R C NH

2
COOH
R'
+
HCl
R C NH
3
Cl
COOH
R'
_
+
H C NH
2
COOH
CH
2
CH
3
+
HCl
H C NH
3
Cl
COOH
CH
2
CH
3
_
+
a) Reaction with HCl
Example:
b) Reaction with NaOH
Example:
R C NH
2
COOH
R'
+
NaOH
R C NH
2
COO Na
R'
_
+
H C NH
2
COOH
CH
2
CH
3
+
NaOH
H C NH
2
COO Na
CH
2
CH
3
_
+
c) Reaction with ROH + HCl (catalyst)
Example:
R C NH
2
COOH
R'
+
R''OH +
H
2
O
R C NH
2
COOR''
R'
H C NH
2
COOH
CH
2
CH
3
+
CH
3
OH
HCl
+
H
2
O
R C NH
2
COOR''
R'
d) With Nitrous Acid (HNO
2
)
elimination of N
2
(g)
R C
COOH
R'
+
carbocation
H
2
O
2-hydroxy
carboxylic acid
Cl
-
+
halocarboxylic
acid
- H
+
Alenoic
acid
Ob!er"ation: #$bblin%
o& %a! 'N
2
(
R C NH
2
COOH
R'
R C N N
COOH
R'
+
dia)oni$m ion
NaNO
2
* HCl
-+ to ,
o
C
Example:
H C NH
2
COOH
CH
3
H C N N
COOH
CH
3
+
dia)oni$m ion
NaNO
2
* HCl
elimination of N
2
(g)
H C
COOH
CH
3
+
carbocation
H
2
O
H C OH
COOH
CH
3
Cl
-
+
H C Cl
COOH
CH
3
- H
+
H C
COOH
CH
2
e!tides are amino acid !olymers
in -hich the indi"idual amino acid
units. are lined to%ether by amide
bonds# or !e!tide bonds
e!tide $ond
2 amino acids react together# H
2
O
is eliminated%
&his is condensation reaction%
/
2 amino acids &orm di!e!tide
/
' amino acids &orm tri!e!tide
/
() 0 '* amino acids &orm oligo!e!tide
/
+ '* amino acids &orm !oly!e!tide
,ormation of di!e!tide bond-
+
+
H
2
O
H
2
N CH
2
C OH H N C COOH
H
CH
3
H
H
2
N CH
2
C
N C COOH
H CH
3
H
O
O
amide bond .
!e!tide bond
A dipeptide
Note!:
N-terminal '-ith &ree 0NH
2
( i!
al-ay! -ritten on the le&t and C-
terminal '-ith &ree 0COOH( at the
ri%ht !ide
,ormation of tri!e!tide bond-
1rite the !tr$ct$ral &orm$la o& tripeptide -ith the &ollo-in%
!e2$ence 3ly-Ala-4yr :
H
2
N CH
2
C OH H N C COOH
H
CH
3
H
O
H N C COOH
H H
CH
2
OH
3ly
Ala
4yr
H
2
N CH
2
C N C C
H
CH
3
H O
N C COOH
H
CH
2
OH O
H
A tripeptide
/m!ortance of amino acids -

H$man bein%! can !ynthe!i)e abo$t hal&

o& the amino acid! needed to mae
protein!5

Other amino acid!. called the e!!ential e!!ential

amino acid! amino acid!. m$!t be pro"ided in the diet5

4he ten e!!ential amino acid! are :

ar%inine 'Ar%( "aline '"al( methionine '6et(
threonine '4hr( le$cine '7e$( phenylalanine '8he(
hi!tidine 'Hi!( i!ole$cine '9le( ly!ine '7y!(
trypthophan '4rp(
/m!ortance of !roteins -

8rotein! are the mo!t ab$ndant or%anic

molec$le! in animal!. playin% important
role! in all a!pect! o& cell !tr$ct$re and
&$nction5

Example! o& protein &$nction! :

Cla!! o& protein Example! :$nction!
!tr$ct$ral protein colla%en. eratin tendon!. !in
hair. nail!
en)yme! ;NA polymera!e repair ;NA
tran!port protein hemo%lobin tran!port O
2