EX:NO:

DATE:

SIMULATION OF LOW PASS & HIGH PASS PASSIVE FILTERS
AIM:

To obtain the characteristics of Low pass and High pass filter by using PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

PSPICE Software

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LOW PASS FILTER



















HIGH PASS FILTER




















THEORY:
Low Pass Filter:







Low pass filters has two roles to pass the desired low frequency signals and stop the unwanted
high frequency signals.
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design. It is sometimes called
a high-cut filter, or treble cut filter in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a
high-pass filter. A band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a high-pass.
Low-pass filters exist in many different forms, including electronic circuits (such as a hiss
filter used in audio), anti-aliasing filters for conditioning signals prior to analog-to-digital
conversion, digital filters for smoothing sets of data, acoustic barriers, blurring of images, and so
on.
High Pass Filter:















The two roles of a high pass filter are to pass the desired high frequency signals and stop the
unwanted low frequency signals.

A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes high-
frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies lower than
the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to
filter. A high-pass filter is usually modeled as a linear time-invariant system. It is sometimes
called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter.
[1]
High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC
from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or RF devices. They can also be used in
conjunction with a low-pass filter to make a bandpass filter.
OUTPUT

LOW PASS FILTER


























HIGH PASS FILTER



























PROCEDURE
:
Open the multisim software and give the circuits connections as shown in fig.
Run the simulation.
Obtain the frequency response by using the bode plotter.



















































RESULT:

Thus the High & Low pass filters were designed and their characteristics were verified.


Ex.No:
Date:

STUDY OF CRO & MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE,
FREQUENCY AND POWER FACTOR
AIM:
To study about CRO and measurements of sinusoidal Voltage, frequency and power
factor.
COMPONENTS:
Name Description Number of
components
required
RES Resistor 1
VGEN Ac voltage
source
2
GND Ground 1

THEORY: -

Analogous to the CRO used for measuring the voltage, time period, frequency, peak voltage,
peak to peak voltage and RMS voltage
Time Period: The time taken by an alternating voltage to complete one cycle is called its Time
period, T.
Frequency: The number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency of the
alternating voltage. Its unit is Hertz. Frequency is given by the reciprocal of Time period T.

Peak and Peak to Peak Value: The maximum value, +ve or ve of the alternating quantity is
known as its peak value. It is also called maximum value or amplitude of the alternating quantity.

The total voltage measured from ve peak to +ve peak is called the Peak to Peak voltage.
Using CRO: - Measure the number of divisions for a single cycle on the time axis and multiply
it by the value indicated by the Times/Div knob on the CRO. This gives the Time Period of the
alternating voltage.
RMS Value (Root Mean Square Value)
It is given by the steady dc current which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time
produces the same heat as produced by the alternating current which when flowing through the
same circuit for the same time.
RMS value of alternating voltage is related to its peak value by the relation

Phase: - The phase of an alternating quantity is the fraction of the time period of the alternating
voltage which has elapsed since the voltage last passed through the zero position of reference.
Phase difference: - Consider two alternating quantity of same frequency reaching their peak/ zero
value at different instants of time. gives the phase difference between two waves.

The phase difference between two sinusoidal signals of same frequency can be calculated from
the amplitudes y1 and y2 of the lissajous pattern. Phase difference is given by

Lissajous Pattern: - A lissajous pattern is produced on the screen when two sine wave voltages
are applied simultaneously to both pairs of deflection plates of a CRO.
A known frequency f
H
is applied to the horizontal input, and an unknown frequency f
V
is applied
to the vertical input. Then a lissajous pattern with loops is obtained. The unknown
frequency f
V
can be measured by the relation;


Figure shows typical case of lissajous pattern for particular frequency and phase difference.
Power Factor:
The cosine angle between the two applied volage.
P.F=Cos
Rise time: - The time required for a signal to transit from 10% of its maximum value upto 90%
of its maximum value.
Fall time: - The time required for a signal to transit from 90% of its maximum value down to
10% of its maximum value.
Duty cycle: - For periodic rectangular waveform, the ratio of the time the signal is high to the
time period of the signal.

Time Period: - The time required to complete one cycle is referred to as Time Period, T.
Procedure: -
We set one voltage source as fixed and the second is varied with respect to the first. In other
words, the second voltage source is set as the unknown voltage source and its frequency and
phase is varied in order to obtain standard output waveforms. The Transient Analysis is executed
and output waveform is observed in the Waveform Viewer. To obtain lissajous pattern in the
Waveform Viewer proceed as follows. Wave form Viewer -> Options -> Waveform -> Axes ->
Select X variable and Y variable(in this case V1 and V2 respectively)-> Apply.

RESULT:
Thus the basics CRO and measurements of sinusoidal Voltage, frequency and power
factor of were studied.