1

Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst
BEAM: Structural member subjected to
bending and shear.
2 Beam Theory
M
a
V
a
M
b
V
b
Yield and Plastic Moments
3 Beam Theory
Moment can be related to stresses, o, strains, c, and
curvature, |.
Stress strain law -
Initially assume linearly elastic, no residual stresses
(for elastic only).
Plane sections remain plane -
Strain varies linearly over the height of the cross
section (for elastic and inelastic range).
Assumptions:
4 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
F
u
F
y
E
c
y
.001 to .002
c
u
.1 to .2
c
sh
.01 to .03
c
r
.2 to .3
Stress vs. Strain
5
Beam Theory
E
sh
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
E
c
y
.001 to .002
c
u
.1 to .2
c
sh
.01 to .03
c
r
.2 to .3
Stress-strain law
6
Beam Theory
E
sh
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
F
u
F
y
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
E
c
y
.001 to .002
c
u
.1 to .2
c
sh
.01 to .03
c
r
.2 to .3
Stress-strain law
7
Beam Theory
E
sh
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
F
u
F
y
Initially we will
review behavior
in this range
Plane sections remain plane.
8 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
P = }ooA=0
F
i
= ooA
EF
i
= 0
M = }yooA
M = Ey
i
F
i
y
i
oA
Centroid
9 Beam Theory
Elastic
Neutral Axis,
ENA
Yield and Plastic Moments
M M
y
c
|
y
max
o
max
ENA
10 Beam Theory
o
max
Elastic Behavior:
Strain related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
o = Ec
Yield and Plastic Moments
Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
F
y
E
c
Y
11 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
F
y
E
c
Y
12 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
Now, consider
what happens
once some of the
steel yields.
Increasing c
c
y
Increasing o
F
y
F
y
Theoretically, reached
at infinite strain.
13 Beam Theory
y
|
y
Beyond Elastic Behavior
Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis
If homogenous material (similar F
y
),
PNA divides Equal Areas, A
1
+A
2
/2.
y
A
y A
i
i i
= =

ENA
For symmetric homogeneous sections,
PNA = ENA = Centroid
14 Beam Theory
A
1
A
2
ENA
A
1
y
x
A
2
/2
PNA
A
1
A
1
A
2
/2
x
y
p
Yield and Plastic Moments
15 Beam Theory
Yield Moment, M
y
= (I
x
/c)F
y
= S
x
F
y
S
x
= I
x
/c
c = y = distance to outer fiber
I
x
= Moment of Inertia
Plastic Moment, M
p
= Z
x
F
y
Z
x
= }
A
yoA
For homogenous materials,
Z
x
= EA
i
y
i
Shape Factor = M
p
/M
y
( )

+ =
2 3
12
y A
bh
I
x
Yield and Plastic Moments
A
1
A
2
ENA
A
1
y
x
A
2
/2
PNA
A
1
A
1
A
2
/2
x
y
p
Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis Centroid
PNA divides equal forces in
compression and tension.
If all similar grade of steel
PNA divides equal areas.
PNA
y
A
y A
i
i i
= =

ENA
16 Beam Theory
A
1
ENA
y
A
2
A
1
y
p
A
2
Yield and Plastic Moments
17 Beam Theory
Plastic Moment, M
p
= Z
x
F
y
Z
x
= }
A
yoA = EA
i
y
i
,
for similar material throughout
the section.
Shape Factor = M
p
/M
y
Yield Moment, M
y
= (I
x
/c)F
y
= S
x
F
y
S
x
= I
x
/c
c = y = distance to outer fiber
I
x
= Moment of Inertia
PNA
A
1
ENA
y
A
2
A
1
y
p
A
2
Yield and Plastic Moments
With residual stresses, first yield actually occurs before M
y
.
Therefore, all first yield
equations in the specification reference
0.7F
y
S
x
This indicates first yield 30% earlier than M
y
.
For 50 ksi steel this indicates an expected residual stress of
(50 * 0.3) = 15 ksi.
18 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
Moment
M
p
EI
curvature, |
M
y
Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship
19 Beam Theory
Yield and Plastic Moments
20 Beam Theory
Moment
M
p
EI
curvature, |
M
y
Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship
Yield and Plastic Moments
Including Residual Stresses
Lateral Torsional Buckling
(LTB)
21 Beam Theory
LTB occurs along the length of the section.
Result is lateral movement of the compression flange and
torsional twist of the cross section.
Compression flange tries to buckle as a column.
Tension flange tries to stay in place.
22 Beam Theory
Lateral Torsional Buckling
L
b
is referred to as the unbraced length.
Braces restrain EITHER:
Lateral movement of compression flange or
Twisting in torsion.
M
a
V
a
X X
X X
L
b
Xs denote lateral brace points.
23 Beam Theory
Lateral Torsional Buckling
M
b
V
b
Handout on Lateral Bracing
Lateralbeambracing.pdf
24 Beam Theory
FACTORS IN LTB STRENGTH
L
b
- the length between beam lateral bracing points.
C
b
- measure of how much of flange is at full compression
within L
b
.
F
y
and residual stresses (1
st
yield).
Beam section properties - J, C
w
, r
y
, S
x
, and Z
x
.
25 Beam Theory
Lateral Torsional Buckling
The following sections have inherent restraint against LTB
for typical shapes and sizes.
W shape bent about its minor axis.
Box section about either axis.
HSS section about any axis.
For these cases LTB typically does not occur.
26 Beam Theory
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Local Buckling
27 Beam Theory
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
28 Compression Theory
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
29 Compression Theory
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
30 Compression Theory
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Web is restrained by the flange at
one edge, web in tension at other.
31 Beam Theory
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Web is restrained by the flange at
one edge, web in tension at other.
32 Beam Theory
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Failure is localized at areas of high stress
(maximum moment) or imperfections.
Web is restrained by the flange at
one edge, web in tension at other.
33 Beam Theory
Handout on Plate Buckling
PlateBuckling.pdf
34 Beam Theory
If a web buckles, this is not necessarily a final failure mode.
Significant post-buckling strength of the entire section may be
possible (see advanced topics).
One can conceptually visualize that a
cross section could be analyzed as if
the buckled portion of the web is
missing from the cross section.
Advanced analysis
assumes that
buckled sections are
not effective, but
overall section may
still have additional
strength in bending
and shear.
35 Beam Theory
Local Web Buckling Concerns
Bending in the plane of the web;
Reduces the ability of the web to carry its share of the
bending moment (even in elastic range).
Support in vertical plane;
Vertical stiffness of the web may be compromised to resist
compression flange downward motion.
Shear buckling;
Shear strength may be reduced.
36 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
37 Beam Theory
Shear limit states for beams
Shear Yielding of the web:
Failure by excessive deformation.
Shear Buckling of the web:
Slender webs (large d/t
w
) may
buckle prior to yielding.
38 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Shear Stress, t = (VQ)/(Ib)
t = shear stress at any height on the cross section
V = total shear force on the cross section
Q= first moment about the centroidal axis of the area
between the extreme fiber and where t is evaluated
I = moment of inertia of the entire cross section
b = width of the section at the location where t is
evaluated
39 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Handout on Shear Distribution
ShearCalculation.pdf
40 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Shear stresses generally are low in the flange area
(where moment stresses are highest).
For design, simplifying assumptions are made:
1) Shear and Moment stresses are independent.
2) Web carries the entire shear force.
3) Shear stress is simply the average web value.
i.e. t
web(avg)
= V/A
web
= V/dt
w
41 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Yield defined by
Mohrs Circle
y 2 1
y 2
y 1



s
s
s
o
Yield defined by
Mohrs Circle
y 2 1
y 2
y 1



s
s
s
y

y
-
y
-
42 Beam Theory
Shear Yield Criteria
Shear Strength
Von Mises Yield defined by maximum
distortion strain energy criteria
(applicable to ductile materials):
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 1 y
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 y
3
1

2

when 0
(
+ + s

+ s
=
For F
y
= constant for load directions
Specification uses 0.6 F
y
max
0.577
3
y
y
F
F s =
y

y
-
y
-
Shear Yield Criteria
43 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Von Mises Failure Criterion
(Shear Yielding)
When average web shear stress V/A
web
= 0.6F
y
V = 0.6F
y
A
web
44 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
V
V
V
V
t
t
V
V
C
V
V
T
Shear Buckle
Shear buckling occurs due to diagonal compressive stresses.
Extent of shear buckling depends on h/t
w
of the web (web
slenderness).
45 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
V
V
If shear buckling controls a beam section, the plate section which buckles can be
stiffened with stiffeners. These are typically vertical plates welded to the web
(and flange) to limit the area that can buckle. Horizontal stiffener plates are also
possible, but less common.
No Stiffeners
Stiffener spacing = a
Potential buckling
restrained by stiffeners
Potential buckling restrained by
web slenderness
46 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
When the web is slender, it is more susceptible to web shear buckling. However,
there is additional shear strength beyond when the web buckles.
Web shear buckling is therefore not the final limit state.
The strength of a truss mechanism controls shear strength called Tension Field
Action.
47 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
V
V
Shear Buckling of Web
V
V
When the web is slender, it is more susceptible to web shear buckling. However,
there is additional shear strength beyond when the web buckles.
Web shear buckling is therefore not the final limit state.
The strength of a truss mechanism controls shear strength called Tension Field
Action.
48 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Tension can
still be carried
by the Web.
V
V
When the web is slender, it is more susceptible to web shear buckling. However,
there is additional shear strength beyond when the web buckles.
Web shear buckling is therefore not the final limit state.
The strength of a truss mechanism controls shear strength called Tension Field
Action.
49 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Compression can
be carried by the
stiffeners.
Tension can
still be carried
by the Web.
V
V
50 Beam Theory
Shear Strength
Compression can
be carried by the
stiffeners
Tension can
still be carried
by the Web
For Tension Field Action to be effective the truss forces must be resisted at
each node point.
Therefore , end panels are not effective, nor are widely spaced stiffeners, nor
panels that are not well restrained around their perimeter.
Beam Deflections
51 Beam Theory
Elastic behavior (service loads).
Limits set by project specifications.
Beam Deflections
52 Beam Theory
Typical limitation based on
Service Live Load Deflection
Typical criteria:
Max. Deflection, d = L/240, L/360, L/500, or L/1000
L = Span Length
Beam Deflections
53 Beam Theory
INCLUDE REFERENCE MATERIAL:
AISC DESIGN GUIDE# 3: Serviceability
Design Considerations for Steel Buildings
(2
nd
Edition)
54 Beam Theory
Calculate deflection in beams from expected service
dead load.
Result is a straight beam after construction.
Beam Deflections: Camber
Provide deformation in beam equal to a percentage of
the dead load deflection and opposite in direction. It is
important not to over-camber.
Specified on construction drawings.
55 Beam Theory
Beam without Camber
56 Beam Theory
Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.
o
57 Beam Theory
o
58 Beam Theory
o
Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.
Beam with Camber
59 Beam Theory
Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.
This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.
o
o
Cambered beam counteracts service dead load deflection.
Beam Vibrations
60 Beam Theory
INCLUDE REFERENCE MATERIAL:
AISC DESIGN GUIDE#11: Floor
Vibration Due to Human Activity
61 Beam Theory