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THE FUNERAL FURNITURE OF EGYPT

BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT


AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT
FORTY-THIRD YEAR, 1937
THE
FUNERAL FURNITURE
OF EGYPT
BY
FLINDERS PETRIE, KT.
D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., D.LIT., D.SC., F.R.S., F.B.A.
EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
LONDON
BRITISH SCHOOL OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER ST. W.C.1
AND
BERNARD QUARITCH
11 GRAFTON ST. NEW BOND ST. W.I
I937
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BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT
PATRONS r
BARON LLOYD OF DOLOBRAN, P.C., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., D.S.O.
SIR JOHN CHANCELLOR, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O.
GEN. SIR ARTHUR WAUCHOPE, G.C.M.G., K.G.B., C,I,E,, DS.0.
GENERAL COMMITTEE (*Executive Members)
Prof. HENRY BALFOUR
H. E. BOWMAN
Mrs. J. W. CROWFOOT
Sir PERCIVAL DAVID, Bt.
G. EUMORFOPOULOS
N. EUM~RFOPOULOS
Sir JAMES FRAZER
Rt. Rev, the LORD BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER
*P. L. 0. GUY
Dr. A. C. HADDON
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The PRINCIPAL OF KING'S COLLEGE
E. S. LAMPLOUGH
*Mrs. R. MACINNES (Chairman)
Sir HENRY MIERS
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Prof. ELLIS MINNS
*E. N. MOHL
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Dr. M. A. MURRAY
P. E. NEWBERRY
J. R. OGDEN
Sir CHARLES PEERS
Dr. RANDALL-MACIVER
Dr. G. A. REISNER
Mrs. STRONG
*Dr. E. L. SUKENIK
The PROVOST OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
*Rev. Pbre VINCENT
Sir LEONARD WOOLLEY
Honorary Director-Prof. Sir FLINDERS PETRIE
Honorary Treasurer-*A. P. S. CLARK
Hon. Assistant Director and Organising Secretary-Lady PETRIE
Donations may be sent (cheques crossed Barclay) t o Lady PETRIE, or to Miss BONAR, University College,
Gower Street, London, W.C.1 ; or to Lady PETRIE, at address, American School of Research, Jerusalem.
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C ONT E NT S
CHAPTER I
THE VARIETY OF BELIEFS
PAGE
I. The Sources . . I
2. The Future . . I
3.Amulets . . I
4. Grouping . . I
CHAPTER I1
THE WANDERING SOU1
Funerary provision .
Ba-bird and Nut .
Contracted burial-Opening the
Provision of food .
Altars .
Vases .
Slain servants
Soul house .
Statues .
Funeral steles
Amulets
CHAPTER 111
KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
Provision for the kingdom .
Origin of the kingdom .
Relation to Osiris .
Works in the kingdom .
Osiris the corn god
Dismemberment of Osiris
Figures of wives .
Boxes of clothing .
Toilet objects. .
Furniture .
Games .
Weapons .
Tools .
Servants .
Granaries, animals .
Dolls and toys .
Amulets .
mouth
CHAPTER IV
LIFE WITH RA
PAGE
33. The boat of Ra . . 12
34. Boat models . I3
35. Obelisk and pyramidion . W I4
36. Amulets . I4
CHAPTER V
THE REVIVED BODY
The mummy revived .
Provision for the body .
Funeral procession .
Early mummies .
Mummies of xviii dyn. .
Mummies of xxvi dyn. .
Detail of bandages .
Portions at University College, London
Cartonnage .
Portraits .
Animal mummies .
Sealings and Inscriptions .
Leather neck-band .
Labels on mummies .
Casing of the body .
Plaster heads
Mummiform coffins and catafalques .
Censers
Hypocephali .
Winged scarab and network .
Name plate or bead .
Four sons of Horus
Jars for viscera .
Ptah-sokar-Osiris figures
PERIODS OF PREHISTORY
Badarian.
Amratian.
Gerzean.
Semainean.
MONOGRAPHS ON EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
BASED ON FIELD WORK
THE collection of Egyptian antiquities at University College, London, was gathered
by me in order to study the development of civilisation of the past ages of Egypt. The
nucleus of the series was the small collection of a few antiquities given by Miss Edwards,
who founded the professorship which I held. The opportunities of acquiring antiquities,
when living in the country for forty years, were great, and many curious specimens, less
saleable to the tourist, came my way. These purchased antiquities gained in value from
comparison with the dated objects discovered in my excavations. From this there grew
a view of serial development in primitive times and onwards. I t eventually gave a basis
for a series of monographs on different subjects, illustrated by my collection and in some
instances augmented from other collections, thus forming a library of Egyptian archaeology.
My clear time has more or less sufficed to complete such " catalogues." I proposed to
issue twenty-four volumes altogether. Twenty of these volumes were for the subjects
which had to be worked up, and in addition there are four which are on subjects within
the scope of other students. I might have issued more, if assistance had been provided,
as much of my time in the preparation of them was occupied in the photographing and
drawing of over 14,000 objects. Half of each year was swallowed in excavating and
moreover a half-time post and pay, at the College, left no margin for keeping an assistant.
The following twenty Catalogue Volumes have been completed. The last four of the
series can be delegated.
I. Amulets, the first catalogue, began the classifying of the subject in 275 kinds, with
1,700 photographs, and references t o other collections. Constable issued it, but it was hit
by the war so that no publishers will undertake such books. At the time, I was ordered
to remain at the College, and that gave opportunity to prepare Catalogue Volumes, which
could be issued annually to the subscribers of the British School of Egyptian Archaeology,
while all excavations, and publication of results of field work, were suspended.
2. Scarabs with Names, artd Cylinders was the most important of the volumes, historically.
The 2,300 named scarabs of the collection form a more complete series than the British
Museum series, and no other museum collection is of half the size.
3. Tools a d Wea@orts contains 3,200 figures, of which 960 are photographs from the
College. The absence of any corpus of forms before it was published has made this the
standard book of reference for this subject. I t is always quoted as " T. W." in Germany.
4. Prehistoric Egyet, with discussion of the dating of predynastic objects, has over 1,000
figures. The newly conceived " Sequence Dating " was put into practice, and applied to
distinguish differences of age through the prehistoric periods.
5. Cor@us of Prehistoric Pottery and Palettes. This embodied in 61 plates more than
1,700 different pots, arranged according to their form for easy reference, and dated by
Sequence Dating.
6. Buttorcs and Desigrt Scarabs is complementary to the previous volume on scarabs,
completing the subject. I t contains 2,200 figures, classified.
ix
7. Ancient Weights and Measures records over 5,000 weights, with r,ooo figures and full
discussion of the various standards, superseding the previous theories on the subject.
8. Glass Stumps and Weights, the companion volume to this, deals with the Byzantine
and Arab periods, and records the most complete series known. I t contains over 700
photographs with transcripts and translations.
g. Objects of Daily Use, with 62 photographic plates, contains 1,600 figures. The
classes comprise jewellery, toilet articles, carvings, furniture and basketry, games and writing.
10. Shbtis contains 400 figures, with analysis of the text and copies, and a catalogue of
Continental collections.
XI. Fumral Furniture, the present volume, gives detailed descriptions of many classes
of objects, with catalogue of 650 specimens.
12. Stone and Metal Vases follow in the same volume. Drawings are given of 1,300
vases of various dates, mostly early, with some photographs to show texture.
13. Corpus of Proto-dymstic Pottery, 30 plates with over 800 figures.
The last volume named is already completed for press and will soon be issued, making
a total of thirteen Catalogues which will serve as text-books on the various subjects.
Besides these, I wrote seven more Catalogue Volumes :-
14. Glass and Glazes.
15. Textiles.
16. Stone and Plaster Work.
17. Coptic Objccts.
18. Small Inscriptions.
19. Roman Terra Cotta Figures.
20. Small Figures, Glaze and Bronze,
but these volumes in manuscript have disappeared, in a clearance of College records which
was made just before my return from Palestine in 1934.
There also remain to be prepared, by my successors, the Catalogues of :
21. Bead Necklaces, illustrating the unique collection of over x,ooo strings, ranging from
Badarian (earliest prehistoric) down to Coptic Age. The representation of these in colour
has been purposely postponed, awaiting a photographic process which will give a continuous
colour, without white spotting.
22. Flint Im#lements.
23. Statuettes.
24. Ittscriptions.
FLINDERS PETRIE.
( postal address )
American School of Research, Jerusalem.
ERRATA
p. 4, l. 12, for here read fragments here.
p. 5, sect. 14, for SCULPTURES yead INSCRIPTIONS.
p. 6, sect. 18, for wine yecad vine.
p. 7, l . 21, for Daily Life read Daily Use.
THE FUNERAL FURNITURE OF EGYPT
CHAPTER I
THE VARIETY OF BELIEFS
I. AT first sight there seems t o be a mass of in-
consistencies and contradictions in the statements
and remains which are found in the Egyptian tombs.
The dead were to wander in the cemetery, or t o
enjoy life in the kingdom of Osiris, or t o sail with
the sun ; the offerings appropriate to one kind of
life are quite useless for another ; there seems no
principle but what is confuted by some diverse
practice. The clue to all this confusion lies in the
mixture of many different races in prehistoric times,
all of which go t o make up what we call the Ancient
Egyptians, who inherited many different natures
and psychologies. The greatest problem at present
in Egyptian pre-history and religion is how t o dis-
entangle all these various elements, to assign t o each
its different attributes, and so restore the perspective
t o the fore-shortened view which seems so confused
when taken as a whole.
We have to take into account four different theories
about the future existence, five different civilisations,
from different quarters, several different classes of
gods, and five different purposes of amulets. If we
can succeed in linking these rightly together, the
meaning which they will give to the funerary systems
and their inconsistency, will go far to make a reason-
able picture of the changes of prehistoric ages in
Egypt.
2. Take, first, the association of the theories of
the future with the different civilisations. The full
length burial and mummification came in with the
the Amratian age the Osiris worship had already
passed into Libya, see Geography of the Gods, Anc. Eg.,
1917, p. 109. There Ausar is the " old man," and
Arau is the " child," Osiris and Horus. That
civilisation held with the Osiris worship. Before
all that was the long Badarian age, when corn was
already cultivated, and therefore not before Osiris,
who brought in agriculture. Being Asiatic in origin,
there is no bar to this being the age of the early
religion of the charms, known as the Book of the
Dead. These are clearly linked with the geography
of the Caucasus, see Anc. Eg., 1926, p. 41, and now
emphasized by the later Caucasian immigrants
(Gaza 11). The Osiris myth also has its link, the
tree which contained the coffin of Osiris, with the
sacred tree in the midst of the cathedral, in which a
spirit dwells. Myths in the Caucasus now point to
a connection with Osiris (Anc. Eg., 1928, p. 20).
There remains a yet earlier kind of belief about the
wandering soul coming out from the tomb to seek its
food and rest in the cemetery, and fed by the cow-
headed goddess living in the sycomore tree. This
seems to be linked with animal worship, and belong
to the aboriginal African stock, and the ages before
Osiris worship.
3. The different classes of amulets also derive from
different beliefs. The similars are the lowest of all,
then the protective amulets of animal figures, lastly
the figures of the gods.
4. The connections then seem to fall together
thus r
Sawge age 1 a 1 a 1 Gevzean 1 Semainian
dynastic race, the Semainian age. Before that there
was a great importance of the principality of Heli-
i:!;
opolis, and therefore of Ra worship ; the Gerzean Wandering
prehistoric civilisation had brought in Eastern pro-
ir:ler. of
ducts, and appears to have come from the East, sirnilars
where solar worship was fixed ; the travel of the
soul with the boat of the sun therefore seems linked Such a grouping reconciles what is yet known of
to the Gerzean prehistoric age. Before that, in the religion and the funerary systems, and it will be
I
Caucasus
Kingdom
of Osiris
Unused
Elamite
Ptah, Hathor
Revived
body
Gods
Libyan
Set ?
Kingdom
of Osiris
Proparty
Eastern
Ra
Life with
Ra
Protec-
tion
2 THE WANDERING SOUL
followed here as a classification. Some matters
general in all the classes, as the forms of tombs, and
the positions of cemeteries, will be dealt with in
the volume on Egy$tian Architecture.
The funeral and tomb have been unduly promi-
nent in the general perception of Egypt. This is
owing to the towns being largely covered by the Nile
deposits, and the tombs being all exposed on the
desert. Thus a hundred objects have come from
tombs for each thing obtained from a town. Prob-
ably the churchyard is more familiar to English
people than the desert cemetery was to the Egyptian.
The systematic divisions of the subject are :-
Chapter.
11. The wandering soul, seeking food.
111. The kingdom of Osiris, organised society.
IV. Life with Ra, in the Sun boat with gods.
V. The revived body, provision for the mummy.
CHAPTER I1
THE WANDERING SOUL
5. THE various elements and developments of this
view of the future are largely represented in modern
African customs. They are here taken in the
following order :
Objects in the text are not numbered when they
belong to other Catalogue volumes.
Number in Section in
Collection. this volume.
1-3. Ba bird, human-headed,
fed by tree goddess . . 6
Contracted burial.
Opening of the mouth .
7
Food offerings . . 8
P 1 1. Food models.
12-14. Altars . 9
15-16. Fire bowl.
17-37. Vases . . 10
38-39. Killed vessels . . 11
Sacrificed servants.
40-77. Soul house . . 12
Lamp in shrine.
78-82. Statues . I3
Steles . I4
Tomb chapel.
Opening for spirit.
Scenes in chapel.
Amulets of similars . I5
Amulets of powers.
6. The soul was represented as a human-headed
bird ; and the source of this idea was probably from
the large owls, which house in empty tomb pits, and
when disturbed, fly up out of the pit on noiseless
wings, and look at the intruder with a plaintive face.
This idea might not be older than the formation of
shaft tombs, about the iind dynasty ; but the owls
may have been associated earlier with the dead in
cave-burial.
The Ba-figures here are :
1. Bronze, 8.2 long, 7.8 high, body, legs, and base,
separate castings ; joined with blue paste.
2. Wood, 5.0 long, well carved, Hawara.
3. Wood, 4-0 high, coarsely cut and painted.
Glass relief, opaque blue body, white head, 1.2
long ; see Amulets, and next two, green glaze, single
bird, and two birds side by side. These are in chap.
xvii, Book of the Dead, the soul is in a " pair of
gods," two Horus falcons, the " avenger of his
father" and " Horus in the two eyes," sun and
moon, human and celestial. Green glaze relief, flat
back.
This Ba-bird was represented as picking up its
food in the cemetery, and as fed by the goddess in
the sycornore fig tree. No illustrations of this belief
are before the xviiith dynasty ; but the idea is
obviously one of the most primitive. The sycornore
fig tree is sacred in Africa (Anc. Eg., 1914, p. 163).
The goddess is sometimes identified with Hathor of
the dynastic age, having a cow's head. She gives
cakes to the Ba bowing at the foot of the tree, and
gives drink to the figure of the dead woman kneeling
before her (Florence stele 2591 ; L.D.M. cccxxii) :
in a red niche-the focus of domestic worship-she
is shown giving drink to a kneeling woman, who has
come out of a tomb on the desert (Ramesseum, XX).
Hathor, human headed, feeds Queen Thyti (M.A.F.
v, 412, vii). In other instances the goddess is Nut,
the earliest protector of the dead in the prayers :
she is always in human form, in two examples she
gives drink to the Ba alone (W., M. and C. iii, 63,
118) while holding a tray of figs. In one case Nut
holds a tray of food, and pours drink to the Ba, and
to the man Yaya standing (L.D.M. cli). To Ani,
kneeling, the goddess gives cakes and drink, but
there is no Ba ; also in Lepsius' Todtenbuch (late)
there are only hands coming out of the tree giving
cakes and drink to the man standing, without any
Ba. In four other cases there is no Ba, and the
recipients of the drink are comfortably seated, and
receive the streams (Pasar and Nezemger, Ros. Civ.
THE WANDERING SOUL 3
cxxxiv, I, 3 ; Leps. Todt. xxiii ; xxvi dyn. tomb,
L.D. iii, 264). These last are evidently the later
form, when the kneeling to the goddess was omitted.
The Hathor, cow-headed, is the early form, with
kneeling recipient ; Nut is a later form, and the
omission of the Ba is the latest. On the other
functions of the Ba, see the Book of the Dead, chaps.
i, xvii, xlvii, lxxxix, xcii, cxxiii, cxxxii, vignettes.
7. There can be no doubt that contracted burial
belongs to these beliefs, as it was universal till the
dynastic period. The " opening of the mouth," so
that it should be capable of feeding, is probably also
as early as this, because the instrument used was the
saw-edged forked flint lance, which in this associa-
tion became dwarfed as an amulet, called pesesh-kef.
The full-sized lance had a gold handle fitted to it in
prehistoric times, and was copied until the amulets
of the xxvith dynasty (see Amulets, p. 16). That
this " opening of the mouth " is older than the
mummy, upon which the operation is figured in later
times, is evident as the forked flint lance had dis-
appeared from use long before there was a mummy
in Egypt. The custom therefore belonged to an
earlier stage, and we can hardly separate it from
the burial of food offerings. For examples of the
mouth opener, see Amulets, nos. 38, 123.
8. The provision of food and drink for the dead is
constant all through the prehistoric ages from the
Badarian onward. Beside jars with remains of food
and beer there were also large jars containing ashes,
but never any bones. These suggest that a great
quantity of food and property was burnt at the
funeral, and the ashes collected to place in the
grave. There was a regular ritual of burial in the
prehistoric Gerzean age, as the positions of the
various jars were the same in most cases. The body
lay on the left side, with the head to the south, and
the face to the west. The large jars of ashes were
stacked at the north end of the grave, beyond the
feet. A single pointed jar is usually at the south,
beyond the head. The rare black incised bowls are
toward the north end, but not at the side of the
grave. The painted pottery is mostly at the south
and west, about the face and head. The slate
palettes are usually near the hands, before the body.
The malachite is often in the hands. The flint knives
and lances are usually along the back. Similarly in
Africa at present, not only beer and flour offerings,
but also the personal possessions of the dead,
weapons, insignia, ornaments, as well as sacrifices,
are buried with the dead.
4. Pieces of thin flat cake of coarsely ground corn.
The burial of actual food was reduced later to the
burial of models of food. Of the prehistoric age
there are here models of garlic made in clay ; and
of historic time :-
5, 6 two wooden models of a haunch, 4.3 long,
one painted black, red, and white.
7, 8 two wooden models of dates, 1-7, 2.1 long,
painted red-brown.
9, 10 red wax models of ducks, head on back,
2-2 long, 1.1 long.
11 mud model of a crested ibis, akh, painted black,
2.7 long.
9. For the place of offering, stone altars were
provided. These regularly have two hollows for
the offerings, as in modern Africa there are two holes
for offerings in front of the burial mound. The
earliest altar in position is that in the court of the
pyramid temple of Sneferu at Meydum. The most
complete altar is that of the princess Ptahneferu,
daughter of Amenemhat 111, with 88 named offerings
of foods and drinks (Kahulz, v). That of Senusert I1
is far simpler (Illahun iii), having only the figures
of the reed mat, on which the offerings were to be
deposited, two cakes, two vases, and a pile of flour
in a dish-the primitive hetep (Deshasheh, 35). The
private altars sometimes have a tank for water, with
steps down the sides (Belmore tablets, last pl.), and
one in Cairo has the water levels at different seasons
marked on it. In Egyptian Sczllptzcre the altars here
will be published; there are two with names of
king Userkaf and two others of vth dyn., three of
xiith dyn., a fragment of Akhenaten, an altar of king
Painezem, an altar of Amasis, and a late one un-
inscribed. Little model altars are not unusual, those
here are of :-
12 slate, very rudely engraved with vase and
cakes, 2.9 X 2.4.
13 slate, engraved with mat, bearing two vases,
a table with a goose, four cakes above, 3.9 X 2.9.
14 copper, model table, 3.6 X 2.1 X 1.0 high, with
five dishes, -g diam., vith dyn. See earlier form, of
vth dynasty, Borchardt Ne-zcser-re, p. 130.
The bowl of fire was also offered. At Amarna an
actual fire dish stood before a raised seat in the
inner hall-a pottery pan about a foot across. This
was imitated by fire offerings of bowls containing
.
charcoal partly burnt to ash.
15 bowl, hemispherical, 6.3 wide, 3.5 high, with
charcoal, grave 605 Tarkhan, xith dyn. Another
fire offering was found of S.D. 81, middle of 1st
4 THE WANDERING SOUL
dynasty, where there were two saucers, one inverted
on the other, charcoal in the lower, and smoke on
the upper (Tarkhan I, 11). There is also here a
model fire offering :-
16 polished black clay, model splay-mouth vase,
with cone of flame in it, 1.6 h. Other model fire
bowls, or lamps, or stands, come from a shrine at
the Labyrinth, see LAMPS.
10. Vases of stone and of pottery abaund in early
tombs. These are dealt with under the catalogues
of Stone and Metal Vases, and Pottery. There are
here from the tomb of Amenhetep 111, Biban el
Meluk, Tombs of the kings.
17-21 five pieces of alabaster vases, and 22 part
of a lid, with various pieces of wooden furniture.
Besides some solid models of vases in the catalogue
of stone vases, there are here :-
23, hes vase, limestone, solid, finely cut, 2.8 high.
24, hes vase, blue glaze, xiith dyn. (?), 2.8 high.
25, 26, hes vase, blue glaze, conical cap, 2.8, 2.7
high.
27, conical cup, basalt, 1.0 high.
28, conical cup and lid, wood, painted, 5.9 high.
Presented by Mr. S. Bruzaud.
29, ovoid vase, wood, painted with red and yellow
marbling, 4 4 high, of hollow models are :-
30-34. Five mud models, very rude ; Gerzeh,
xviiith dyn., 05 to 2.8 high.
35, piece of pottery vase, painted with black and
yellow marbling.
36, imitation of glass vase, festooned pattern, 4.3
wide, neck lost (see Davis, T., Tomb of Iouiya, pl.
xxviii) .
37, model of corn barrel measure, painted white,
red and green bands, inscribed for " the devoted,
the corn measurer, Mer-aHkhu " (?), 6.8 high, 6.7
long. See model vases of vth dynasty, Borchardt,
Neuser-ra, p. 130.
KilIed vessels and furniture are sometimes un-
mistakable, though usually damages might be
attributed to mere accident, ancient or modem.
The chair in the tomb of Maket was deliberately
damaged by removing the front legs. There are
here,
38. Slate bowl, 8.7 wide, with hole punched
through the bottom, cracking it in two.
39. Slate bowl, 5.7 wide, with hole punched
through the bottom.
Both of these are probably of the iiird or ivth
dynasty. Whether such damage was intended t o
kill the object ceremonially to go with the dead, or
whether it was done to prevent theft, is not known.
The killing of the offerings is usual now in the
Blantyre region of Africa.
11. The killing of servants to be buried with the
master is an African custom, and is seen fully
carried out in the burial of Hep-zefa in the Sudan,
where hundreds were slain to be buried with the
great viceroy. The rows of burials around the royal
tombs of the ist dynasty, evidently show the same
custom (Tombs of the Courtiers, xiii, xiv). Later it
was reduced to a single man, wrapped in a skin, and
dragged on a sledge to the burial, the teknu ; see
Ahnas and Paheri, Paheri 20-1, and Quibell,
Ramesseum, 14. This custom is very widely spread,
as among the Celts (Atkenaeus, vi, 54), and Scythians
(Hdtus, iv, 71).
12. The Soul-house was provided during the ixth-
xith dynasties. I t is an African custom to place
little huts with jars of beer in them for a chief's
soul, and such are often seen in villages, " little
spirit houses where sacrifices are presented from
time to time." In Egypt the pottery houses were
placed on the ground at the side of the grave. They
were usually north or west of the grave, and facing
to the grave, so as to protect the soul from the usual
winds in entering. They were of all degrees of
detail, from a mere shelter with two props in front,
like a Bedawy tent, up to two-storey houses with
furniture, fully illustrated in Gizeh and Rifeh, xiv-
xxii E. They seem to have originated in the altar
(see Qumeh, xx, xxi) with offerings represented on
it. The type set is at Manchester, and the examples
here are :-
40. Square block, with two tanks, 5.5 wide.
41. Oblong tray with spout ; oxhead, haunch
and vegetables on it, 9.5 W.
42. Oblong tray, cross grooves for water, same
offerings, 11.6 W.
43. Oblong tray, similar, 10.4 W.
44. Rough oval tray, offerings, stand for jars,
10.5 W.
45. Oval tray, long grooves, offerings, 14.0 long.
46. Oval tray, cross grooves, offerings, 12.2 long.
El Kab.
47. Oval tray, cross spout hole, 12.1. El Kab.
48. Oblong tray, cross spout hole, 11.5. El Kab.
49. Horse-shoe tray, cross grooves and offerings,
9.6 W.
50. Horse-shoe tray, grooves only, 9.6 W.
51. Oval tray with two rings and grooves from
them, 17-5 1.
THE WANDERING SOUL 5
52. Circular pan with offerings in it, 10.3 wide.
53. Tray with six small vases on it, 11.6 long.
54. Small altar with spout, pouring into a lower
tub, broken.
55. Tray with offerings more complete, and two
tank grooves, 8.5 wide. The above in case 691-9.
The following on the other side, 681-9 :
56. Slab with two tanks and groove, 8.5 W.
57. Tray of offerings with little shelter, 10.0 W.
58. Tray of offerings with shelter, and stand for
four water jars, 11.0 W.
59. House with shelter broken, and steps to roof,
two water jars, 11.0 W.
60. House with shelter broken, holes round tank
for roof, 9.5 W.
61. House ornamented with discs, two tanks,
9'5 W*
62. House with offerings, 11.0 W.
63. House with high chair in shelter, 12.0 W.
64. Tray with complex shelter, 14.0 W. El Kab.
Parts of houses,
65, with water jar stand.
66, 67, with couch (2).
68, with ribbed wall.
69, with couch, headrest, and seated figure.
70, with woman grinding corn.
71, with matting roof.
72, with granary.
73, with crenellated wall.
74, with stringcourses over windows and door (3).
75-77, with various offerings (3).
The placing of a lighted lamp upon the grave is
frequently done now, the shelters for the light being
made of mud, and placed about the grave, see
Qumeh, liii. Such shelters for lamps are usual in the
Roman age, and there are here, in the Lamp series,
four such shrines of pottery, with small lamps fitting
them. These seem to be of the same idea and
system as the soul house, to give help to the soul on
coming out to wander. The modem Egyptians and
also the Jews provide a light for some weeks after
a burial.
13. The great expansion of provision for the soul,
passing in and out of the grave, was in the ivth-vth
dynasties, with the statues, which are known t o
represent the soul coming forth from the tomb, see
tomb of Mera and tomb of Nefer-seshem-ptah
(Capart, Rue de Tombeaux). A few portions of
statues are here, as :
78. Feet and base, 9.3 W., of " Royal acquaint-
ance, chief of priests, (Ra) ka-men-(a)."
79. Feet and base, 6.5 W., of " Ra-ka-men-a."
There seems no doubt that the name of the first
should be completed as the second, as the breaks in
the stone allow of the two signs being lost. Reign
of Sneferu, iiird dynasty (El Kab XVIII, 55, p. 3).
Both of limestone.
80. Foot on base of a " uab priest Sneferu . . m."
Saqqareh. Limestone.
81. Wooden base of a figure of Emsaht, incised
" Ha-prince, royal seal bearer, princely companion,
kher-heb of the divine offerings, Emsaht." From
his tomb, Asyut, xth-xiith dynasty, 9.8 long.
Many other parts of figures are in the Minor
Inscriptions.
82. Wooden base of small statuette, 3.3 X r.2,
painted blue, with an altar in low relief before the
figure, having two wells for offerings, and two
channels. Ink writing " Devoted to " ; remainder
apparently not filled in. This proves that small
wooden figures, only 3 or 4 inches high, were re-
garded as dwellings of the deceased, to receive the
offerings, as much as the life-size limestone statues.
The whole subject of the ushabti figures, derived
from the statues and changed t o servants, is a
volume by itself, Shabtis, with 45 plates. To include
much here would have broken up the connected
view of the funerary system.
14. The commonest of all inscribed monuments
in Egypt are the funeral steles with the figures of the
deceased receiving offerings, and inscriptions to
ensure the perpetual supply to him from the gods.
The stele, as shown by Maspero, is the door leading
to the burial below ; it is therefore expressly for the
benefit of the wandering soul. The series of over
70 steles in University College will be catalogued
under SCULPTURES. The scenes upon the walls of
the tomb chapels are expressly stated to be sculp-
tured that the deceased should behold all the things,
and so enjoy them. They are on the same principle
as the models of food, for the perpetual benefit of
the wandering soul. The whole of this vast ceme-
tery system belongs to this theory of the soul, and
it would be inconsistent with any of the other three
views.
The meaning of the chapel is emphasized by the
provision of a narrow channel from the tomb below
up to the chapel, in order to enable the soul to pass.
In an early mastaba at Saqqareh, Mr. Quibell found
long flues made from the grave up to the chambers
of offerings : at Deshasheh, p. g, a tube cut in the rock
led from the burial shaft to the chapel ; at Tavkhun
6 THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
(ii, 5) reeds were placed in the corners of graves to
allow the soul to pass in and out.
15. Lastly, the use of amulets of similars, the
various members of the body, the claws of animals,
the flourishing green papyrus stem, involve the
simplest idea of gaining help and influence from
magical means, also the amulets of powers, repre-
senting ability and authority, appear to be such as
are most likely to have been associated with the
earliest stage of beliefs about the future. Nearly
all of the features which have been here noticed, are
parallel to modern African customs (see Ancient
Egypt, 1914, pp. 115, 159)~ and this strengthens the
view that they belong together, and are the ab-
original system of Egypt, before other races came
in from north, west and east.
Such are the various means provided in different
ages to help the wandering soul. " It went forth
by night . . . its organs needed nourishment as
formerly did those of its body, and of itself it pos-
sessed nothing but hunger for food, thirst for drink ;
want and misery drove it from its retreat, and flung
it back among the living. I t prowled like a mar-
auder about fields and villages, picking up and
greedily devouring whatever it might find on the
ground" (Maspero, Dawn, p. 114). To save the
wandering soul from such misery it was provided
with food, or the more permanent images of food,
with a statue to inhabit, with a sculptured estate
to behold and enjoy ; or failing such comfort, it
had a humble house provided with furniture and
housemaid, with the door opening on to the grave
close at hand ; and its powers of life were protected,
or produced, by similar amulets placed with it.
All this was a gradual growth ; but i t was not
hindered by other entirely different beliefs alongside.
The Egyptian could go on developing quite in-
compatible ideas without any interference one with
another ; just as the driver of a motor or aeroplane
now will continue to develop the lowest fetishism
of amulets in "mascots." Humanity is never con-
sistent, or it would be mere mechanism.
CHAPTER I11
THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
16. THE savage beliefs in an unsheltered and
wandering existence for the soul, were overlaid by
the new ideas which came in with the Badarian
civilisation. In these i t seems that we should class
together :
Section .
Future bodily existence, enjoying all
things as on earth , 17
The weighing of the soul.
83-184. Life in the Fields of Peace and Reeds.
rg
Osiris the god of agriculture
and vegetation . . 20
185-186. Corn sprouting, as sympathetic
magic.
187-192. Dismemberment . . 21
Earthly existence, models :-
193-202. Wife . . 22
203-207, Clothing, sandals, collars, beads , 23
208-210. Slate palette, kohl pot, hairpins,
comb, mirror, fan . 24
21 1. Head-rest, furniture, writing palette,
games, music . . 25,26
212-217. Throwstick, flail, mace, dagger . 27
218-232. Tools . a . 28
233-238. Servants, ushabtis 29
Granary . 30
239-256. Animals
Dolls and toys . 31
257-259. Amulets of property and sceptres . 32
17. The kingdom of Osiris is described in the
Book of the Dead, with place names and geography
copied from the Caucasus (Anc. Eg., 1926, p. 41).
What hesitation may have been felt about this is
removed when we see the evidence of four later
conquests coming from the Caucasus, in the viith,
xvth, xxiind dynasties, and lastly under Salah-ed-
din (Ancient Gaza, ii, p. 16) see sect. 2 here. Isis
says " I made with my brother Osiris an end to the
eating of men," on a stele in Deissmann, Light from
the Ancient East, p. 140. Such was the revolution
made by the Osiris worshippers.
18. The traditions still preserved till late times,
describing Osiris as the corn god, evidently refer to
the Badarian period when corn was introduced.
The functions of Osiris were the converting of the
Egyptians from cannibalism, by bringing in agri-
culture, the hoe and the plough, corn and the wine,
and bread making ; with permanent marriage, and
the worship of gods, due to the same movement.
The idea of the future life, in this connection with
Osiris, is that of a perfected existence like that on
earth. The soul had first to be accepted by Osiris,
and further a declaration of innocence was made
THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS 7
(Social Life in Anc. Eg., p. 66), the heart was weighed half a dozen up to 400, and they were inscribed as
by Anubis, and the result recorded by Thoth. The serfs to work for the dead whenever he was called
heart needed to be heavy enough to balance the on to do work by Osiris. The differences of rank
emblem of Truth (Book of the Dead, end of chapter i; and ability, therefore, which belong to the scenes
and L. Todt., pl. 1) ; thus evil was not regarded as of the wandering soul and its estates, had no place
positive-to weigh down the heart-but as a nega- in the kingdom of Osiris ; it was only long after,
tive defect of omission. If the heart weighed light, when foreign ideas changed Egypt, that the deputing
the monster hippopotamus with a crocodile head was of labour to inferiors first appears.
waiting, presumably to devour the person ; or in The description of the Fields of Adu states that
other examples there is the figure of a pig being the glorified ones reap corn g cubits high, the barley
driven away from the judgement, presumably a had stalks of 7 cubits, of which 3 was the ear, the
transformation of the evil person (W.. M. and C. wheat was 5 cubits, of which 2 was the ear. This
iii, p. 467 ; Sarcophagus of Sety I). fertility is still seen on the Iora, with maize 7 to 10
19. Once accepted by Osiris, the person passed f t . high. The wall round the region was of iron ;
into a blessed state. He went to the Fields of Peace, this was doubtless settled by the occurrence of
Sekhet Hetep, among which was the Field of Reeds, meteoric iron, from which the name arose " metal
Sekhet A&YU (the Iora of the Caucasus) or Adu, of heaven " for iron. The meteors were therefore
often written Atinru (nr = 1). The chapter cxxv fragments of the wall of the heavenly region. The
of the Book of the Dead, the illustrations of which last representation of the dead reaping in Aau is
give the scenes of life in this future, refers to the engraved on haematite, of about the iind century
Fields of Peace as a final stage at the head waters A.D. (Objects of Daily Life, xi, 8a).
of the blessed river Iora. There is curiously no The portions of the Book of the Dead in the
mention of Osiris in the long text, which refers to collection are :
Horus and Set ; it is therefore needful to look at 83-181. Inscribed on linen, hieratic, with vig-
the passages which connect Osiris with the Fields. nettes, chapters, or parts, I (4 copies), IS, 16, 17 (5).
In chap. i, which is addressed to Osiris, in the rubric
18 (3), 26, 28 (z), 30, 43, 4.4. 45 (2), 47, 50, 81, 91,
the dead is promised that " his name shall be among
92, 93, 125, 127, 128 (2), rzg, 130, 134, 145 (3),
the fields in Sekhet ABnru " (L. Todt., p. 122). In 148 (z), 149 (3), 157, 158, 159, 161, 162. Saqqareh,
chap. lxii, the " opening of the cool great place of 145 gates 12-16 (Edwards).
Osiris " is named, and the dead will " go round about 182. Painted on linen, one piece, parts of chaps.
the lakes in Sekhet Agru, and then arrive in Sekhet 81, 84, 87, 126. Rifeh.
Hetep." In xcix, the dead says, " Let me come to 183. Papyrus, parts of a finely written text,
see my father Osiris . . . and come forth in all like Ani, chaps. 6, 38, 50, 64, 109, 113, 125, 126,
forms in Sekhet ABru." In the scenes of Sekhet 131, 136, 151. Rifeh. Part of chap. 42 with very
Hetep, in chap. cx, there is on a canal the boat of delicately painted figures of gods (in Writing
(Osiris) Unnefer. In chaps. cxlv-vi, there are named section),
" the pylons of Sekhet AQnre in the dwelling of 184. Papyrus, chaps. 163, 164, 182, on the back
Osiris." There seems no question, from these pas- a diagram of a shrine (Edwards) for Peduasar, son
sages, that the blessed Fields were expressly the of Nekht-ne-uast.
domain of Osiris ; and the dead is promised that he zo. Osiris as the founder of the civilisation and
shall " make his appearance as a follower of Osiris," of agriculture naturally became a corn god, and is
after the judgment (cxxv, rubric). represented lying mummified amidst the vegetation
In the text of chap. cx there is no mention of any at Philae (Ros. Cult. xxiii ; Hawara, ii). Figures
servants or helpers, the dead person whatever his of Osiris containing corn were buried, also " Osiris
rank on earth was to do everything for himself. beds ID of sprouting corn (Davis, T., Tomb of Iouiya,
The illustrations agree with this, down to late times. p. 45). There is here a mud figure of Osiris, wrapped
The shabti figures buried in the tomb were only in linen, and buried in a mud mummy case, g ins.
single figures, representing the dead person, to act long. Pans of grain sprouted were also buried by
for him in case of the destruction of his body. After the entrances of tombs ; there are here :
the Asiatic influences of the xviiith dynasty, a fresh 185, pan-full of mud with sprouted corn, 64 wide,
belief crept in ; the figures were multiplied, from Thebes.
8 THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
186, earth with growing wheat, from a box beside
the entrance to the pyramid of Lahun, Senusert 11.
These pans of wheat were apparently amulets of
similars, to promote the revivification of the dead,
-regarded as being one with the corn-god Osiris.
On the various connections of Osiris with vegetation
see Murray, Osireion, pp. 27-29.
21. One of the greatest features of the Osiris myth
is his dismemberment and reconstruction. This
must be taken in connection with the dismember-
ment often found on the actual body, and the
reconstruction sometimes found, and also described
in the Pyramid Texts. The instances of the dis-
memberment are stated in Naqada, pp. 30-32 ;
other graves in Diospolis, pp. 32-36, see nos. B. 17,
24, 37, 102 ; H. 16, 36, 76 ; R. 111 ; U. 96, 261 ;
other graves in Labyrinth and Gerzeh, pp. 8-11 ;
the iiird dynasty nobles unfleshed, in Meydum, pp.
13-19 ; other graves in Deshasheh, pp. 20-24. The
account of reconstruction of the bones in the
Pyramid Texts has been fully collected in Labyrinth,
pp. 11-15, by Wainwright. I t is useless to restate
the dozens of instances of dismemberment which
cannot possibly be explained on any other hypo-
thesis ; they are incontestable, and are amply
supplemented by the written evidence. There are
here examples of parts of mummies wrapped up.
187. Shin bone with splint bone
placed in front.
188. Foot with ankle bones mis-
placed.
189. Two shin bones wrapped up
together, all showing un-
fleshing and separation of
bones.
Deshasheh
vth-vith dyn.
One of the most usual mutilations was the removal
of the head, not merely an attack by a plunderer,
but the burying of other objects in the place of the
head, and the subsequent placing of the head in
some special position, as upon a pile of stones.
This cannot be separated from the present West
African custom of removing the head, and keeping
it as an object of family adoration, placing it amid
all the ceremonies and interests of family life (Anc.
Eg., 1914, p. 117). The head being thus removed,
it was very important to provide that if it were not
restored to the body there should be a duplicate
head for the soul of the dead (see Shubtis, pp. I, 2).
Hence stone heads were placed in the grave. They
are not found in the prehistoric age, but appear in
the ivth dynasty ; there is here !
190. Stone head, 10.2 high, ivth dynasty. For
others found by Dr. Reisner, see Museum of Fine
Arts Bulletin, Boston, April 1915, and Anc. Eg.,
1916, 48.
The question now is, in what period this custom
of dismemberment arose ? It is not found in the
Badarian rehistoric age, the Osirian civilisation,
but it appears in the Amratian. The division of
the body of Osiris being represented as being made
by Set, an enemy, suggests that it belongs to the
introduction of Set worship. I t was a usual custom
in Neolithic times in Europe, and it seems to have
entered Egypt with the Amratian invaders from
Libya, and continued until it died out in the vith
dynasty (see Deshasheh, pp. 20-24).
Perhaps part of the attention paid to the head is
shown by the gold plates embossed, placed over the
eyes, and specially the tongue. Here there are :
Pair of eye plates (Amzllets).
191-2. Five tongue plates (3 in Amulets). For
others, see Labyrinth, xxxvi.
22. For the renewed bodily life in the future there
were many objects placed in the tombs ; these are
much more detailed than could be required by the
wandering soul, and they seem therefore to be
placed for the benefit of the life in Aiilu.
Wife jgzlres.-There are several classes of nude
female figures which need to be distinguished.
(I) Female statuette along with master (Sedment, xi).
(2) The funereal offerings of figures on couches,
beginning in the xviiith dynasty, and continuing on
till they become degraded figures found in Greek and
Roman town sites. (3) The religious figures, some
excessively rough, holding the breasts, and attri-
buted to Ishtar and Ninlil-when found in Baby-
lonia. Later there are terra-cotta figures of a
woman, nude, in a shrine with offerings and a child,
or Roman figures with palm trees, or figures of Bes ;
also figures of the Aphrodite type in a shrine, and
variants of these down to the most pan-demic.
(4) The doll figures ; cut short at the knees, in lime-
stone, and in blue glaze, of the xiith dynasty ; these
might be thought t o be wife figures, but a large
figure in wood of this type was found with the burial
of a girl and her toys, settling that these are dolls.
Other doll figures are of pottery very roughly
made, sometimes with a child on the back. All of
these are catalogued in Objects of Daily Use, li-lv,
Labyrinth, xxx.
THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
9
The earliest of the wife figures are of the late
xviith or early xviiith dynasty, see Qurneh, xxxi.
These are made as separate figures to lay on a
pottery couch. There are here :
193. Double couch, with lines of cross threading,
a symbol incised at foot end, two pillows at head
end, one broken away, four legs ; 5.2 long. Female
figure, arms bound, 4.4 long, not found with couch.
(Ant. Egb, 1917, p. 77.)
194. Double couch, on four legs, with two pillows,
partly broken, 6b5 long. Qurneh. Female figure,
with left arm across chest, 5.2 long ; not found
together.
195. Another such figure, 4.2 long.
The following where marked with an asterisk * are
not placed in the collection with funerary objects, but
are classed with statuettes, under Sculpture.
* Figure on couch, painted, slab without feet, 9.0
long, 4-6 1. Gurob, with an infant and branches 5.7 1.
Gurob. Upper half of a figure of fine work with cone
on head, couch on short legs. All the above, xviiith
dynasty.
196. xixth dyn. Figure, on couch, with block
foot each end, rough. 4.4 long.
197. Figure on a slab, mud. Riqqeh, 8.7 long.
198. Figure sideways on slab of pottery, slight
foot ridge, 4.7 1.
* Figure sideways, with infant, on limestone slab,
4'9 1.
* Figure sideways, with infant, pottery slab, 5.2 1.
* Head of another, Gurob.
* Figure, plain, relief, 4.2 1.
Mud figure in the round, Gerzeh, 8.0 long.
* xxth dyn. (?). Figure in the round, lying on
couch with four legs, and headrest, child at feet,
6.8 1.
xxvith dynasty. Figures on couch raised at side.
* On couch on four legs, child at head, painting
rosettes and zig-zag, limestone, 6-3 1.
* On couch, very rough, limestone, 3.3 1.
199. On couch, child at feet, limestone with red
painting, 5.5 1. (See Naukratis I , xix.)
200. On flat couch, with pillow, limestone,
Memphis, 3.2 1.
201. Head of similar, but larger, figure.
202. Flat slab with figure in recess, limestone,
4 9 1. ; another 4.0 1,
Those with * are placed with statuettes.
23. Boxes are often placed in tombs, to contain
clothing, food, and toilet objects.
203. Box with sliding lid, 7.0 X 5.3 X 2.8, of
2
hard wood, containing nuts and dum fruit, xiith
dyn. (?)
204. Box with sliding lid, 5-1 X 3.4 X 2.0,
painted to imitate ebony inlay. Burial of SQt-
rannut, Hawara, xiith dyn.
Clothing.-The earliest burials of the prehistoric
time are covered by goat skins, which were probably
the dress, see Naqada 29,1563, S.D. 32, and Diospolis,
p. 34, S.D. 30. Woven linen is found soon after,
but was only used over the body, and not as a
separate offering. A large quantity of plain linen
was thrown out of a ist dynasty mastaba (Tarkhan
11, p. 6). The fullest account of made up clothing
offerings is of the vth-vith dynasties, when white
dresses, folded up, were placed by the side of the
body (Deshasheh, pp. 16, 31, 32). Of about the
same period are large plain wrappers and lengths of
linen in coffins at Tarkhan (Heliopolis, etc., pp. 12-
19).
In later times spare clothing was not usually
buried.
Model sandals were buried in the early prehistoric
age, S.D. 32 ; see a pair in ivory (Diospolis, X, 19).
Pairs of wooden models are of the vth or vith
dynasty (Deshasheh, xxxiv, Heliop., xiv). Models in
wood also occur in large burials of the xith-xiiith
dynasties-see Garstang, Burial Customs, pp. 63,
88, 110. Actual sandals of palm leaf or fibre are
catalogued in Objects of Daily Use, 12 of papyrus,
4 of coiled fibre, 4 of leather, 2 of cork, also 5 shoes
of leather ; 3 of the xixth dynasty, the rest Roman.
Also a coiled fibre sandal is with a group (in Roman
Portraits, xvi). The only distinctly funeral model
here is :
205. Pair of sheet bronze sandals, with punched
ribbing ; probably late.
206. The tie and flap of the girdle carved in wood,
4.6 W., 7.2 l., was on the body of mastaba 17,
Meydum, iiird dynasty.
Collars of beads, with falcon-head ends, were
usual in good burials of the xiith dynasty (Burial
Customs, p. 112). A painting of a large collar is
here on a cartonnage of the vith dynasty. See
below under Cartonnage, sect, 45.
207. Green glazed falcon head of a collar, 3-2
wide ; Harageh.
Beads of necklaces are the commonest objects
with burials. As an example of the variety found
together, see the group of Scit-rannut.
24. Toilet objects.-The slate palettes for grinding
malachite, to paint under the eye, are found from
I0 THE KINGDOM OF OSfRIS
the Badarian through the whole prehistoric age, personal use, and not for fanning a fire. There
and down to the middle of the ist dynasty, S.D. 81 are here :
(Tarkhan I). They are catalogued in Prehistoric 209. Solid model fan, copper, tomb of Mena,
Egypt, xliii, xliv. Dendereh, vith dyn., 5.3 wide.
The kohl pot was the successor of the palette. 210. Openwork fan, copper, Diospolis, D. 7, vith
In the Old Kingdom, small vases of green or blue dyn., 4.4 wide.
glaze were used, see Glazes. Little alabaster vases Trays for sandals are of the ist dyn., see Tarkhan
of the same form were used in the ixth-xith dynasties I , xi, xii.
(Dios., xxviii). In the xiith dynasty these became 25. Furnitu~e.-The burial of couches with the
the regular kohl pot, with narrow neck, wide flat dead was usual in the late prehistoric and ist dynasty
brim, and flat lid on it to keep out the dust. The tombs ; the most complete examples are in Tarkhan
forms became clumsyand uglyin the xviiith dynasty, I, viii, ix. There are here two side poles of such a
down to Tahutmes 111, when Asiatic influences couch ; also four lion-head legs of Roman couches,
brought in the tube form (note Keren-ha-puk, in Daily Use, xl, 11, 12. For couches of the iiird
"horn of antimony," Job's daughter). For all these, dynasty, see Tomb of Hesy, xviii-xx. A funeral
see the Catalogues of Stolze Vases, xxx, xxxi, and of model is :
Daily Use, xxii. After the xxth dynasty, the use 211. Couch model, frame work, from grave of
of kohl seems to have vanished, and no provision of Siit-rannut, 19.4 long, xiith dyn. Labyr. xxx, 35-6.
it is found in the tombs until, in Coptic times, it The finest examples of furniture are those of the
occurs in wooden tubes, which are turned and tomb of Iouiya.
painted. Headrests. The earliest dated are the figures in
Mirrors begin to appear in graves of the vith The Tomb of Hesy, xiv, of the beginning of the iiird
dynasty, and they abound in the xiith and xviiith, dynasty. On the early types see Helio#olis, 20,
and are usually painted on the sarcophagus. One xviii. The double pillar type gave way to the single
here, 208, is from the tomb of Emsaht at Asyut, in pillar in the ivth dynasty. The single block be-
a group of ixth dyn. For the forms, see Objects of longs to the vth and vith dynasties. The head-
Daily Use, xxiv-xxix. Afterwards the Egyptian piece supported on six sticks is of the xth or xith.
ovoid form disappears, and the Greek and Roman A very massive well-cut single block was made in the
circular mirror is general. xith and xiith. This was fined away and some-
Combs are usual in the earlier prehistoric age, times inscribed in the xviiith and xixth. After the
with animal figures on the top, and long teeth Ramessides there are no wooden head rests known,
for fastening up hair. In the later age they were and the stone head rests of later times are never
merely short scratch-combs. They are rare and found in tombs. See catalogue of Daily Use,
small in the ist dynasty, of ivory ; are also rare in xxx-xxxii.
the xiith dynasty, of wood, and are never among Walking sticks are often found in tombs of all
objects painted on the sarcophagi. In the xviiith ages. See Daily Use, 47.
dynasty, combs were often buried, but after that Writing palette. The earliest found in a tomb is
there is an entire gap till Roman, Coptic, and of the middle of the ist dynasty (Gizeh and Rifeh, iii).
Arabic combs of wood, which are common. These The two pans, for red and black ink, were carried in
are in Daily Use, xx, xxi. this form in the iiird dynasty (Hesy panels), but by
Hairpins (see Daily Use, xix) are found all through the ivth dynasty the long wooden case for the reeds
the prehistoric age, with carved heads. They are had the two saucers cut at the end of it, in the
rare and shapeless in the ist dynasty ; there are form which lasted till late times, probably Roman.
some in the xiith tombs, they are much more The examples of palettes here are in Daily Use,
usual in the xviiith-xixth dynasties, and after lvi-lix.
that vanish till the great mass of them in Roman 26. Games have been discussed in the catalogue,
times. For hairpins and comb in position on a Daily Use, xlvii-xlix. Various gaming pieces belong
prehistoric head, see Dios#olis vi. None are shown to prehistoric times ; the boards and pieces are
on sarcophagus paintings. figured in the Tomb of Hesy ; the deceased in the
Fans are rare ; they are figured on sarcophagi Book of the Dead, chap. xvii, is represented playing
along with the mirror, showing that they were for draughts (Any, and Trin. Coll. Dublin) ; draught
THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS I I
boards, of 3 X 10 squares, have often been found in
tombs ; and in the Ptolemaic tale of Setna the dead
in the tomb is said to play a board-game with the
living.
Musical instruments were also provided, see Daily
Use, 1. Reed pipes are found buried in tombs
(Illahun, xxvii ; Leyden, Cat. 11, ccxliii ; Burial
Customs, pp. 154, 155) ; a pottery model of a
citharist was found in a grave (Hyksos Cities,
xxxvii B). There are here models of a citharist, a
lyrist, and a piper and drummer, which were
probably for funereal figures ; also part of a lute,
and Roman pan-pipes, from tombs.
27. Weapons, see Tools and Weapons.-From the
earliest time, the dead was provided with weapons ;
the disc mace in the Amratian civilisation, followed
by the pear mace, Gerzean, being the most usual.
Practically all known kinds of Egyptian weapons
have been placed in tombs for the use of the dead.
The funeral models here are :-
Red pottery, 4 forked lances and dagger ; 4 painted
wood daggers, in Prehistoric Egypt, xxviii.
2 12. Limestone mace head, with cross binding
painted. Hawara, xiith dyn., 2-3 high.
213. Parts of painted limestone model flail,
found with previous (Labyrinth, 36, xxxi).
214. Alabaster model of a mace head, 1.0 high.
215. Ceremonial flail of green glaze and carne-
lian. Harageh 49, xiith dyn., 7.0 long.
Set of 6 model copper daggers, 3-3-4.4 long.
Painted wood model dagger, Illahun, 12.1 long, xiith
dynasty. These daggers are in Tools catalogue.
216. Wooden model of a dagger with handle, 10.3
long. Presented by Mr. S. Bruzaud.
Throwstick, from a tomb, Lahun, 37.0 long.
With 4 others in Tools, xliii, lxix.
Bow and arrows. Red and white prehistoric, black
banded prehistoric ; 3 plain wood, and reed arrows,
historic (in Tools, lxix).
217. Wooden model of ped aha, " the upright
bow," in a case. Kahun, xiith dyn., 7.6 1.
28. Tools.-A great variety of tools are found in
graves ; of the prehistoric age are harpoons, model
flint knives and long arrow heads of flint, chisels,
adzes, and axes of copper (see Prehistoric cata-
logue). Of historic times are chisels, adzes, axes,
cutting-out knives, borers, prick points, tweezers,
and hair curlers of copper and bronze (see Tools and
Daily Use catalogues). The models made for funereal
purposes are :-
.218. Copper axes, 1.7 wide, Meydurn 17, iiird dyn.
219-20. Copper axe, 2.7 long ; adze, 2.6 long ;
tomb of Mena, Dendereh, vith dyn.
221. Copper hoe, with cross tie, 3.8 long. Edwards
42011.
From tomb of Emsaht, Asyut, ixth-xith dyn., as
follows :-
222-3. Two model copper axes, in handles, 13.5 l.
224-6. Three model copper chisels, in handles,
5-5 to 6.0 1.
227. Wooden mallet, pear-shaped, 4.1 1.
228-31. Four wooden adze handles, 6.8 to 8.2
long.
232. Piece of box painted with black chequers.
I
Set of copper, 2 adzes, 2.8 1 ; small adze, 1.8 ;
cutter, 1.7 ; chisels, 1.6, 1.8 ; axe, 1.6.
Set of copper, chisel, 1.8 1. ; adze, 1.3 ; axes, .7
long.
Axe with open socket, .g long, Greek (?)
, Broad axe, open socket, 2.3 long, Roman.
Those in bracket are catalogued in Tools, from
unknown sources. For a set of the vth dynasty, see
Ne-user-ra, p. 115.
29. Servants.-Figures of servants are often found
from the vth to the xiith dynasties, engaged in
domestic work or agriculture. Whether these are
to be regarded as equivalent to the wall sculptures
may be questioned. In the vith dynasty the figures
of domestics, and of the boats for ascending and
descending the Nile, are painted on a board in one
tomb, and sculptured on the walls in another tomb
(Deshasheh). So the equivalence with the painted
wooden figures seems probable. Yet it would seem
incongruous for a staff of servants to be supplied to
the wandering soul, though the beholding of his
estates might be thought applicable. The two
beliefs are so remote before the Old Kingdom that
we cannot expect t o find clear bounds to the different
ideas. The figures of servants will be catalogued
under Statuettes ; they are :-
Woman carrying square basket, 13.5 high.
Woman standing, 140 high.
Girl, with forehead shaved up to vertex, 8.3 h,
Man, carrying square basket, 9.9 h.
Seated men, 6.5, 5.3, 4.9 high.
The ushabtis, which were at first a continuance of
the personal statue, became assimilated to servants
in the end of the xviiith dynasty, and at last frankly
serf figures. This class, and the history of the
formula, are given in the catalogue of Shabtis. We
may note in the Funerary section here :
233. Collar or pectoral of 50 glazed pottery
12 THE KINGDOM OF OSIRIS
ushabti figures, about as many long beads, and
more ball beads, red, blue and purple, with glass
ring of Ramessu 11, heart scarab (nameless), canopic
Osiris of steatite, and of purple and green glaze,
steatite amulet of Tehuti and Anubis (?) seated, etc.,
a group, from Gurob, xixth dyn., ushabtis, 1.6 high.
Lids of ushabti boxes, curve-topped, wood painted,
for :
234. Kho-U-uast, 5.2 X 3.2.
235. Singer of the table of Amen, Bak-ne-urnure,
4'9 X 3.7-
236. Scribe of the neb-taui, Mure, 5.1 X 3-5.
237. Nesament, 4.1 X 3.5.
238. Square, flat, with okhm falcon on top,
demotic inscription, 6.1 X 5.2. Similar falcon, 4.6
long. See Shabtis, 13.
30. Granaries are sometimes found, with figures of
servants bread making (see Sedment, xi, xx, xxvi).
Wooden figures of animals belong to the same
system. They are not food offerings, as they are
represented as living.
239. Piebald cow, very rough, 13 long.
240. Black and white ibis, 10.1 long. Tomb of
Emsaht, ixth-xith dyn.
241. Duck, blue and white feathers, 5.3 long,
Emsaht .
242. Two geese, ibis, hoopoe, and lamb, with
Scsclpture.
From tombs at ~e ' l l el Amarna, xviiith dyn. :
243. Ibis, 4.0 long, headless.
244. Ibis head, 4.5 long.
245-7. Ibis bodies, 4-3, 3.3, 3.0 long.
248. Duck (?), 5.0 long.
249. Bird on peg, painted, 4.0 long.
250-1. Crocodiles, 12.0 long, very rough, 6.0 long.
252-6. Five fish, 7-5 to 5.0 long.
31. Dolls and toys.-It is difficult t o distinguish,
in the prehistoric age, between figures that were for
children and figures used for religious or magical
purposes. Not till the xiith dynasty do we find a
separate class of toys distinctly for children. The
most conclusive class is made in mud, by the children
themselves (Daily Use, liii) ; these figures are
entirely for the living, not for burial, but among
them is a model sarcophagus and mummy. Pottery
dolls with bushy wigs are sometimes found in graves ;
there are ro here, besides 12 fragments. The dolls,
cut off at the knees, are proved to be such by that
in the burial of the girl Sat-hathor ; there are two
perfect ones of blue glaze (in Sculpture) and two
broken, from Kahun (in Daily Use, see Toys). The
same type is found in limestone, of which there are
three here and a bust (Toys). Wood dolls are of
two types, those in the round, 3 of which are here,
and those cut in flat board and painted, 4 here.
Rag dolls were made very rudely, two are here,
and see Burial Customs, pp. 152-3. All of these
are of the xiith dynasty, and catalogued in Daily
Use, li-lv. In Coptic times bone dolls are frequent,
7 here.
Complete sets of dolls and toys here are of Sat-
rannut, xiith dynasty, and two of Roman age, see
Hawara, xix, xx. A fine group is in Roman Portraits,
xiv.
Balls of leather made in gores are mainly of the
xviiith dynasty, 3 are here.
All of these toys are in the Catalogue of Games
and Toys (Daily Use, li-lv).
32. The Amulets which agree with the Osirian
future of the person are those representing property ;
also the charm cases, cylinders of metal, to contain
a roll of papyrus. Beside these, all in the catalogue
of Amulets, there are :-
Uas sceptre, hard brown wood, 32.9 l., Lahun.
Head belonged t o another uas. Stems of two
sceptres, 34, 39 l., broken, Lahun.
257. Uas sceptre, head partly gone, 20-7 1.
Meydum, Mast. 17, iiird dyn.
258. Kherp sceptre, 30.7 l., head 9.0 long ; same
tomb ; has been longer at handle end.
259. Kherp sceptre, 20.5 l., but handle substituted;
head 7.2 l., or 5.6 flat blade, painted yellow blade,
with blue outline, red and blue calyx. Asyut,
Tomb of Emsaht, ixth-xiith dyn.
CHAPTER IV
LIFE WITH RA
33. The Heliopolitan worship of Ra was far older
than its revival in the vth dynasty. The sacred
emblems kept in the temple at Heliopolis were the
heq sceptre and the flail, the emblems.of the prin-
cipality in some remote age. Ra pervades the Book
of the Dead and the Pyramid texts evidently long
before the Pyramid period. At the same time this
worship is an accretion on the Osiris system, and
hence it must be after the Badarian civilisation.
The tokens of the belief in the dead going t o the
boat of Ra, are the provision of boats and equipment
to enable the dead to join Ra. These are :
LIFE U
Number of
Object. Section.
260-320. Boats of pottery or wood . 33, 34
Paintings of boats.
321-3. Pyramidion of R& 35
Amulets of the R2 boat, and of
animals . . 36
In the Book of the Dead, chapters 133, 134, I43
are for acquiring power with Ra ; chapter g9 for
the knowledge of the boat t o follow Ra ; chapters
100-102, 130, of entering the Ra boat ; chapter 136
for being conveyed by the Ra boat. A model boat
was necessary to reach the heavenly Ra boat.
As Ra went through the hours of night, so had the
soul to do who accompanied Ra ; and therefore
these directories were provided, giving the descrip-
tion of the successive gates and the watchwords t o
be used in passing them, which fill chapters 144-146
of the Book of the Dead. Of these chapters there
are here examples of :-
Chapter 134, the boat of Ra, with the g gods and
the bird-soul in the disc ;
Chapter 145, portions of three different books, of
the pylons ;
these are all written on linen.
34. Boats or ships (for forms, see Anc. Eg., 1g33).-
There is one appearance of a ship on the early pre-
historic pottery of the white-lined class (Pre-
historic Egypt, xxiii). After this, in the second
civilisation, figures of ships abound on the pottery,
from S.D. 45 to 63. Are these to be regarded as in
material life, or in future life ? First, there is never
any suggestion of a corpse or a catafalque, or of any
one person prominent ; where there are figures they
are in common action. Second, there is never any
solar or celestial representation about them. Third,
there are distinctly local emblems borne by the
ships as standards ; out of 32 ensigns only four
belong to gods, and there is only one pot known
with the disc of Ra. This proves that the Ra sign
was known, yet it is only casually-as a place sign
-that it once appears connected with the ships.
The conclusion must be that these paintings refer
to common earthly ships, and not to the future
world.
The only prehistoric boats that may have a
spiritual meaning are the models found in graves.
There are plain boat models of S.D. 32, 33, 35, 36,
and a model with painted figures of oarsmen at 52.
Much more distinct are the pottery model boats
ending in a rosette knob at each end, with a seated
figure in them, and occasionally a string-work
canopy over them. These have only been known
through dealers, are therefore undated, and were
suspect ; but the fragile state of the string canopy
proves their antiquity. The boats here are :
Seven of red pottery, polished, ends curved u p
ward, some like a bark canoe ; 3.2 t o 9.3 long.
Brown pottery boat, with string canopy, and
loose figure seated, fitting in it ; 22.3 long, canopy
5.8 long.
Buff and red painted pottery boat, with rib lines,
.end period, 13.0 long.
(The above in Prehistoric Egypt catalogue.)
260. Pottery boat with seated figures at the end,
and a bier with a mummy lying on it ; 9.2 long; by
the brown ware with buff wash over it, this is
evidently of the xith dynasty.
261. Wooden boat 28.5 long, with mast, yards,
sail, oar, 4 seated rowers, 4 sailors standing, and a
captain. The sailors and captain are let into the
deck and plastered ; the rowers (who have no place
in a sailing boat) have been pasted down on the deck,
apparently faking done in the Cairo Museum, where
this was bought.
262. Yard, 27.9 long, finely tapered. Tomb of
Emsaht.
263. Steering post, 14.5 long. Tomb of Emsaht.
264-302. Loose figures of boatmen from :
7
Ehnasya
303-5. Oars, ridge blades, curved tips, 3 from
Beni Hasan, 7.4 long, xiith dyn.
306-14. Oars, flat blades, rude, g from South
tombs Tell el Amama, with them :
315-16. Two tops of steering oars with falcon
heads, and
317. Horizontal bar with falcon head.
318-20. Two mooring pegs and mallet, Beni
Hasan.
It should be noted that the models of boats are
of three classes, those for sailing up the river, those
for rowing down, and the guard boats armed. The
up and down boats are best shown in those from the
tomb of Nekht-onkh, at Manchester, see Gizeh alzd
Rifch, xc. These, with the guard boat, were found
14 LIFE WITH RA
at Beni Hasan, tombs 186 and 585 (Buviat Customs,
pp. 84-5 and 94 with 967). This distinction is seen
also on the painted board (Deshasheh, xxvii) of the
vith dynasty, where the rowing and sailing boats are
going in opposite directions. The presence of steer-
ing and rowing oars in the South tombs at Amarna,
shows that the funeral boat was revived in the Aten
worship, although it does not appear in other tombs
of the xviiith dynasty.
35. The worship of Ra is particularly associated
with the obelisk and its top pyramidion. In the
xvth chapter of the Book of the Dead, which is the
adoration of Ra, there are obelisks on each side
of the way to the pile of offerings, like the two steles
one each side of Sneferu's altar at Meydum (Leps.
Todt., pl. v). In the Leyden Museum are three
pyramidia, each bearing adorations t o Ra (Leyd.,
Mort., 111, pp. 1-4). In the Alnwick collection is a
' pyramidion with adoration of Ra and Osiris. In
this Collection are the following :
32 1. Pyramidion, limestone, 12.6 high, 12.0 wide.
Front, sun on horizon, adkhut. Scarab below,
mainly cut away later in making a recess. Side,
baboon adoring, wearing the uzat. " The devoted
Osirian, Nes-nub-hetep, born of the lady of the
house, Ast-ar-dus, fourfold adoration of the god."
On the other side, baboon similarly, " Fourfold
adoration of the god ; the devoted Osirian Nes-nub-
(-hetep), son of the registered (am as) ka servant,
prophet, Nub-hetep. Nes-hor, born of Ast-ar(-dus)."
Back flaked, traces of " Nub-hetep." Early xxvith
dyn.
322. Pyramidion, limestone, 10.5 high, 11.0 wide.
Front, winged scarab holding the sun disc, shen
below. Sides, Anubis-jackal couchant on shrine,
with flail and collar. Back, sun on horizon, adkhat.
Gurob, xviiith dyn.
323. Pyramidion, curved sides. Disc, held by
arms of the zed sign below it, in a boat ; a baboon
on each side adoring. Gurob, xixth dynasty.
36. The amulets of the Gerzean prehistoric age
are all animal forms ; the baboon, hippopotamus,
bull's head, ram, lion, jackal, claw, crocodile, snake,
ibis, falcon, frog, fly and beetle. Protection by the
sacred animals seems to have been the leading idea
at that time. In the xviiith dynasty are glazed
pottery amulets of Rain his bark adored by baboons
(Amulets, 181 h), also scarabs (Kahun, xxiii, 75 ;
Il l ah~n, xxiii, 88), and in the xxiind dynasty on a
memt, and on openwork finger rings (Ill., xxix,
21-24).
CHAPTER V
THE REVIVED BODY
37. THE scenes of the Book of the Dead in which
the mummy appears are the following. The 1st
chapter of the funeral procession, in which the dead
declares his unity with each of the gods, and appeals
t o those who regulate the house of Osiris to bring
him there, to provide food and drink, and to open
the ways t o him. The mummy itself is only de-
scribed in the clivth chapter, where it is represented
in the tomb chamber ; the appeal to Osiris is made
to preserve the body from all decay, and it concludes,
" I am, I am, I live, I live, I grow, I grow, and when
I shall awake in peace, I shall not be in corruption,
I shall not be destroyed in my bandages. I shall be
free of pestilence, my eye will not be corrupted, my
. . . (?) will not fail, my ear will not be deaf, my
head will not be taken away from my neck, my
tongue will not be removed, my hair will not be cut
off, my eyebrows shall not be shaven off. No
grievous harm shall come upon me, my body is firm,
it shall not be destroyed. I t shall not perish in this
land for ever." This is the main text for showing
the purpose and idea of mummifying. It was ex-
pressly that the dead should in future live, grow, and
awake in peace. The chapter cli calls on Anubis,
Isis, and Nebhat, with the amulets in the wall, to
protect the mummy in the tomb ; and chapter
clxxxii refers t o Thoth repelling all the foes of
Osiris, and therefore of the dead who is Osirified.
38. The provision for the revived body may be
classed as :
Number of
Object.
Funeral procession .
Preparation of mummy .
324-47. Embalming and wrapping
349-66. Cartonnage .
367-9. Portrait .
370-9. Animal mummies .
380-7. Wrappings .
388-92. Neck-band .
393-504. Label .
505-18. Casing of the body .
519-29. Plaster mask
530-64. Mummiform coffin .
565-72. Catafalque .
573-5. Censer
Slabs of outfit.
Section.
39
40
41-4
45
46
47
48
. 49
50
51
52
53
* 54
THE REVIVED BODY 15
Number of
Object. Section.
57681. Hypocephalus . 55
582-6. Pectoral scarab . 56
587. Name . 57
588-619. Sons of Horus . 58
620-53. Viscera jar (canopic) . 59
Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figure 6 0
39. The funeral procession.-This is often repre-
sented in chapter I of papyri of the Book of the
Dead, and sometimes in tombs. The order of the,
procession was fairly constant, as is seen by the
numbers given here, of the order in each of the
principal copies.
The sources of these copies are The papyrzcs of Ani
(Brit. Mus.). The papyrus of Hunefer (Brit. Mus.).
Le papyrzcs de Nebqed, Deveria and Pierret (Louvre).
Tomb of Roy, Rosellini, Mon. Civ., pls. 128-9.
Nes-her-pa-ra, Description de llEgypte, 11, 60.
Auf-
onkh, Lepsius, Todtenbuch. Ast-urt, Aegypt. Mon.
. . . Leyden, T. 16. Nes-nekhtu, A. M. Leyden,
T. I. Pedu-her-pa-ra, Papyri . . . Belmore (Brit.
Mus.) .
The changes which took place in the scenes were
Tomb in desert . .
Stele . . .
Anubisandmummy . .
Mourners .
Opening of the mouth .
Offerings . . . .
Obelisks, a pair .
Priest in panther skin .
Instruments on table. .
Scribe . . . .
Obelisks, a pair. . .
Offering table . .
Cutting up, calf, cow . .
Furniture . . . .
Four standards borne .
Mourners. . . .
Men with furniture and
bouquets . . .
Chair carried by man .
Water carrier . .
Kine and men dragging bier
Priest censing . .
Mummy on bier . .
Men following . .
DraggingtheAnubiscoffer
Dragging a shrine .
Carrying furniture .
Mummyon mat . ,
Mourners . . .
Menservants . .
probably long overdue before they affected the
stereotyped figures. Just as the actual garments in
a tomb of the vth dynasty show that the monu-
mental dress on the early sculptures belonged to a
past age, so the sacred scenes were copied long after
the actual custom had changed. The differences
that we see are therefore post-dated. The papyri
fall into two groups, those of the xviiith-xxth dyn-
asties, and those of the xxiiird ? to Ptolemaic. The
Belmore is probably the last, as it has wide differ-
ences from the others, in the second introduction of
the mummy, and the absence of a sacrifice. The
differences we note here are starred numbers in the
list.
The first change to take place was misunderstand-
ing the kine drawing the funeral bier ; in Any and
Roy they are harnessed, after that the men draw it,
and the kine have no meaning ; in Nes-her-pa-ra the
cow has plumes as a sacred animal, and the standard
bearers come between her and the bier. The
Anubis coffin is carried on men's shoulders, instead
of being dragged, in the tomb of Roy, and this may
be the earliest type.
The changes after the Ramesside age are that the
ceremony of opening of the mouth disappears, and a
purifying priest pours water over the mummy.
The scribe has two tall feathers on his head. The
scene of cutting a leg from a living calf, and present-
ing it as an offering, is altered to having a usual form
of bound and slaughtered cow, from which a leg-
offering is cut, while the previous cow and calf
appear with no connection to the subject. In Pedu-
her-pa-ra the sacrifice has disappeared altogether ;
but that may be due t o the omission of all scenes
before the table of offerings. The four standards,
or eight in Auf-onkh are in the following order, with
those of the ist dynasty.
Jackal
Ibis . 1
11
Hawk . . . 3
Bull . . . - - - -
2
5
4
6
7
-
g
-
-
11
12
14
15
16
18
1 9
-
. - -
It is curious to see the old standards of the ist
dynasty, brought in about the xxiiird to such an
inappropriate place. The kine employed to draw
the bier were separated from it as early as Sety I
3
5
6
7
8
8 1 0 - -
-
1 0 - - -
g
-
-
11
-
12
1 3 - -
13*
14
15
16
-
-
Vulture . .
F l e s h . . .
Double plumes .
Okhem hawk .
2
3
. _ - _ _ -
=3-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6*
7
8
g
-
10
11
2
-
4
-
-
3
5
S - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
.--
7
g
10
1 3 ~ 1 6
-
_ _ - - _ - -
12
14
5 - - -
4
I - -
8 - - -
4
-
4
-
-
. I I I I I I I I -
. - 2 - 2 2 2 2 2 -
3
. 3 4 4 4 , 4 4 - 4 -
p
6
7
8*10
-
10*12
11
13*
-
-
IZ*
I4
15
1 7 - - 1 1 - - - - -
17
18
19
6
7
3
uri
6
7
g
8
-
9 1 1 1 0
I3
I4
-
-
IS*
-
-
16
17
-
18
19
3
fyi
5
7
6
11
12
I3
6 - - - - -
-
-
8 - - - - -
14*
15
16
17
18
-
19
20
3
ng
4 - -
;-
7
8 - -
9 - -
g
-
-
10
-
-
11*
12
13
14
15
-
-
16
17
-
-
-
-
I
2
3
4
-
-
5*
6
7
8
9
-
I0
11
12
16 THE REVIVED BODY
(Hunefer), and in all the five late papyri they are
reduced to a single cow, and sacred emblems added,
showing the ignorqnce of the copyist. That the
whole subject is not simultaneous but successive is
evident from the repetitions of the mummy, held by
Anubis, on the bier, and in the latest time repeated
again between the mourners.
40. The Mzcmmy.-There does not appear to be
any evidence of the preparation of the body in the
prehistoric age. The many well-preserved bodies
of that time are merely dried by the extreme dryness
of the air in Upper Egypt. I have found a dried
body of a young dog in a rock pit, that was quite
perfect ; the animal had simply slipped in, and could
not escape. I have found bodies of men, murdered
a few weeks before and roughly buried, with the
flesh dried hard and dark brown. It is said that a
" mummy " brought by a tourist from Aswan was
identified as the body of an English engineer who
had died there. The only piece of a body of the
first dynasty was the arm of the queen of Zer,
elaborately wrapped in a thick mass of extremely
fine linen. This was delivered by me to the Cairo
Museum, and there thrown away, for it is not cata-
logued and cannot be found. Part of the gold
bracelets found with it was also cut off and destroyed,
in order to mount neatly on a board. The photo-
graph which I took shows the bandage laid close
against the bare bones. This suggests that prob-
ably the body had been treated like that of the great
noble of mastaba 17, Meydum, where each bone had
been unfleshed and cleaned, and then wrapped
separately in cloth (Meydum 15). The body of
Nefermaot had been emptied and filled with pads
of cloth, and the bones were entirely bare in the
wrappings (Meydzcm 18). In the iind dynasty a
body at Saqqareh was salted and elaborately wrapped
up, each limb separately (Brit. Ass. Report, 1912,
p. 612).
The earliest well-preserved mummy that is known
is that of Ranefer, from Meydum, now in the College
of Surgeons. As to its age : it was in the stone
chamber of a large mastaba of the age of Sneferu,
the close of the iiird dynasty ; the only entry t o the
chamber was a long forced creep-hole, out of which
it is very improbable that a mummy could be taken,
or this mummy be introduced ; it has the green
paint round the eyes, known on sculptures of the
iiird dynasty, but not found on sculptures or bodies
of later ages. There is then no doubt as t o its age ;
the name for the tomb is that stated by Mariette,
but the evidence for i t had disappeared by 1892.
The mummy was a shrunken, dried body, covered
with a wrap of linen, then moulded over with resin
to the bulk of the full natural form, and this, lastly,
wrapped in a few turns of the finest gauze.
The eyes and eyebrows were painted in green
malachite on the outer wrapping. For description
of details, see Medzcm, pp. 17, 18 ; Royal Arch. Inst.
Proc., 2 May, 1894, Garson in Brit. Association
Report, 1892.
The mummy found in the pyramid of Mehti-emsaf,
of the vith dynasty, has usually been supposed to be
of that king ; but the mode of embalming, with
stuffing under the skin of the limbs is entirely
unknown before Amenhetep 111, and was not usual
till later ; this is strong evidence that the body is
of a subsequent burial (Elliot Smith, Cairo Sci,
Jour., 1908, p. 205). The bodies of the xiith dynasty
do not seem to show more than drying and salting as
preservatives. The most complete examination
(Murray, Tomb of two brothers, Manchester), shows
that lime, alum, potash, and salt, were all used ;
but the results were so poor, that the bodies readily
break up and fall to dust.
41. The mummies of the early xviiith dynasty are
only roughly embalmed, dried, shrunken, and dis-
torted. An alkaline bath was not used; only
removal of the main viscera, packing with salt for a
time, and then powdering with an aromatic wood
(Cairo Catalogue, Elliot Smith, Royal Mummies).
The body of Aahmes I is the earliest instance of ex-
tracting the brain. The embalming was better
under Tehutmes I, and was scarcely improved on
later. The earlier attitude was with the arms at the
sides, next they were shifted forward till they
touched in front. Folding the arms begins with
Tehutmes 11, whose hands reach the collar-bones.
The arms were folded parallel in Amenhetep 11. In
the Ramessides the fore-arms cross one another on
the chest; in the xxth dynasty the hands were
spread out flat on the shoulders ; by the xxist
dynasty, the old position down the sides was again
adopted. The incision in the left side, for removing
the viscera, was from the hip to the breast before
Tehutmes I11 ; in him, and later bodies, it is along
the groin, but it is variable in the xxist dynasty.
It was covered with a fusiform plate (Roy. Mzcm.,
105) in the xviiith dynasty ; left bare in the xixth
and xxth ; and covered with a square plate embossed
with the zczat eye, in the xxist dynasty. There is
here :
THE REVIVED BODY I7
324, bronze plate with uzat in relief, 4.0 X 3-5,
xxist dyn. ?
also in Amzclets,-
bronze plate, uzat, high relief, 3.9 X 3.2,
silver plate, uzat incised, 2.3 X 1.9,
lead plate, uzd incised, 3.4 X 3.1,
lead plate, wat in cut outline, 5.8 X 2.8.
The use of these plates seems to have ceased
before the xxvith dynasty ; but at that time an
amulet of two fingers is found in connection with the
incision, inside the body, or lying with other amulets
upon the body. The position in the latter case is
almost always over the incision, either at the base
or middle level of the abdomen. It seems then,
that the fingers take the place of the uzat eye plate.
There are here ten examples among Amulets, 3.5 to
1.2 long.
Returning to the preparation of the mummy, in
the xxist dynasty a system of stuffing under the
skin was adopted generally ; it is first found in
Amenhetep 111, where the stuffing was resinous;
the later examples are stuffed with mud, sand, saw-
dust, fat and soda, so as to simulate the natural
form, lost by shrinkage of the muscles and loss of the
fluids. The viscera also were usually replaced in
the body ; yet the canopic jars continued to be made,
and were more elaborately carved than before.
42. In the xxvith dynasty down to Roman times,
a different process was employed ; the viscera were
usually removed, the brain was sometimes removed,
and then the whole body was flooded with super-
heated pitch or resins ; the heat was enough to
drive out remaining water and to carry the pitch
into the structure of the bones. The penetration is
such that it seems as if the body had been soaked in
hot pitch, but the condition of the hair shows that
the pitch was only poured in. Pitch was sometimes
poured over the body in the coffin, as early as the
vth dynasty (Deshasheh, 18). A previous soaking
in salt or natural natron was the first stage ; and the
epidermis thus loosened was removed, rolled up,
and placed inside the body. The use of natural
natron (carbonate, chloride, and sulphate of soda
mixed), is shown by the analysis of Mr. Lucas, from
the xviiith dynasty onward (Cairo Sci. Jour., 1908,
p. 133). In addition t o natron as a bath, or solid,
myrrh was used in the xviiith-xxth dynasties, and
coniferous resin-probably cedar-in most periods,
.together with cedar oil, which saturates the mum-
mies of the ist and iind centuries.
3
In the late Roman and Christian period the treat-
ment of the body ceased, it was dressed in ordinary
day clothes-usually well worn-and buried packed
with salt to preserve it. The skin is tough and
leathery, and the viscera well preserved in place.
On the diseases observed in mummies, see Ruffer in
Cairo Sci. Jour., I~IO, p. 3.
43. The mode of wrapping the body rarely
changed ; for a long time it was singularly constant,
though with small variations. The earliest pre-
historic people only laid a goatskin over the body.
A single garment of linen was usual later. The
first thickly packed wrapping, of many dozens of
turns, is that of the arm of the queen of Zer in the
ist dynasty. The contracted burials of the iind and
iiird dynasties, placed in coffins, are tightly ban-
daged into bundles (Tarkhan I, xxviii). A fine
example of this is in the Bristol museum.
In the end of the iiird dynasty (Meydum) the
re-composed bones were elaborately wrapped and
packed, so as to simulate the living size of the body.
The more or less dissevered bodies were also care-
fully bandaged and wrapped, in the vth and vith
dynasties ; see the X-ray photographs in Deshasheh,
xxxvii.
The whole bodies were also fully bandaged, but only
plain dried, without any embalming (Deshashh,
15).
On comparing the system of bandaging of the
xiith, xxvith, and Roman period (Roman Portraits,
xxi), there are several main points alike throughout.
The limbs are bandaged around ; after a few cloths
there is a great roller bandage from end to end, of
15 to 26 turns ; then a mass of pads ; again a long
winding ; then the forked tie, split into a Y on the
chest, the two upper ends tied behind the neck, and
the lower end often split and tied round the feet:
this is evidently of ceremonial importance. Outside
of this are pads, a long winding, cloths and pad, and
then the main winding of 15 to 49 turns. Three
alternations of padding and winding, and then comes
the great shroud over all, with the ends tucked in.
Sometimes there are long windings outside of that.
For detailed accounts of the cloths used, see the
unwrappings described in Tomb of two Brothers, 54
(xiith) ; Qurneh, 8 (xviith) ; Ann. Serv., 1go7, 166
(xxist) ; Roman Portraits, 16 ; Schafer, Priester-
grdber, 30.
44. The portions of bodies here are :
325. Skull of Anta, the general, vth dyn.,
Deshasheh, xxxvi.
18 THE REVIVED BODY
188. Leg and foot, bones misplaced, and wrapped,
vth dyn., see Deshasheh, xxxvii.
189. Leg with two shins and one splint bone, vth
dyn., see Deshaskh, xxxvii.
-
187. Legwithsplint bone in front of shin,vth dyn.,
Deshasheh.
326. Arm and hand, very slender, long nails,
dried, xiith dyn. ?
327. Hand, blackened, with double scarab bound
on little finger, xxiiird dyn. ? presented by Mrs.
Hamilton-Williams.
328. Similar hand with part of a scarab of xiith
dynasty, fraudulently attached.
329. Leg in true articulation, with smooth cloth
cover stuck over the front, xxiiird dyn. 7
330. Head, female, face gilded, and hair plaited
and coiled at back, Ptolemaic, presented by Miss
Mackintosh.
331. Head, female, skin dried, yellow, pale brown
hair plaited and coiled at back, with four hair pins,
two ivory, tortoiseshell and bronze. Roman. Hawara.
332. Head, female, skin dried yellow, with blue
and white knitted woollen cap drawn down over the
face. Roman. Hawara.
333. Head, male, black, nostrils and eyelids well
preserved. Ptolemaic or Roman.
In all truly Egyptian periods the cloth wrapping
of the mummy was left plain ; but in Roman times
painted cloths were sometimes placed over all.
Some are well executed with a portrait figure
(Hilton Price Catalogwe, p. 8), others coarser (Roman
Portraits, xii) ; and some with a red ground and
gilt figures fairly executed, of the purification,
weighing, and worshipping scenes. Many such
figures are here, 334,335 ; also 336, a red cloth with
a coarse figure of Osiris on the front. Other decora-
tion was by plaster casts affixed, as here :
337-9. Three discs of plaster with bak falcon in
relief.
340-7, Eight small rosettes, flowers, and Bes
figures.
The mummy was in all Egyptian ages entombed
after a period of mourning. But a strange custom
arose in Ptolemaic times, or perhaps not till the
Roman age, of keeping the mummy in the house
standing upright, probably against the wall of the
peristyle court, for many years (Hawara, 15, Rom.
PM., 2). This led to the elaboration of the car-
tonnage which had been a simple covering of the
mummy for burial. That it was not only placed in
a mausoleum is shown by the scribbling of carica-
tures by schoolboys on the outer wrapping (Rom.
Port., xiii) here.
45. Cartonnage is a covering built up of cloth,
plaster, and glue, or later with papyrus in place of
cloth. One of the earliest examples is here (348) ;
the head is lost, but the chest piece shows the collar
of five rows of cylinder beads, and a row of pendants ;
below that the breasts are painted, and a line of
inscription of the house of offerings and all things
pure for the ka of the devoted Athet makheru. The
name was left blank, and has been inserted by a
much rougher hand in a bluer ink. For examples
of the viiith, ixth dyn., see Sedment, xiii, xvi.
Others rather before the xiith dynasty are in Gizeh
a d Rifeh, xi. In the xviiith dynasty, cartonnage
was expanded to cover the whole figure, and must
rather be looked on as a mummiform c o 5 .
The original type of cartonnage was revived in the
Ptolemaic age. This was mostly made of papyrus,
and has provided a great amount of Greek MS.,
especially the wills and letters, which, being short,
were used entire in building up the form. A wooden
block was used, made in two halves, so that the back
half could be withdrawn, and the face half thus
freed. On this form the papyri were plastered on
wet, and left to dry. The surface was then white-
washed and the painting executed. After removal
of the mould, the inside was then whitewashed, and
sometimes the name written in it to show whom it
was for. One here is :
349. Female head, face gilt, wig blue, coloured
necklaces, 18& high, Gurob. Chest pieces, leg pieces,
and foot-cases were similarly made.
350. Chest cover, with collars, figure of Maot
winged, kneeling, and inscription, " Royal offering
to Osiris in the lake land (Fayum) that he may give
a place of offerings, all excellent and pure, sweet
drink, and living with the god, for the ka of the
Osirian Nekht-hetep son of Peduamen born of
Themer-hetep." The writing is unusually corrc!ct
for the Ptolemaic age, only ka is written S. The
four sons of Horus, Isis, and Nebhat, are at the
sides, 18 high; Gurob.
The next stage was a stout cartonnage case
painted with figures all over the head, with gilt face ;
one here, 351, is 18 high, of a woman, and another,
352, of a man (broken). Rather later there is:
353, cartomage head piece with three lines of
curly realistic black hair above the gilt face.
After that come the massive half-length cases, as :
354. Gilt over face, hair and front drapery,
THE REVIVED BODY I9
painted figures of gods on back. Next the case was
only with drapery, and no figures, and entirely gilt,
as Rom. Port., X, I, 2.
Then the arms are shown, partly gilt and realistic-
ally coloured, and the face and nipples were gilt.
Jewellery was represented by bracelets and rings,
all gilt. Finally, the hands often hold a wreath
of red flowers, in one instance a lighted candle.
There are here :
355, case with face and arms all gilt ; woman.
356, 357, cases with face and arm gilt, holding
wreath ; woman and man.
358, case with face gilt, arms pink, holding
wreath, drapery white.
359, case with face gilt, arms white, drapery red.
The faces of these are mainly lost ; all have
jewellery represented, which is useful for dating.
They belong to early in the second century, see
Hawara, ix.
The foot-cases are similarly made, of papyrus
(Ptolemaic) or of cloth (Roman). The earliest is
cast in plaster.
360. Front of pair of feet in plaster, wearing thick
twisted gold anklets, and black straps for sandals ;
apparently a cast from life.
361-6. Pieces of foot-cases, always painted on the
base with two captives bound.
46. About the time of Trajan, a canvas wax
portrait is rarely found, painted in imitation of the
bust, as above (Portfolio YY). Immediately after,
this gave place to the system of painted portraits
on thin wood panels, bound on over the face of the
mummy. These lasted from about 120 to 250 A.D.
After that the influence of Christianity led to
abandoning any special preparation of the body,
which was simply buried in ordinary clothes, packed
round with salt to preserve it.
The wrapping of the mummy also became elab-
orate when it was retained for years in the house.
First there were outer covers of resined cloth in-
scribed in demotic as 367-8-9 here (one with cari-
catures R.P. xiii, xxiv, S), copied in Rom. Port. xxiv,
3, 4, 5. Then a red painted cloth with figures on it
was used, as 336 here (R.P., xxiv, 6), and see R.P.,
xi, xii, xiii. Next, bandaging with narrow lines of
bandages, crossing ; sometimes very perfectly
arranged (R.P., xi, I). Next, repeating these cross-
ing lines with narrower strips, one over the other,
so as to make a sort of coffered pattern, in one
case 13 layers of different colours (R.P., X, 3). To
relieve the effect, coloured strips were used, blue and
white, and probably red gone brown-black. To
brighten the appearance further, gdding was put in
the hollows, to suggest that the mummy was
wrapped in gold beneath the bands. At first this
was by bits of base gold foil, bound over by the
first layer of bandage. Soon it became a gilt plaster
button, stuck on a square of plastered cloth, and
put under the lowest layer of bands. Half of the
portrait mummies are without buttons, and half
with buttons, so the change was during the use of
portraits, say 160 A.D.
The portraits which were bound on the mummy
were not painted for that purpose, but were portraits
hung in the house during the person's lifetime, and
afterwards roughly cut down to fit on to the mummy.
Every one has been hacked along the top and corners,
and in one grave the portrait was in a frame with a
cord for hanging it (Hawara, xii). Three portraits
at University College from Hawara are published :
370, in Roman Portraits, vi, 40 ;
371, in Roman Portraits, viii, DD, Hawava, front.
vi.
372, in Roman Portraits, ix, WW, Hawara X, 18.
See also The Hawara Portfolio, and Edgar, Graeco-
Egyptian co$ns.
47. Animal mummies are often found ; there are
here :
373. Cat, head and shoulders.
374. Kitten in wrappings ; only two leg bones
in it, see radiograph.
375. Dog, head.
376. Ibis, finely wrapped in square pattern of
green, white, and red (?). Thebes.
377. Crocodile head. Lahun.
378. Crocodile mummy, only a few bones in
wrappings. Lahun.
379. Plaster head from a jackal mummy.
On animal mummies, see Pettigrew, History of
Egyptian Mummies, pp. 183-226 ; Wilkinson, Man-
ners and Czcstoms, 111, pp. 258-265 ; and on fishes,
G~rob, by L. Loat, in Saqqara Mastabas I.
48. The wrappings of a mummy were sometimes
sealed in Roman times, placing the clay over a
string tying the crossbands together. The seals
here from Hawara are :
380, bust of Isis.
381-3, seated gryphon with paw on wheel, incuse
.
(three examples).
384, seated sphinx (?) very rude.
On mummy cloth there are frequently inscriptions
recording the year of manufacture and purposes of
20 THE REVIVED BODY
making. These have nothing to do with the funeral,
but are merely trade labels of the makers. A good
example of fixed age is that from the Tomb of Two
Brothers, pl. 17, inscribed " year 4 excellent," hati
onkhui, neb . . . neferui. This carries other ex-
amples to the Middle Kingdom, in Rom. Port., xxiv,
I, 2 ; though these were wrappings used on Roman
mummies, it is probable from the style, and from the
name Sebek-hetep, that these are earlier wrappings
stripped from mummies of the xiith or xiiith dyn-
asty. There are here :
385-6. Inscriptions (2) on "linen made for the
priestess of the Amen temple at Thebes, of the 4th
rank, Khlo-su-mentu."
387. Inscription on linen, partly rotted, dated in
year 25.
The large number of such inscriptions on the
wrappings of the royal mummies are of some
historical value, see Stud. Hist. Eg., 111, pp. 190-2.
49. Within the wrappings there were placed in
the xxist and xxiind dynasties a band of leather
round the neck, crossed on the chest. On the ends
of these bands, and also on a menat and collar
attached to them, a white leather facing is let in,
and this has impressed on it a design from a mould.
On the bands are figures of the king offering to Min,
on the menat a rosette base and a band of cartouches,
on the collar only rows of pendants. The period
shown by the names is from Painezem I to Usarken I,
about 1072-895 B.C. Those here are :
388, band of " Usarken I beloved of Hathor-
nefer-hetep " offering to Amen.
389-90, menat, and part of another, with names
of Usarken I.
391-2, collar, and another plain.
With the scarabs is a menat of Men-kheper-ra and
a memzt and 3 bands of Usarken I. All of them are
from burials in the Ramesseum, see Ramesseum,
xviii, Leyd. Mon., 11, xxix.
50. In Ptolemaic times the mummies were often
labelled, usually with a white limestone label tied
on at the neck. There are here 60 of limestone
(393452), 5 of which are blank, 2 hieroglyphic,
I Greek, I Greek and demotic, and 51 demotic. All
are from Denderah, photographed in Dend., xxvi A,
B, and some translated on p. 56 ; the description of
the burials is on p. 32. Beside these there are
(453-466), 11 demotic and 3 blank, of wood, and
I ivory demotic label (467), all from Dendereh.
50. In Roman times the mummies were often
sent to be buried at some distance, and it was need-
ful t o identify them amid a boatload. For this
purpose a small wooden label was tied on, stating
usually the name and parentage, and sometimes the
age and the place of residence. These labels are
mainly from Panopolis, some from Antinoe, and a
few from Arsinoe. The following readings were
made by Sir Herbert Thompson, with a few varia-
tions suggested by parallels noticed later. The
copies are in order of the name of the mummy, and
the parental names are inserted in the same series
with reference to the main name.
468. AKAPIC APMIVCIC
469. CWMA AIIOAINAPIOY YIOY AIOKAEOYC
EPI EMIIOPOY EIC APCINOEITHN
470. AIIOMWNIOC YAIIIIC IIAXOYM EIC
EPMONOIC EN KAAH
471. AIIOYIAOWN YENCENKAMHTI
APBOCOY see IIAXOYMI
APEIOY see XAIPEIC
APEIOYC see KOAANOOC
APMIVCIC see AKAPIC
BHCATOC see AIAYMH
BHCIOY see IIETEMINIC
BHCIOY see CENIIEAIAIC
472. BOBACTOYC EIC THN IIYAHN THC
OEPMOTOIAKHC THC MHTPOIIW-
AHWC APCENOITOY
473. AIAYMH BHCATOC MHTPE 4 CENiI X
B EIC IIANWN CAPAIIIHN IIIEAN CTH
474. AIOCKOPOC KOAANOOY MHT. CENYAI-
TOC
AIOKAEOYC see AIIOAINAPIOY
AIOCKOPOY see KOAANOOC
475. EPMIAC KEQMATOC L TOY& EIIAYNIKS
B EPMIAC KEQAAATOC
476. EYAAIMQN IIPECBYTEPOC YEPAKOC
ANTINOEYC
477. Thezy son of Thezy, his mother being Ter-
mouthis ; his name abides here before Osiris
Sokaris, the Great God, Lord of Abydos.
(Demotic, Spiegelberg)
HPAIAOC see MATPWNAN
HPWNOC see MATPWNAN
478. OINYONAYTOC I'YNH YOAWM
OMECIWTOC see TCANCNWC
KEQMATOC see EPMIAC
479. KOAANO ( OS) APEIOYC
480. KOAANO (OS) AIOCKOPOY
KOAANOOY see IIANI'OPCHC
KOAANOOY see TCANCNWC
THE REVIVED BODY 21
KTPIAAOC see CWKPATH
481. MATPWNAN TEPAAIOC KOPOY HPWNOC
EM MHTPOC HPA'I'AOC IIPECBYTE-
PAC
B MATPWNAN . TEP . . . . KOPOY HPWNOC
MHTP . . . . EMMHTPOC HPA'I'AOC
482. TAQH MIKKAAOL (Z)IC IIANW
483. IIABHC ETWN E:
484. IIANI'OP . . . L BYMEXEIP KO YIB (?)
485. IIANI'OPCHC KOAANOOV TIOO EIOYC
MHTPOC CENYAITOC EBIWCEN ESH-
KONTA
IIATCOPOYATIC see CENCANCNWC
486. IIAXOYMI APBECOY
IIEKYCIOC see CENIIETEMEINIC
487.' IIETEMINIC BHCIO (U) IIPECBVT (cpou )
QSPEMOYOIO (U) MH ( . r po~) CENIIEAI-
AIOC
IIETETWTO see CENIIEAIAIOC
CENAIIOAAWNIAC see TAAOC
CENBHKIC
CENOWTHC
CENIIEAIAIC IIETETWTO OPCENOY
MH(7pos) APCINOHC
B similar, add I'YNH BHCIO . . . . . . O
488. CENIIETEMEINIC IIEKYCIOC 0 KAI
TXMIMA IIIHYC EIC IIANWN
CENYAITOC see AIOCKOPOC & IIANI'OP-
CHC
489. CENYANENWE CICOITOC
490. CENCANCNWC IIATCOPOYATIC IIANOII-
OAITIC
CENCWTHPIWNOC see TAOIWC
491. CEPHNOC YENTOYWNOO IIANOIIOAIT-
OY
492. CICOIC CICOITOC MHTPOC OEPMOYO-
IOC AIIO BOMIIAH B of Thezy
CICOITOS see CENYANENWC & CICOIC
CKYTEA see YENOEPMOYOIN
493. CWKPATH OYKATEPA KYPIMOC EN
A3TINOOVC . $? B IIOAEOC
494. TAOIWC QATPEIOVC MHT CENCWTH-
PIWNOC
495. TAAOC IIPECBYTEPA YE'I'NE MHTPOC
CENAIIOMWNIAC AIIO BOMIIAE
E Demotic. Her soul rests before Osiris
Sokaris, the Great God, Lord of Abydos,
. . . . the lady . . . . . Talos the elder, daur
of Pseine, her mother being Senapollonia,
lady of Bompae.
Spiegelberg, 17, 42-3
496. TAYNXIC TAYNXIC TAYNXIC QMOYCTOC
OEPMOYOIC see CICOIC
TIBHCIOC see TCONECON
497. TIOOVHC YENAPCIHCIOC IIAPAOC
EPPIZH AYTOY TO ONOMA.
498 TCANCNWC KOAANOOV MHTPOC OME-
CIWTOC AIIOYIN IIEAAAEAQHC YEN
ME IIACYTMIOC.
499. TCONECON TIBIHCIOC (Panopolis)
YEPAKOC see EYAAIMWN
QATPEIOYC see TAOIWC
@MOYCTOC see TAYNXIC
QPEMOYOIOY see IIETEMINIC
500. XAIPEIC APEIOY
501. XAIPHMWN AIIO YINOMOYNEWC TOY
ANTAIOIIOAITOY
YAIIIIC see AIIOMWNIOC
YE'I'NE see TAAOC
502. YENOEPMOYOIN -1. CKYTEA
503. YENOMECIWC EBIWCEN L KA
504. YENIIANIC L E
YENCENKAMHTI see AIIOYIAOWN
YENTOYWNOO see CEPHNOC
YINOMOYNEWC see XAIPHMWN
YOAWM see OINYONAYTOC
472 from Hawara viii, 3
Casilzg of the body
51. The mummiform coffins, and cartonnage
covering the body, were an important feature in the
xviiith-xxist dynasties. This cartonnage is a differ-
ent system from that of the partial masks and breast
covers ; such were used in the vth-xviiith dynasties,
(see Borchardt, Ne-user-re, 114; Yaa and Thuau)
when as yet no complete cartonnage was known.
It is from the decorated mummy coffins of the xith-
xiith dynasties, as those of two brothers (Gizeh and
Rifeh, X B), that the xxist dynasty cartonnage cases
really descend.
There are here :
505. Fragments (4) of hard white cartonnage,
backed with mud behind the linen ; incised with
scenes for " the overseer of workmen of the temple
of Amen, Pedu-amen-nes-taui, otherwise Pedy.
506. Piece of coloured cartonnage of Nesi-pa-
paut-taui, son of Nesi-pa-qa-shuti. Edwards, Thebes.
507. Piece of coloured cartonnage of n son of
Khonsu son of Aith, his mother Zed-mut-as-onkh.
xxiiird dyn., Ramesseum.
508. Piece of 4th prophet of h e n , Hor-S&-ast.
22 THE REVIVED BODY
509-1 1. Piece with dummy inscription ; another
with figures of genii, another with finely drawn
head.
In these cartonnage cases the face was usually
carved in wood, and a fairly good style was kept,
better than in the decoration. Here are :
512. Face with white marble eyes, black paste
iris, blue paste border, blue glaze eyebrows, surface
red varnish. xxth dyn. ?
513. Face painted yellow, black eyes and brows.
514-15. Faces, z, white with black eyes and brows.
516-17. Faces, 2, plain wood.
518. Face, very rudely cut, Ptolemaic.
52. The use of cast plaster faces began in the
degradation of the cartonnage masks during the
Hyksos age. At first a small face was cut in white
limestone for inserting in the reduced mask, as here.
519, face 2.3 high, with beads of xiith dynasty,
Abydos, cem. D, 104.
By the xviiith dynasty such were cast in plaster,
see El Amrah, xlvii, D 99.
The revival of plaster heads for mummies was in
the Roman period. Unhappily all have been re-
moved for sale without a history; but they are
probably mostly of the 1st century A.D. They were
of Middle Egypt, and I have seen a cemetery covered
with the wreckage of such work dug out by plunder-
ers. The following examples have been chosen as
being of better modelling than the average. The
order is that of quality, and probably of date.
520. Female head, draped with thin veil over
hair and curls. Eyes inlaid with white glass, and
black glass iris ; bordered with dark blue glass
edging, which has been plastered over and gilded.
Style Punic-Greek, in the curls and the narrow
mouth, with slight smirk, 7+ high.
521. Female head, wavy hair, brow line hard,
eyes slightly blocked out, 6 high (Arts and Crafts,
137).
522. Female head, complete with back; hair
dressed with coiled plait on the back, and one
twisted strand just above the forehead. Plain gold
torque and gold earrings of three balls. Eyes and
eyelashes roughly painted. Tinted pink. Ex-
pression good, 7 high.
523. Male head, short curly locks, stubbly beard,
eyes and lids plain black, 76- h.
524. Male head, loose curly locks, narrow beard
clipped dose, eyes roughly painted on the flat.
One of the best work, broken in travelling ; see
A and C 135 for original state, g h.
525. Female head, close triple band of curls, of
about 60 A.D. Small mouth, weak expression.
Ball earrings. Tinted pink, 7 h.
526. Boy's head, hair combed straight forward,
eyes each a single piece of glass with black iris
painted, lips thin, expression natural, 74 h. Such
glass eyes are dated to the middle of the iind cent.
A.D. (Edgar, Graeco-Egyf~tian coflns) .
527. Male head, white glass eyes with dark brown
iris painted in one; hair curly black, beard and
moustache black, skin red-brown, g h. This shows
how after the mummy was wrapped and plastered
over the head, a gap was left at the face, and then a
separate plaster head was put over it, and smoothed
around.
528. Youth, black hair combed forward, eyes and
brows black painted, skin yellow, expression natural,
8 high.
529. Female head, slightly wavy black hair, small
braided coil on back, which is complete, eyes plain
clear glass, iris painted black on back; hard,
mechanical work, 7 high.
53. Next to the mummy and its adornment comes
the murnrniform coffin. A complete example,
which had been presented to University College
before 1890, is of about the xxvth dynasty.
530. Wooden coffin, painted with scene and
inscription inside and out ; length 69 out, 67 in,
width 19. Outside lid.-Below the deep collar is
the ram-headed vulture. On either side, the de-
ceased adoring Osiris and two of the genii. Next
line, Balance with Anubis ; deceased led by Thoth
before Osiris, four genii, Anubis, and Horus. Next,
mummy on bier, offerings below. " Speech of the
Osirian the lady of the house Na-ar-er-ast-nefer " ;
a spread Ra falcon at each end. Next, " Speech of
the Osirian lady of the house, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer ;
daughter of the prophet of Mentu in Hermonthis,
Bes ; son of the same Peda-ast ; her mother the
lady of the house Tg-oiit, daughter . . . in Thebes
Aufenamen, son of the same Zed-mentu-auf-onkh.
I do homage to thee Osiris khent amenti great god
in " (end of formula omitted). Below, 7 seated
genii with heads of falcon, serpent, ibis, ape, croco-
dile ?, man, crocodile, the 8th space the sign ament.
In the middle the head of Osiris, plumed, on a stand.
" Speech of the Osirian, lady of the house, Na-ar-er-
ast-nefer, daughter of the offerer to the god in
Hermonthis, Bes." On feet, 5 columns of text
obliterated.
Outside, body.-On each shoulder te#-du-f. Down
THE REVIVED BODY
23
the flat base a large zed sign crowned with feathers
and homed disc. On both upper arms, Amset and
Hapi seated, " Speech of the Osirian the lady of the
house, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer, devoted." Below Kheb-
senuf and Duatmutef seated, " daughter of the
offerer to the god in Hermonthis, Bes, devoted
to his lord, son of the same, Pedu-ast," " her
mother, lady of the house Tiii-oiiou, devoted t o
Osiris-khent-amenti " ; at base, two standing
genii, human and ape headed, on one side ; on
other, human headed genius holding feather, =
Amenti ?
Inside, body.-Onkh between two was. Disc
radiant, two serpents bearing onkh. Across base,
" Speech of the Osirian, lady of the house, Na-ar-er-
ast-nefert, daughter of the divine father of Amen,
offerer in Hermonthis, Basa. Her mother, lady of
the house, Taiobu, daughter of the divine father of
Amen, king of the gods, Auf-en-amen. Is given the
heart of the Osirian, lady of the house, Na-ar-er-ast-
nefer to her in the house of hearts (ubu) : her will
(hati) to her in the house of the will. It is that the
heart of the lady of the house Na-ar-er-ast-nefer is
to her, she is at peace by it. Not vainly has she
eaten the shut cake of Osiris at the side of her house
on the east of Re-negyt (Denderah ?) when another
hastens in going south. Descend not the Osirian
lady of the house, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer, daughter of
the divine father of Amen, offerer in Hermonthis,
Basa, son of the divine father of Amen, offerer
in Hermonthis Pedu-ast, son of the same, Basa,
devoted to Osiris."
Down the sides, the same name and titles of
deceased and Basa.
Inside lid.-Nut holding the disc, two baboons
adoring at each side.
" Speech of the Osirian, the lady of the house,
Na-ar-er-ast-nefer. Open the gates of earth, Na-ar-
er-ast-nefer, and the Cavern of Geb, Na-ar-er-ast-
nefer. Open the mouth and the eyes by Osiris, Na-
ar-er-ast-nefer. Loosen it which her hand hath
bound, N. Her hand pulls with her to the earth.
Open the mouth of youth and excellence, Osirian N.
Go forth oh N. in the day to every place which her
heart desires therein. Speech to Osiris, may he give
offerings and incense and clothing and all things good
and pure, growing and sweet for the Osirian lady of
the house, N."
The mummy on a bier, four jars below and a sack ;
Ba bird flying above holding the shen " Ba of the
Osirian, Na-ar-er-ast-nefer." At head Nebhat
seated. " Incense, done 'for Na-ar-er-nefer." At
feet Isis seated. " Ast, divine mother, make protec-
tion for the lady of the house."
" Speech of the Osirian, the lady of the house, N.
daughter of the divine father, offerer in Hermonthis,
son of Basa. Oh ! Atmu, may thou give sweet
breezes in thy reta for the Osirian N. It is he who
embraces thee in the midst of heaven. I t is that I
give to him an egg of the Geg ur (great tackler). As
it flourishes, so flourishes the Osirian N. and vice
versa. The egg lives and the Osirian N. lives, and
vice versa. It breathes and the Osirian N. breathes,
and vice versa."
Many of the phrases here are obscure ; all that can
be done is to give them as literally as possible, and to
wait for comparisons. I thank Dr. Murray for study-
ing the difficulties of this.
531. Fragment of a coffin lid, wood, 1.7 thick.
Outside, blue and red figures and text, yellow varnish.
Adoration to " Ra-har-akhti, Atmu-neb-taui, of
Hermonthis . . ." Lost figure of Amenemapt (?),
" son of Akuif ; his wife, lady of the house, Thent-
du-khonsu " over wife, seated. " Speech of Osiris,
lord of eternity, Khent-amenti who is in Abydos "
and parts of 4 other columns. Inside, male figure
with tail and wings of vulture, upholding the disc on
the horizon ; below it, cartouche of Amenhetep-pa-
ab-sepi. Bust of Amen-em-apt adoring, " Adoration
to Ra-har-akhti, illuminator of the land of the cycle
of his gods, done by the Osirian Amenemapt." Fair
work. Edwards. Thebes, xixth dyn. ?
532. Fragment of a yellow varnished coffin,
" Royal offering given to Ra-her-akhti." xxth dyn. ?
Ramesseum.
533. Fragment of foot of coffin of Tauher, daugh-
ter of Pedu-amen-neb-nest-res-meh, born of Ta-
khred-ahy. Edwards, xxvith dyn.
Inscribed centre boards of coffins, nearly all
published already.
534-5. Yuarehiiu, son of Onkh-nefer, xxiiird.
Kahun, xxv, 21, 22.
536. Pa-dui. xxiiird. Kahun, xxv, 17.
537. Pa-ama. xxvth. Kahun, xxv, IQ.
538. Osiris Khentamenti (I ignorant sopying).
K,, xxv, 26.
539-41. Blundered, without names. xxvth.
542. Ta-ari. xxvith. K., xxv, 18.
543. Name lost, deeply incised. xxvith. K.,
xxv, 19.
544. Name lost, deeply incised. xxvith. K.,
xxv, 20.
24 THE REVIVED BODY
545. Amen-rekhsu, dau. of Zedher. xxvith. Whole
lid. Ink-written on scene.
546. Ay-kher-seti ( 1) xxvith. Lid without head.
Ink-written on scene.
547. Priestess of Hershefi, Tazab, dau. of Sat-
meref, Merheru. Deeply incised. xxviith. Abusir
el Melek.
This name plate is a successor of the name bead,
found on the necks in the xiith dynasty, and con-
tinued.
See piece of end of coffin with mortising of top
boards, in Furniture.
Toy sarcophagus and mummy, of mud, in Toys.
548. Sides of sarcophagus, of Ter-sent, carefully
drawn, but ignorantly. xiiith dyn.
549. Sides of sarcophagus cover to coffin, of Men-
neb-onkh. xxvth.
550. Sides of sarcophagus cover to coffin, name
lost. xxvth.
551. Part of corner post of a sarcophagus, incised
" royal acquaintance, over the offerings, Khnum-
hetep " figure standing. xxvith. 14.9 h.
552. Model sarcophagus with corner posts on a
sledge. Ramesseum. 5.9 X 2-7. xxth dyn. ?
Often after the decay of a sarcophagus of wood,
the eyes which were inlaid in the side, for the dead
to see out, remain complete. Such are :
553. Pair of eyes of white marble, with obsidian
iris, in copper frames, eyebrows and pendants of
slate.
554. Parts of a similar set, the pendants and
eyebrows of dark blue paste. Tehuti-hetep, Ber-
sheh. xiith dynasty.
555. Pair of eyes from wooden coffin, cast bronze,
with triangles of ostrich shell each side of the iris.
Lahun. xxiind dynasty (?).
556. Bronze frame, with remains of eye.
557. White marble eye, with obsidian iris, in
sheet bronze frame : from a coffin.
558. Eye of alabaster and obsidian, another of
alabaster and clear white glass.
559. Socket for an eye, of violet paste, glazed
over.
560. Lead eyelashes from an eye.
See also inlaid eyes, white, iris, and pupil, with
bronze eyelashes in the cartonnage head-piece. Also
crystal eye in bronze setting, and obsidian eye of a
bull, in Milzerals.
Coffins were sometimes of pottery, painted, in the
xviiith dynasty, see Hyksos Cities, xiv, xiva. These
degenerated into plain rough coffins, and such con-
tinued to be used in Roman times in the Delta, where
wood was scarce, see Ehnasya, 38. One fragment is
here, 561, of a pottery coffin with upper part of a
figure painted in black, red, blue, and white, on a
yellow ground. Model coffins of pottery were also
used to bury the ushabti figure. Here are :
562, Parts of a pottery box coffin, painted white,
for Antef Ransenb, from cemetery B 20. Qurneh.
xith dyn.
563. Lid of a pottery coffin, inscribed "for the
ka of Teta-nefer." Thebes. xviith dynasty.
564. Parts of a red pottery coffin, with yellow
bands, inscribed. xviiith dynasty.
Pottery coffin of Tehuti with wooden ushabti of
same, xviith dynasty, see Shabtis ( 2 9 ~ ) ~ also wooden
lid of coffin of Teta-on, and another nameless.
Over the coffin was sometimes an open-work
catafalque, see frontispiece to Rhind, Thebes. Frag-
ments of such open-work here are :
565-6. Figures of Duatmutef, disc on head, 8
high, g high. Good work.
567-8. Figures of Tehuti and of queen (p), 8-7 and
10 high ; roughly cut, and outlined in black.
Gurob.
569. Part of figure, painted red and black.
Edwards.
Khaker from top of a cornice, see Furniture.
570. Piece of box (?) with incised figure of Isis (?)
seated, table of offerings in front, 3.6 h.
571. Rude figure of Ra, crowned, seated. Gurob.
4.4 h.
572. Girdle tie of Isis, open-work wood.
54. In the funeral procession the coffin was pre-
ceded by the priest with a censer. There is here x
573. Bronze censer with falcon head, much
broken, 19 or more, long ; inscribed " Royal offering
to Osiris Khentamenti, Ptah lord of truth . . .
kherheb of Osiris, May." Abydos.
574. Falcon-head end of a censer, wood. Gurob.
575, Piece of a pottery pan with melted incense
and charcoal. The pan was apparently heated to
melt the incense and make it burn readily. Amarna,
xviiith dynasty.
With the coffin were models of the funeral outfit
of instruments. They are represented as lying on a
table by the priest engaged in " opening the mouth,"
in the procession of chap. i of the Book of the Dead.
Limestone slabs ~ i t h models of such instruments are
found about the vith dynasty, see Derzderah, xxi.
There are obsidian vases from such sets.
55. Hypocephali were discs with magic texts and
THE REVIVED BODY 25
figures placed beneath the heads of mummies. They
are not very common, as they belong to a poor period
of burials, when much expense was unusual. The
starting point is the direction in chap. clxii of the
Book of the Dead, that a figure of the Hathor cow
was to be drawn on papyrus and placed under the
head of the mummy. This may suggest that the
discs with a Hathor cow (P.S.B.A., xix, 146) and
with mummy resting on the back of the Hathor
cow couchant, Amulets, 134a, are the earliest stage.
On the back of this last, the seated Ra with 4 rams'
heads is adored by apes, a type which is present on
nearly all hypocephali. Another example at Bol-
ogna may be early, as it is on papyrus as directed,
while others are on cloth or bronze. The most
definite dating is that of a group of bronze discs,
Abydos I , lxxvi, Ixxvii, pp. 38, 50. The family is
that of Zedher, a name that belongs to the xxxth
dynasty ; his wife's father was Nefer-ab-ra, a name
of the xxvith. The style of the ushabtis in this
tomb borders on Ptolemaic glaze, and it cannot be
put before the xxxth dynasty, the name Nefer-ab-ra
being a family survival. One disc here, Amulets,
134 b 2, coloured black with yellow lines, seems prob-
ably an imitation of a dark bronze disc with gold
inlay, and therefore later than the bronze discs.
None of the names on the Turin or British Museum
discs have connection with the xxvith dynasty, but
seem to be of later style. One is black, with yellow
designs, coarsely done, is dated to the reign of
Philadelphos or later, as Hornezatef was priest of
Soter and the Philadelphi, and agreeing with this is
the name of his father Nekht-her-heb (B.M. 8446).
The use of such discs seems, then, to be from about
350 to 250 B.C. For a study of the hypocephali, and
a list of 20, see Leemans, Leiden, Colrgress Orient,
1883, IV, gr ; for those in Brit. Mus., see P.S.B.A.,
vi ; for Cairo, Catalogue, Textes et Dessins Magiques,
Daressy, p. 49 ; for a general account and references,
Abydos I , 50. Those here are published in Amzclets,
134, X3 follows :-
134a, cloth, mummy on back of Hathor cow.
Rev., seated Ra with 4 rams' heads, and usual
figures.
134b 2, cloth, black with yellow figures ; Radiant
disc ; Isis and Nebhat mourning at sides of zed.
Rev., barks of Thoth and Ra (?), 4 rams' head
figure, etc.
134c, cloth, 8 crocodile heads around a disc, with
8 baboons above, and below Paunhatef offering
Mgot to Ra falcon.
4
576. Fragment of cloth, with drawing of circle
containing baboons, surrounded by 16 crocodile
heads.
A pectoral was often placed on the breast, in the
xviiith-xxth dynasties. I t descended from those
worn by the living in the xiith dynasty (Dahshur and
Lahun, jewellery). Those here are :
577. Part of wood pectoral, painted with a bark
which contained the scarab, with figures of Isis and
Nebhat ; reverse, the scene of weighing and intro-
duction to Osiris. Gurob, 5.1 W., xixth dyn.
578. Green glaze pectoral, black figure of Anubis
couchant on shrine, 2.3 h. (see Amulets, 91).
By about the xxist dynasty the use of the pectoral
ceases, and only the scarab was applied upon the
breast. There are here, along with ushabti figures
found together :
579. Jade scarab for " fourth prophet of Amen,
Zed-khonsu-a-onkh," and chapter of the heart finely
engraved. With 2 ushabtis, coarse blue, thin writ-
ing. Ramesseum, 107, xxist dyn. ?
580. Grey jasper scarab, heart-shaped, head
prominent, 4 lines on base, no inscription ; with
very coarse small blue and pottery ushabtis.
Ramesseum 143, xxiiird dynasty ? (see Scavabs,
xlvii-viii) .
581. Coarse dark frit scarab and rough brown
pottery ushabti. Ramesseum, 147. xxiiird dynasty ?
56. Upon the breast of the mummy in later times
were usually placed a winged scarab and figures of
the four sons of Horus. The earlier form of the
scarab was set in a square pectoral, or carved on
such, in the xviiith-xxth dynasties, see Amulets, gIa.
About the xxiind dynasty, the winged scarab super-
seded the pectoral, and was particularly used as
inset in the bead networks, along with the four sons
of Horus. In the xxvith dynasty, these amulets
were largely supplemented and superseded by the
multitude of figures of gods and other amulets. Yet
they appear sometimes later, even to the Ptolemaic
age ; see Amulets, li-liii; li g, xxxth dyn., 15, 18,
20,21, 24 Ptolemaic. The winged scarabs here are :
582. Wood, curved wings, 8& ins. span, one
thickly gilded, scarab lost from setting, grlded disc.
Ramesseum, 102, xxiiird dyn.
583, Sheet lead wing, similar form.
584. Bright blue glaze, barred with yellow and
red paint, xxiiird ? dyn., 4.2 W.
585. Green glaze, relief, xxxth ? dyn., 4-4 W.
586. Dirty green glaze, wings perhaps of another
set, 4.1 W.
26 THE REVIVED BODY
Associated with the winged scarab and sons of
Horus, there is often a strip of beadwork in a bead
net, with some formula, or name of the person (see
Leiden Mon., M 14, pl. ix, M 23, pl. 11). There are
two networks here from mummies, one on original
threading, see Beads, Univ. Coll. collection.
57. The name was, later, put on a slip of glazed
ware, and one such name-plate here is important :
587. Strip of blue glaze, 7.0 X 1.1 ; three holes
at top, two below, for fixing to network. Incised
in it is a very rough and blundered inscription, which
appears to be intended for " Royal offering given to
Osiris-Khent-arnenti, great god, lord of Abydos, that
he may grant thee to come forth to the day oh
Divine adoress Neitaqer, born of Psemthek (made
by) his son Sepa, born of his mother Shept, daughter
of Mer-en-ast." This gives some fresh personages
in the family of Psemthek I ; it was made by his
son Sepa ; Shept, a wife of Psemthek, was daughter
of Mer-en-ast. We can hardly doubt that Shept is
short for the well-known wife of Psemthek, Shepen-
apt. If so, this would add one more to the maze of
adoptions by the High Priestesses of Thebes ; the
series would run :
Shepenapt 11, mother Merenast, adopted by
Amenardus.
Neitaqer, mother Mehtienusekht, adopted by
Shepenapt,
Ankhnes-ra-nefer-ab, mother Takhuat, adopted
by Neitaqer.
This would, then, suggest that as Mehtienusekht
was wife of Psemthek, and Takhuat was wife of
Psemthek 11, so Merenast was wife of Nekau I,
Men-kheper-ra. This also removes the sister-mar-
riage of the Ethiopians to an adoption of the
daughters of the Saites as nominal daughters of the
Ethiopian king and his priestess sister. A small
scarab of green felspar, inscribed for Merenast
(Scavabs, li J) may well be for this wife of Nekau I
(Edwards) .
The earlier form of the official name plate was the
name bead worn on the neck, such as in Scarabs,
xliii, 166.
58. The earliest figures of the four sons of Horus-
or of Ra-are those carved in limestone, painted,
qnd seated to surround the mummy figures, of the
xiith dynasty (Riqqeh, viii). The figures were
usual in paintings on the coffins of the xviiith
dynasty, sometimes all with human heads, some-
times with the animal heads. The separate modelled
figures placed on the mummy are not found until the
xxiind dynasty, and continued till the xxxth. The
earliest precisely dated is of the xxist dynasty (Ann.
Serv., vii, 155, pl. viii), which had four small figures
of wax, with the animal heads, placed among the
viscera in the body. The figures here are as follows :
A, Amset (human head) ; D, Duatmutef (jackal
head) ; H, Hapy (baboon head) ; Q, Qebhsenuf
(falcon head).
588-94. Wax : 4 of A, 3.0-3.4 h. ; I of D, 3.0 h. ;
z of H, 2.8, 3.2 h. ; broken H, thin, flat.
595. Wax painted black, A, D, Q, a set, 2.0 h.
Ramesseum.
596-9. Wax over mud : I of A with I of D, 4-2 h.
Ramesseum. I of H, 3-5 h. ; I of H, 3 high, broken.
600-3. Resin : A with H, 4.2 h., Ramesseurn ;
A with D, 4.7 h., A wrapped in leather, D in cloth,
Ramesseum.
604. Mud, painted black, blue wigs, A, D, H, Q,
a set, 2.1 h.
605. Red pottery, Q, 3.0 h., thick and round.
606. Green glaze statuette, D, 2.8 h., on back
" Qebhsenuf make protection for the Osirian Nes-
shu." Fine work.
607. Blue glaze, high relief, D and Q, 2.0, 1.8 h.,
holding loop.
608. Dull blue glaze, flat relief, Q, 1-6 h. ; dummy
signs on back, holding loop.
609-10. Blue glaze, painted yellow and red
stripes, z of D, 2.3, 2.7 h., with winged scarab.
611-14. Similar, but very coarse, 2 D, 2 H, 3.4 h.
615. Blue-green glaze, in relief, A, D, H, Q, 2.1 h.,
with winged scarab and falcon ends of collar, a set,
holding loop. Tuneh.
616. Pale blue glaze, roughly incised, A, D, H, Q,
2.5-2.7 h., a set.
617. Set of pottery moulds for flat figures of
A, D, H, Q ; figures 3.2 h., moulds 4.2 h.
618. Limestone block with high relief figures of
D, Q, for impressing pottery moulds : figures 4'5,
4.9 h.
619. Piece of wooden open-work incised " Speech
of Duatmutef Osirian." Gurob.
See also Amzllets, 93 and 182.
59. In the process of mummifying, viscera were
removed from the body, and it was naturally felt
that such needful parts could not be destroyed. By
the end of the iiird dynasty they were also dried,
preserved with resin, and rolled up in cloth as
separate bundles. These were found placed on a
rock shelf, by the mummy of Ranefer, at Meydum.
There were no jars or covers for the bundles.
THE REVIVED BODY 27
By the middle of the vth dynasty, four limestone
jars with flat lids were used (Borchardt, Ne-user-re,
I ~I ) , to contain the viscera. An earlier stage, how-
ever, was continued t o the xiith dynasty, when a
box was divided in four compartments, each holding
a bundle covered by a miniature cartonnage head-
piece. This marks the identification of the viscera
with the person, and the provision of a case to keep
the bundles together. This custom was already old
then, as it was purely formal, the bundles only
containing rag. There were also, in the xiith dyn-
asty, boxes with four divisions, each containing a
rag bundle, and the name of one of the sons of Horus
written in each corner (Garstang, Burial Customs,
pp. 92-3, 176-80). Sometimes the box has the
four heads of the genii fastened on the lid (Ann.
Serv., xi, 14).
The jars of the xiith dynasty are best shown by
those of the princess S5t-Hathor of Lahun, and the
private jars of Riqqeh. In that age, the plain flat
lid was also still used, and the jars were such as were
in use, as domestic jars, in the household ; this
interesting point is shown by the polish of wear on
two jars with flat lids, containing food, Riqqeh, 16,
xii, xiii. Sometimes knob lids were used (Riqqeh,
vii) ; but generally a human head was carved for
the lid, as early as the ixth-xth dyn., see Kay (Ann.
Serv., xi, 19 and Winlock).
The jar became identified with the person when
arms were modelled on it, in the xth dyn. As the
four sons of Horus were human figures (in the seated
set, Rip., viii, and on xviiith dynasty coffns), so the
four human heads doubtless represent them. These
heads are sometimes all bearded (Riq., vii), or three
bearded and one beardless (Labyrinth, xxxi), or all
beardless (Z.A. 1899, 62). As those of the princess
S5t-Hathor, and Senbtisi, are all beardless, that
may at some time distinguish female canopic jars.
The bearded heads are with a male burial named
Senusert (Riq., vii). The set of three bearded and
one beardless is also with a male burial (Two
brothers, IS), but occurs with princesses Ata and
Khnumt at Dahshur.
The heads and jars here (erroneously called
Canopic jars), are :
620. Wooden head, well carved, beardless, eyes
and brows black, wig blue, perfect state ; hole
through the plug base to pin i t on to the jar ; height
over jar, 5-7. Bought at Cairo Museum, no history,
probably from the plundering of Meir, and between
vith and xith dynasties.
620a. Red pottery jar with human arms in relief,
and dome lid (Antaeo$olis, 11, xiii), name Uahka,
bought in Cairo, xith dyn.
621. Limestone jar and beardless head of Iunefer.
Labyrinth, xxxi, lowest, 12 high.
622. Hard limestone heads, beardless, well cut ;
eyes, brow, and hair-lines, black, red tie round wig ;
height over jar, 4.6. Similar t o one found broken
on floor of viith dyn. palace at ancient Gaza.
623. Alabaster head, good work, beardless, but a
slight cut under chin for attachment (?), 3 i h. over
jar. With the following jar, bought together by
Miss Edwards, but too small for the jar. Early
xviiith dyn. ?
624. Alabaster jar, 10.8 high. Usual xviiith dyn.
inscription, t o Isis and Amset, by the " keeper of
the great house, Kanuni," xviiith dyn.
625. Head of pottery, beardless, painted white
flesh, blue wig, much rubbed, 3.5 h. over jar, xviiith
dyn.
626. Head of pottery, well modelled, beardless ;
red face, black and white eyes, black hair, long
tubular stem below. 3-0 h. over jar, xviiith dyn.
In pottery case :
627. Jar, painted black, I I ~ high, for " marshal
of prince's table, Beb," vith dyn. ?
628. Jar, cylindrical, painted black, 7.3 high,
incised " Hepy support his brother (sic) Osiris,
Priestess of lord of Dendera (?) Qers."
629. Pottery head. rounded form, no paint, 2-5 h.
630. Drab polished jar and head, 10-7 h., late
xviiith dynasty.
631-2. 2 green glazed pottery heads, rough, 2-9 h.,
xixth dynasty.
Fragments of jars, probably human-headed.
Pottery.
633. White painted, marbled, inscription incised,
blue. Q. born of Teta, xviiith.
634-6. Inscription incised, blue, Ay. xviiith ; 2
pieces same style.
637. Plain drab, incised, . . . lady of the house,
Hatep. Pitch inside. Late xviiith.
638. Alabaster incised. H. Cartouche ends
. . . mut, Nefertari-mery-mut ?
639. Written on yellow ground, D. Scribe of
accounts, Baka.
640. Written on red polished pot, D. Amen-neb.
641. Written on brown pot, D. 4th prophet,
Sg-Tehuti.
642. Deep blue glaze, black inscription cn ka en
scdem en 0 . . . xviiith.
28 THE REVIVED BODY
An entirely different system was begun in the
xviiith dynasty. In place of the genii having human
heads, three of them had animal heads, Amset
human, Duatmutef jackal, Hapy baboon, and
Qebhsenuf falcon. The earliest example of these
is a burial of the xviith dynasty (Carnarvon,
Excavatiolzs), and they occur also in the burial of
Mnevis under Ramessu I1 (Ann. Serv.).
Fragments of jars here of the second system.
643-4. Alabaster, incised, filled blue, cylindrical
a . Q. " Chantress of Amen Ast, daughter of the
divine father Baknekhonsu and Nes-khonsu." Ra-
messeum. Also part of Hapy jar of same. xxiind
dyn. ?
645-6. Alabaster, incised, filled green, for . . .
aufonkh son of prophet of Amen . . ., and piece of
D of same. Ramesseum. xxiind dyn. ?
647. Alabaster, thick jar, ink-written.
648. Limestone, incised, for Pa-du-khonsu, son
of the divine father Du-khonsu-fuo-heru. xxvith ?
649. Limestone, ink-written, for Ptah-ar-ef-ou.
xxvith ?
650. Complete jar, uninscribed. Qebsenuf. 12.0 h.
xxvith-xxxth.
651. Head of Qebsenuf, 4.4 high, xxvith-xxxth.
652. Head of Duatmutef, pottery, 5.8 high,
deeply modelled, hollow, painted blue.
653. Head of Hapy, similar, 4.5 high.
Examples of sets of jars may be seen in Gizeh alzd
Rifeh, xxvii B, xxth dyn. ? ; xxxi A, B, xxvith dyn.? ;
long inscriptions of the very fine set of Horuza in
Kahun, xxiv ; Garstang, Burial Czcstoms, p. 205,
xxth dyn. ? probably xxvith ; Engelbach, Riqqeh,
vii, xii ; Brunton, Lahm I, xiv ; Petrie, Gizeh and
Rifeh, X D ; and description of types in various
periods in Z.A. 1899, pp. 61-72.
The parts of the body of which the different genii
were protectors are known in the xiith dynasty
from the research of the late Sir A. Ruffer ; Amset
the lung, Duatmutef the liver, Hapy the intestine,
Qebhsenuf stomach and part of small intestine
(Riqqeh, 14). In later times it is stated that Amset
protected the stomach and large intestines, Hapy
the small intestines, Duatmutef the lungs and heart,
or the gall bladder, Qebhsenuf the liver and gall
(Pettigrew). There was also a choice of orientation
of the genii, Amset t o N. or E., Duatmutef t o S. or
E., Qebhsenuf to S. or W., Hapy t o N. or W.
(Riqqeh, 31)
60. Wooden figures of Ptah-sokar-Osiris were made
about the xxvith dynasty and onward to about the
xxxth. Large wooden figures of Osiris were placed
in the royal tombs of the xviiith dynasty ; to them
succeeded smaller figures, which were hollowed t o
contain papyri, about the xxiind dynasty, as that
of Anhai (Brit. Mus. Budge, Mummy, 216). Later
are figures fairly dated to early in the xxvith dyn.
(Heliopolis and Kafr Ammar, p. 34, xxix).
I N D E X
Agru, river Iora, 7
Adoption by high priestess, 26
African customs, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
Akhenaten altar, 3
Altars for offerings, 3
Amasis altar, 3
Amenhetep 111, tomb vases, 4
Amulets of animal figures, 14
powers, 6
property, 12
Ra, 13, 14
Similars, 6, 8
Animal models, 12
Anta, skull of, 17
Ashes of offerings buried, 3
Axe, copper, 11
Ba-bird, 2
Badarian use of corn, 6
Balls of leather, 12
Bandages of mummy, 17
inscribed, 20
Beliefs, variety of, I
Bird, human-headed, 2
Boat models, 11
Body revived, 14
Bones unfleshed, 16, 18
BOW and arrows, 11
Bread offering, 3
Candle on cartonnage, 19
Cannibalism before Osiris, 6
Canopic jars, 26
Cartonnage, 18, 21
Caucasus in Book of Dead, 6
Cedar oil on mummy, 17
Censer, 24
pan with charcoal, 24
Chisel models, 11
Clothing, g
on dried body, 17
Coffin mummiform, 22
of pottery, 24
Collars of beads, g
Combs, 10
Corn-barrel measure, 4
Corn god Osiris, 6
sprouted at tomb door, 7
Couches and models, 10
Daggers, 11
Dismemberment of body, 8
Dissevered body, 8, 17, 18
Doll figure, 8, 12
Emsaht, figure offerings, 5
Eyes from coffins, 24
Faces carved or moulded, 22
Fans, 10
Female figures, 8
Fetishism, modern, 6
Fields of reeds and of peace, 7
Finger amulets, 17
Fire bowl offering, 3
Flail, 11
Food for the dead, 3
Funeral procession, 14, 15
Games, 10
Gilded face of mummy, 18
Girdle-tie carved, g
Gold plates, eyes and tongue, 8
Granaries, 12
Green paint by eyes, 16
Hair pins, 10
in place, 18
Harpoons, 11
Head buried apart, 8
removed, 8
rests, 10
29
Hes vase, 4
Hetep, origin of, 3
Hoe, copper, 11
Horus, four sons of, 25, 26
on canopic jars,
28
Hours of night, 13
House for soul, 4
Hypocephali, 24
Incision t o remove viscera, 16
# l
Jars, canopic," 26
Jewellery on cartonnage, 19
Kherp sceptre, 12
Killed furniture, 4
servants, 4
Knitted woollen cap, 18
Kohl pots, 10
tubes, 10
Labels on mummies, 20
Lamp on grave, 5
Lances, 11
Leather stamped, xxist dyn., 20
Linen clothing, g
Mace head, 11
Malachite, beneath eyes, 16
Mascot fetishism, 6
Mertat on bodies, xxist dyn., 20
Mer-agkhu, corn measurer, 4
Mera, tomb, 5
Merenast, 26
Mirrors, 10
Mouth, opening of, 3
INDEX
Mummification, cessation of, 17
system of, 14~16
Mummy, animal, rg
broken up, 16
case decorated, 21, 23
dried, 16, 17
earliest wrapping, 10
embalmed, 16
kept in house, 18
labelled, 20
sealed, 19
stuffed, 17
Musical instruments, 11
Name band or bead, 26
Nut, protector of dead, 2
Obelisk of Ra, 14
Obsidian eye of mummified bull,
24
Offerings on altar, 3
Opening the mouth, instruments,
24
Osiris in Caucasus, I
in sacred tree, I
beds of corn sprouted, 7
kingdom of, 6
Painezem altar, 3
Painted cloth on mummy, 18
Palettes for face paint, g
Papyri in cartonnage, 18
Pectoral, 25
Pesesh-kef amulet, 3
Pitch over body, 17
Portraits painted on panel, 19
hung up in house, 19
Procession, funereal, 15
Ptah-neferu, altar, 3
Ptah-sokar-Osiris figures, 28
Ra, boat of, 13
life with, 12
pyramidion, 13, I4
Ra-ka-mena, 5
Ra-nefer, body, 16
Ritual of prehistoric burial, 3
Sandals, g
Sarcophagus, 24
Scarab on pectoral, 25
Sekhet-a&, and -h.ete$, 7
Servant figures, 11
Shabtis, 5
Soul accepted by Osiris, 6
houses, 4
passage for, 5
wandering, 6
Standards in procession, I5
Statues for the soul, 5
Steles of offerings, 5
Survivals of custom, 15
Sycornore fig tree, sacred, 2
Teknu, offering, 4
Throwstick, 11
Tray for offerings, 4
for sandals, 10
Uas-sceptre, 12
Unfleshing of bones, 16
Userkaf, altar, 3
Ushabtis, 11
boxes, 12
collar, 12
Uzat eye, plate, 16, 17
Walking stick, 10
Weapons, 11
Weighing of the heart, 7
Wife figures, 8
Wrapping of mummy, 17
Writing palettes, ro
. i
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