, the greater the
torque on the rotor of the motor. The basic principle of a synchronous motor operation is that the
rotor chases the rotating stator magnetic field around in a circle, never catching up with it.
SPEED OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR:
The rotor (which is initially unexcited) is speeded up to
synchronous or near synchronous speed by some arrangements and then excited by the DC
source. The moment this synchronously rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into
position with the stator i.e. the rotor poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run
synchronously in the same direction. It is because of this interlocking of stator and rotor poles
that the motor has either to run synchronously or not at all. The synchronous speed is given by
the usual relation:
P
f
N
S
120
=
However, this engagement is not very rigid. As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor
progressively tends to fall back in phase by some angle but it still continues to run
synchronously.
V-CURVES:
The V-curves of a synchronous motor show how armature current varies with its
field current when motor input is kept constant. These are obtained by plotting armature
current while motor input is kept constant and are so called because of their shape. There is a
family of such curves, each corresponding to a definite power intake.
To draw these curves experimentally, the motor is run from constant voltage and constant
frequency bus bars. Power input to motor is kept constant at a definite value. Next, the field
current is increased in small steps and corresponding armature currents are noted. When plotted,
we get a V-curve for a particular constant motor input. Similar curves are drawn by keeping
motor input constant at different values.
EFFECT OF FIELD CURRENT CHANGES:
Considering a synchronous motor in which the
mechanical load is constant. When the field current is increased, the magnitude of the back emf,
E
A
in the motor increases, but does not affect the real power supplied by the motor. The power
supplied by the motor changes only when the shaft load torque changes. Since a change in
armature current, I
A
, does not affect the shaft speed and since the load attached to the shaft is
unchanged, the real power supplied is unchanged. The terminal voltage is also kept constant by
the power source supplying the motor.
Therefore, as the value of E
A
increases, the magnitude of I
A
first decreases and then increases
again. At low E
A
, the armature current is lagging and the motor is an inductive load. It is
therefore consuming reactive power Q. As the field current is increased, E
A
increases and the
armature current eventually lines up with the voltage and the motor is purely resistive. As the
field current is further increased, the armature current becomes leading, and the motor becomes a
capacitive load. So now it consumes negative reactive power Q or alternatively supplying
reactive power to the system.
A plot of I
A
versus I
F
for a synchronous motor is as
shown in Figure-1 above. For each curve, the minimum armature current occurs at unity power
factor, when only real power is being supplied to the motor. At any other point on the curve,
some reactive power is being supplied to or by the motor as well. For field currents less than the
value giving minimum I
A
, the armature current is lagging, consuming Q. In this situation, the
motor is said to be underexcited. For field currents greater than the value giving minimum I
A
,
the armature current is leading, supplying Q to the power system as a capacitor would. This case
is for an overexcited motor.Therefore, by controlling the field current of a synchronous motor,
the reactive power supplied to or consumed by the power system can be controlled.
Also, as explained above that an overexcited motor
can be run with leading power factor, this property renders it extremely important in phase
advancing purposes in industrial loads driven by induction motors and lighting and heating loads
supplied through transformers. Both transformers and induction motors draw lagging currents
from the line. Especially on light loads, the power drawn by them has a large reactive component
and the power factor has a very low value. This reactive power results in losses in many ways.
By using synchronous motors in conjunction with induction motors or transformers, the lagging
reactive power required by the latter is supplied locally by the leading reactive component taken
by the former, thereby relieving the line and generators of much of the reactive component.
When used in this way, the synchronous motor is called a synchronous capacitor because it
draws leading current from the line.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
APPARATUS:
Terminal Board
Measuring unit
Synchronous motor
variable DC supply
DC generator
Break control unit
PROCEDURE
Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure.
Give a constant voltage and constant frequency supply to the motor (using infinite bus-
bars).
Vary the field current and note the corresponding value of armature current for each
value.
Calculate the power factor using equation (1) below.
Plot a graph of field current against armature current which is the V-curve.
Repeat the above steps for different loads.
OBSERVATIONS
V = 220V
At no load With medium load With full Load
Ia If Ia If Ia If
DRAW THE V-CURVES HERE