TEKOGSYS

Abhaya Chandra K.
and Andreas Knig

Institute of
Integrated Sensor Systems
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
Smart Homes, Intelligent Kitchens, Sensate Floors
- Ambient Intelligence
Abhaya Chandra K.
June, 2008
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Knig
Abhaya Chandra K. and Andreas Knig
Ambient Intelligence
There are two different kinds of interfaces that are being developed with totally
different goals ,yet being complementary .
1. Virtual Reality
2. Ambient Intelligence
While VR allows user to interact with
a computer-simulated environment, be
it a real or imagined one, The goal of
Ambient Intelligence is to bring the
computer into the user's world, rather
than force the user to go inside the
computer.
This Seminar will focus on Ambient Intelligence
Ambient intelligence is a post-desktop model of
human-computer interaction in which
information processing has been thoroughly
integrated into everyday objects and activities. As
opposed to the desktop paradigm, in which a
single user consciously engages a single device
for a specialized purpose, someone "using"
Ambient intelligence engages many
computational devices and systems
simultaneously, in the course of ordinary
activities, and may not necessarily even be aware
that they are doing so.
Objective
The Objective of this seminar is to find the latest
research works in this field done by various
research groups. The seminar will also try to
determine if the research groups prefer off-the-
shelf components or integrated components.
What is a Smart Home?
Ellen returns home after a long day's work.
At the front door she is recognized by an
intelligent surveillance camera, the door
alarm is switched off, and the door unlocks
and opens.
When she enters the hall the house map
indicates that her husband Peter is at an art
fair in Paris, and that her daughter Charlotte
is in the children's playroom.
A panel at the living room shows her climate information in various parts
of the house
Why Smart homes?
There can be many reasons for having a
Smart home, But the most important
reasons would be
1)Safety and Security
2)Assisted Living for the Older people
3) Luxury ( Home of the future)
Safety And Security
Safety and security form the basic necessities of the present culture, So this part
has become a part of infrastructure of most homes at present.
Smoke detectors are available in the market
from 10 euros to 150 euros . Similarly
burglar Alarms are also available in the
market.
Assisted Living
The AAL seeks to address the needs of the ageing population by making life
easier for them. There are many different types of research going on in this
field, Some of them are mention here
One method adopted is to continuosly
update the status of the persons health to
the family doctor. This is done in two main
steps, The person is remided to take his
tests by the set of communication devices
which are linked together and upon taking
the tests the results are sent to the Clinic. If
the person has a sudden problem, The
doctor can easily assist as he has access to
the health trend of his patient.
By University of Illinois
Assisted Living
PAUL : Personal Assistant unit for living
[1]
PAUL collects RAWsensor data and uses various algorithms to detect any
potential danger related to health domain.
Assisted Living
Sensor Technologies for AL Systems Integrated Health Monitoring and
Emergency Call System
[2] [3]
To define risk incidents the system should rely on detecting vital signs changes.
This way the system would be transparent without requiring any special skill
from the user. From a medical point of view, its well-known that vital signs
(temperature, pulse and blood pressure) are strongly altered after an accident.
For example, if somebody falls down breaks a bone and loses their
consciousness, due to the need of sending more blood to the brain, the body
temperature and pulse are increased quickly. Through proper monitoring of
those constants, it is possible to detect what has happened and call to notify the
event
Assisted Living
Mainstreaming on Ambient Intelligence
:[4]
A workshop by Technological University of Koice
A paper : Searching for Temporal Patterns in AmI Sensor Data
The main innovation of the MonAMI project lies in demonstrating how a
complex mix of technologies, many of them so far only validated under
laboratory conditions can be brought together in a socially and
economically viable way to facilitate inclusive access for elderly and
disabled citizens.
Although the project does not focus on technology development, the required
adaptation and integration work as well as the experience to be gained from real
world deployment will result in significant technical innovations. This is
particularly true for the field of Ambient Intelligence which is so far very much
limited to laboratory demonstrators and experiments.
Assisted Living
Wearable computing
[5]
The Wearable Computing Group is
focusing on miniaturization of digital
systems, computer architectures for
wearable applications, wired and
wireless communication networks in
clothing, sensor systems and signal
processing.
In future this technology can be used
for continuous health monitoring.
Courtesy : ETH Zurich
Smart Homes - Luxury
What would it be like to live in a house
with a shower smart enough to regulate
the water temperature? How about
having a mailbox that senses when mail
arrives?
Samsung Hauzen
[6]
Samsung has already realized the importance of smart homes. Samsung has
a research interest for smart living. According to it Smart living is where the
house actually understands what the user wants
Philips Research
[7] [8]
Philips moves on a slightly different line , Its more interested in improving
the experience of using products in day to day life.
ExperienceLab is a unique laboratory where consumer tested innovation is top
priority. The lab, located at the High Tech Campus in Eindhoven, the
Netherlands, provides the perfect setting for the discovery of the practical, social
and psychological implications of upcoming technologies.
=> An image of a philips product which
uses backlight to create an ambience
depending on the surroundings
Philips Research Intelligent Personal
Care Environment
The intelligent personal-care environment
introduces Ambient Intelligence in the
bathroom. Based on personal preferences
it can start playing different applications
on an interactive mirror display. The
mirror display is the central interaction
with the bathroom; not only can it be used
for viewing the media, already available
in other places of the house (TV, Internet,
video, etc.), it also interacts with the
devices regularly used in the bathroom.
Philips Research
One of the key characteristics of
devices in an Ambient Intelligence
environment is that they must know the
context in which they are being used.
Screens, for example, become very
general-purpose devices, capable of
displaying high quality video and graphics
when needed, or transforming themselves
into transparent windows or mirrors. To
configure themselves correctly without
user intervention, they must know what
they are being used for.
World of Mushroom :
[9]
An interesting approach to ambient assisted living where sensors are
called mushrooms. NTT communication Laboratories Japan. Here the
different departments are trying to come together under the umbrella of
Ambient intelligence to create a smart home
SERCHO
[10]:
The SerCHo Showroom, located at the Ernst Reuter Platz in Berlin,
implements a fully networked home environment infrastructure. In this
location, the automation of intra-domestic processes in the form of Smart
Home services can be developed under real conditions, and can be further
examined for content, operability and usability.
The SerCHo Testbed integrates a multiplicity of heterogeneous
technologies in the intelligent home and creates a holistic solution for a
modern living concept.
University of Madrid
:[11]
Ambient intelligence in madrid
We have converted our laboratory in a real living room, and,
we are using it as a testbench for testing our smart room developments
University of Madrid : (contd.)
These include five control devices for five different lights (one
fluorescent, two floor lights and two dimmable lights), a door opening
mechanism, several smart identity cards, a radio tuner, a TV set,
microphones, speakers, an IP video camera and two flat screens. These
sensors and devices are connected to an network and the combination of
these devices are used to create a smart environment
DFKI
[12]
Here its more about Retail.
In IRL we conduct tests in a large number of
different fields all connected to intelligent
shopping consultants, which range from a
virtual assistant responsible for matters of
dieting and allergies, over a digital sommelier,
to personalized cross and up selling, smart
items in digital product memories as a further
development of the RFID technology, indoor
positioning and navigation as well as new
logistics concepts, to see whether they are
suitable for everyday life and prove to be
useful for the clients.
Intelligent Fridge
University of Florida: Gator Tech house A Programmable Pervasive Space
[13] [14]
In this laboratory-house, our research and development is designed to assist older
persons in maximizing independence and maintaining a high quality of life.
Many first-generation pervasive
computing systems lack the ability
to evolve as new technologies
emerge or as an application domain
matures. Programmable pervasive
spaces, such as the Gator Tech
Smart House, offer a scalable, cost-
effective way to develop and deploy
extensible smart technologies.
Intelligent Kitchen
Among the various places in a Smart home, The kitchen is the most interesting
and has attracted the attention of many researchers.
A kitchen can be one of the most dangerous places at home, So Safety, Security,
luxury come hand in hand here.
Intelligent Kitchen
Intelligent Spoon
[15]
This project aims to introduce computing into traditional culinary utensils. It
seeks to provide information, in an integrated manner, about any food the spoon
is in contact with, and to offer suggestions to improve the food. The spoon is
equipped with sensors that measure temperature, acidity, salinity, and viscosity.
Intelligent Kitchen
Intelligent Kitchen
Heat Sink :
[21]
Colored LEDs powered by a solid-state microcircuit on the tap project colored
light into the stream of water to communicate its temperature to users. Red and
blue are commonly used for hot and cold.
This is presently a commercially available product
Intelligent Kitchen
SEE Sink
Intelligent Kitchen
See Sink
[21]
:
Todays automated faucets turn off so that we dont soil them on the controls or
leave the water running. However these systems are only useful for hand
washing because they only work with single-temperature and volume of water.
What if you need to fill a pot with water, or clean lettuce with cold water. See
Sink is a prototype of a sink that can interpret a variety of tasks being performed
by the user to provide useful hands-free control of water temperature and flow.
A CCD camera mounted under the faucet continually observes the contents of
the sink. Using image recognition [C++ program using Microsoft Vision SDK
Library], a computer controls the water temperature and flow based on the type
of object in the sink, its size and
the length of time it stays.
Intelligent Kitchen
Up Down Sink
[21]
:
The up-down sink uses a camera to find a persons head and automatically adjusts
to the proper height. After use, the sink returns to its universally accessible
height. In combination with an undercut in the basin, the up-down sink is a
handicap-accessible sink that can be comfortably used by tall persons, children
and seated individuals.
Intelligent Kitchen
The Kitchen as a Graphical User Interface
[20]
:
Everyday objects can become computer interfaces by the overlay of digital
information. This paper describes scenarios and implementations in which
imagery is digitally painted on the objects and spaces of a kitchen. Five
augmented physical interfaces were designed to orient and inform people in the
tasks of cleaning, cooking and accessing information: Information Table,
Information Annotation of Kitchen, HeatSink, Spatial Definition, and Social
Floor. Together, these interfaces augment the entire room into a single graphical
user interface
Intelligent Kitchen
Smart Kitchen NTU
[16]
:
Enabling Nutrition-Aware Cooking in a Smart Kitchen
A smart kitchen that can enhance the traditional meal preparation and cooking
process by raising awareness of the nutrition facts in food ingredients that go
into a meal. The goal is to promote healthy cooking. Our smart kitchen is
augmented with sensors to detect cooking activities and provides digital
feedbacks to users about nutritional information on the used food ingredients.
LCD Display
Smart stove
Smart Cabinet
Intelligent Kitchen
IBM Smart Kitchen
[39]
:
For a small expense, merchandisers can put simple metallic tags on their
products that the countertop will sense. Any tagged item becomes "visible" to
the system interface, in that the system senses the encoded tag data, plus
information that describes the item's state.
The kitchen counters are lined with an array of pervasive computing devices
Intelligent Kitchen
The semantic cookbook
[40]
:
It records the cooking of the user and replicates it , So the cooking process
can be repeated by another user in a similar way. This is done by capturing the
users cooking on video
Intelligent Kitchen
GEs Kitchen of the future
[17]
Refrigerator
A sensor knows what has been placed in the unit and updates an electronic list of
all contents. The unit uses this information to assist the consumer by not only
offering an inventory of foods available but also by working with the inventory
from the pantry to suggest menus. The sensor also knows an item's relative
position and will automatically adjust local atmospheric conditions (temperature
and humidity) for optimal food preservation. Advanced aero-gel and vacuum
panel insulation afford thinner walls creating more room for what consumers
want to store with greater efficiency. Organic light-emitting diode technology
(OLED) evenly distributes lighting and saves space.
Speedcook Oven
Bright halogen light delivers oven-quality food up to eight times faster than a
conventional oven. A sensor recognizes pre-packaged foods and automatically
selects the right cooking time and levels for fast, no-touch cooking.
Intelligent Kitchen
Multi-Technology Oven
Microwave, thermal and convection energies combine to cook food better and
faster. Based on a menu selection, the oven automatically pre-heats. A thermo-
scan of the oven shows which areas of food are at proper temperature. Waste
heat is used to heat water for washing dishes.
Slide-Out Cooktop
The cooktop features sensing technologies that sense where a pan is placed and
optimize the burner size for efficiency. Boiling sensors sound an alert if liquids
have boiled away. A self-cleaning feature activates upon retraction.
Ionizing Vent
The slide-out vent will be used as a downdraft, eliminating smoke and odors and,
with the use of ionizing HEPA filters, will release clean air back into the room.
Intelligent Kitchen
Water System
Clean water will be purified via ultraviolet light that ensures that water is free of
bacteria without using chemicals. Pure water and ice are available through the
refrigerator, and instant hot water is available on demand. The system will
monitor water quality as it enters the house and will communicate with the
consumer should there be a problem. The water system will eliminate tastes,
odors, color, bacteria and chemical contaminants from the water.
Dishwasher
Water for kitchen cleanup is heated through thermo-waste created by the wall
oven. Detergent is loaded in bulk once per year, and dispensed via algorithms to
minimize the cleaning agents in wastewater. Grey water created though dish
cleaning is reprocessed for use in other areas of the home and garden.
Sensate Floors
In an Intelligent kitchen
environment A Sensitive floor may
be highly efficient for safety and
security, A kitchen is the place
where most fires start.
A sensitive floor can be used for the
detecting the absence of a person
when the food is overcooked and
the object can be switched off, Or
the floor can detect the presence of
a child and the system can take
precautionary measures.
Though it makes sensitive floor
attractive the cost and resolution
also play a big part in the design.
Sensate floors
Sensate floors
There are many different ways of creating a sensate floor
1) Large-area force-sensitive resistors
2) Optical techniques
3) Measuring the change in capacitance
4) Grid of shielded cable with a piezoelectric copolymer
Each of these have certain advantages and disadvantages, We will first look at
some ways by which these sensors are used.
Sensate floors
A Large Area Force Sensor for Smart Skin Applications
[33]
The sensing mechanism is based on the novel contact piezoresistive
effect. Furthermore, the sensors resolution, size and shape can be easily tailored
to the applications requirements
A smart skin embedded in the floor
can be used to identify people by
analyzing their footstep force profiles
[x]. Moreover, a sensor that covers
the whole floor area would be able to
locate and track the position of
multiple users in a smart home. Such
a smart home can automatically
adapt its local environment to the
users preferences such as ambient
light, music, temperature etc.
Sensate floors
Figures showing the
circuit and Resolution of
the smart skin sensor
Sensate floors
An inexpensive scanning laser rangefinder
Though here a WALLis mentioned as a surface, Similar techniques
are applied to floors too, The problem being the change in transparency over
time.
A scanning laser rangefinder at one
corner of the display to determine the
polar (r, ) coordinates of hands in a
plane above the projection surface
Laser rangefinders are commercially
available devices, used for survey,
robotic, and military applications,
But still considerably expensive
Sensate floors
A Textile Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor
[37]
The system is composed of a distributed passive array of capacitors, as
sketched in fig.1, (i.e. an array where no active elements such as transistors are
involved), whose capacitance varies according to the pressure exerted over a
fabric surface, as well as an electronic system that collects and computes the
subsequent capacitance variations.
The system produces an image of
the pressure field, providing both
information on the area touching
the surface of the sensor and on the
pressure exerted. The emphasis in
this solution is on detection of
small pressures (e.g. light stroking)
being applied over a relatively
wide area
Sensate floors
Textile Sensor
Sensate floors
IBM : A grid of shielded cable, similar to standard coaxial wire but with a
piezoelectric copolymer used for the inner insulation, is placed on the
floor(spaced at a 4-inch pitch) The piezoelectric material produces a voltage (in
the 1-5 volt range if terminated with a high impedance) when the wire is stepped
o(proportional to foot pressure) Our current setup uses a grid of 16 32 wires at a
4-inch pitch below a 6 10 foot trapezoidal segment of carpet
Sensate floors
A Pressure Sensing Floor for Interactive Media Applications
[24]
By measuring the pressure of a user interacting with the system, this device is
able to provide real-time knowledge about both the location of the performer on
the floor as well as the amount and distribution of force being exerted on the
floor. This system has been designed to closely integrate and synchronize with
external systems including marker-based motion capture systems, audio-sensing
equipment and video-sensing technology, thus allowing for robust multimodal
sensing of a subject in the integrated environment.
Sensate floors
Cost Effective Immersive Room with
Pressure sensing Floor
[25]
This paper proposes the architecture of a
pressure sensing floor divided in rigid tiles. The
system is based on a network of flexible pad
pressure sensors, used under all tile corners,
connected to special local data acquisition
circuits. Signals captured by the sensor units are
transmitted to a system controller that process,
display and store the information received. The
proposed architecture was applied in an
interactive room with a 64 tiles floor, providing
a network weight measuring system that allows
detecting, recording and tracking the movement
of objects or people over the sensitive area.
Sensate floors
Monitoring Movement Behavior by means of
a Large Area Proximity Sensor Array in the
Floor
[26]
This paper describes an innovative sensor
system which can detect and track people in a
room by means of an array of capacitive sensors
beneath the floor covering. By combining
cutting-edge technology from the domains of
capacitive sensing, wireless data transmission,
interconnecting technology between textiles and
microelectronics and high level data processing
it is possible to support various groundbreaking
applications in the domains of Ambient
Assisted Living, energy saving, comfort,
marketing, healthcare and security
Sensate floors
ISAfloor: a high resolution floor sensor with
3D visualization and multimedia interface
capability
[27]
A 4.x4. prototype floor sensor that employs
densely arranged force sensing resistors has
been developed to provide real time data of
activity. With an active area of 3.x3. the sensor
has 2.4. inter sensor resolution.
The focus of this work is to design a platform
with sensor resolution large enough to show the
pressure distribution under a users feet in real
time.
Sensate floors
The Design of a Pressure Sensing Floor for Movement-Based Human
Computer Interaction[28]
This paper addresses the design of a large area, high resolution, networked
pressure sensing floor with primary application in movement-based human-
computer interaction (M-HCI).
Sensate floors
The Design of a Pressure Sensing Floor for Movement-Based Human
Computer Interaction
Sensate floors
GelForce
[38]
GelForce is a novel type of interface that measures the distribution of both the
magnitude and direction of force. The sensor is composed of a transparent
elastic body, two layers of blue and red markers and a CCD camera. Force
vectors are calculated from the captured movement of the markers.
Sensate Floors - Comparison
Sensor
System
Group Year Sensing
Method
Sensing
Area (sq
ft)
Frame
Rate
(Hz)
Sensor
Density
(per sq
inch)
Data
Resolution
(no of bits)
Inte
grat
abili
ty
mo
dul
ar
Por
tabl
e
MIT Magic
Carpet
MIT 1997 Piezoelectric
wires
60 60 0.06 8 Yes No Yes
LITE FOOT
Uni Limerick
Ireland
1997 Optical
Proximity
Sensors
42.25 100 0.3 NA No No No
ORL Active
Floor
Oracle Research
lab
1997 Load Cells 10.76 500 0.01 16 No No No
High resolution
Pressure sensor
Distributed floor
Uni Tokyo
2002 Binary
switch
43 15 10.57 1 No Yes No
Z Tiles
Uni limerick
Ireland
2004 FSR NA 100 0.5 12 No Yes Yes
Floor Sensor
systems
Uni Southampton
UK
2005 Binary
switch
15.68 22 1.3 1 No No No
AME floor I
Arizona state Uni
2004-
05
FSR 9 10 0.44 8 Yes No No
Sensate Floors - Comparison
Sensor
System
Group Year Sensing
Method
Sensing
Area (sq
ft)
Frame
Rate
(Hz)
Sensor
Density
(per sq
inch)
Data
Resolution
(no of bits)
Inte
grat
abili
ty
mo
dul
ar
Por
tabl
e
AME Floor II
Arizona state
Uni
05- 06 FSR 60 33 6.25 8 Yes Yes No
Pressure sensing
floor (M-HCI)
Arizona state Uni
NA FSR 180 43 6.25 8 Yes Yes No
Pressure Sensing
for dance floor
Arizona state Uni
2005 FSR 1.91 30 7.32 8 Yes Yes Yes
Tecxtile Based
Pressure sensor
Uni Bologna Italy
2002 capacitive NA NA 4 1 No No Yes
Smart Skin
Tekscan
2002 Force
sensing cells
10
2
-10
7
100 10
2
-10
6
NA No Yes Yes
Pressure sensing
floor
INESCO IST IT
Lisboa Portugal
2007 Pressure
sensitive
pads
256 NA 0.08 NA No Yes No
Sensate Floors - Application
The Smart Floor: A Mechanism for Natural User Identification and Tracking:
A system for identifying people based on their footstep force profiles. This
floor system may be used to transparently identify users in their everyday living and
working environments.
We have created user footstep models based on footstep profile features and have
been able to achieve a recognition rate of 93% using this feature-based approach
Sensate floors
Sensate floors
1)Sensor floor designs can use large-area force-sensitive resistors that respond to
foot pressure. These can be fragile, however, and difficult to transport for mobile
installations.
2)Optical techniques, for instance by illuminating translucent floorboards with IR
from below and inferring range from detected intensity reflecting off the foot.
While this can also measure the foot when it is above the floor, it requires
calibration for variations in sole reflectance and floor transparency (which can
change with time), and does not directly provide pressure signals.
3)Electric fields, either measuring the change in capacitance between two plates
sandwiching an insulator that compresses with pressure, directly measuring the
loading of a capacitive electrode by the body when a foot is nearby, or measuring
the coupling of an external signal sent from the shoe into a receptor electrode on
the floor.
Conclusion
1) The field of Ambient Intelligence can be best used when researches
from different groups come together. At present the interaction
between different groups ( eg., distributed networking group and
sensor design group) is minimal
2) The products that are more generic ( smart homes ) tend to use off the
shelf components, but for the products that are more specific and have
a good market ( sensate floors used for dance step recognition etc)
Research groups are going for integrated approach by use of conductor
printing ( Textile based sensors) , MEMS ( wearable sensors ) and
many more . So we can relate the use of technology to market and
competition. As the field becomes more competitive integrated
approaches will become cheaper , and will be used more.
References
[01] http://www.eit.uni-kl.de/litz/assisted_living/projekt.html
[02] http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/dagstuhl/P7462.html
[03]http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2008/1456/pdf/07462.Berengu
erPerezRoc.Paper.1456.pdf)
[04] http://www.monami.info/
[05] http://www.wearable.ethz.ch/
[06] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npPfeq9qDLM&feature=related
[07]http://www.research.philips.com/technologies/subjects/experiencelab/
index.html
[08]http://stream.hightechcampus.nl/homelab/2005-homelab.wmv
References
[09] http://www.brl.ntt.co.jp/cs/ai/ja/flash/top_e.html
[10] http://130.149.154.94/
[11] http://amilab.ii.uam.es/
[12] http://www.dfki.de/web/living-labs-en
[13] http://www.icta.ufl.edu/gatortech/index2.html
[14] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUEXdDxO37c
[15] http://www.media.mit.edu/ci/research-index.html
[16] http://graphics.im.ntu.edu.tw/~robin/docs/wip07.pdf
[17]http://www.geconsumerproducts.com/pressroom/press_releases/comp
any/company/kitchenoffuture_fact_06.htm
References
[18] Ambient Intelligence and Beyond by Walter Van de Velde
[19] Attention-Based Design of Augmented Reality Interfaces Leonardo
Bonanni, Chia-Hsun Lee, Ted Selker MIT Media Laboratory
[20] The Kitchen as a Graphical User Interface Chia-Hsun Lee, Leonardo
Bonanni, Ted Selker
[21] Smart Sinks: Real-World Opportunities for Context-Aware
Interaction Leonardo Bonanni, Ernesto Arroyo, Chia-Hsun Lee, Ted
Selker
[22] Spatial User Interfaces:Augmenting Human Sensibilities in a
Domestic Kitchen by Jackie Chia-Hsun Lee
[23] Dishmaker: Personal Fabrication Interface Leonardo Bonanni, Sam
Sarcia, Subodh Paudel, Ted Selker
References
[24] A Pressure Sensing Floor for Interactive Media Applications
Prashant Srinivasan David Birchfield Gang Qian Assegid Kidan
[25] Cost Effective Immersive Room with Pressure Sensing Floor A.
Nunes, M. Piedade1, R. Neves
[26] Monitoring Movement Behavior by means of a Large Area
Proximity Sensor Array in the Floor Axel Steinhage, Christl
Lauterbach
[27] ISAfloor: a high resolution floor sensor with 3D visualization and
multimedia interface capability Kidan, Rodriguez, Cifdaloz, &
Harikrishnan
[28] The Design of a Pressure Sensing Floor for Movement-Based
Human Computer Interaction Sankar Rangarajan, Assegid Kidane,
Gang Qian, Stjepan Rajko, and David Birchfield
References
[29]ForSe FIElds Force Sensors For Interactive Environments Lisa
McElligott, Michelle Dillon,Krispin Leydon, Bruce Richardson,
Mikael Fernstrm, Joe Paradiso
[30] Detecting Human Movement by Differential Air Pressure Sensing in
HVAC System Ductwork: An Exploration in Infrastructure Mediated
Sensing Shwetak N. Patel, Matthew S. Reynolds, and Gregory D.
Abowd
[31]INTELLIGENT PERSONAL-CARE ENVIRONMENT the
bathroom cares for you- Philips
[32] Living Assistance Systems - An Ambient Intelligence Approach -
uni-kl & uni florida
References
[33] Large Area Force Sensor for Smart Skin Applications Thomas V.
Papakostas Julian Lima Mark Lowe
[34] GelForce Kazuto Kamiyama Kevin Vlack Terukazu Mizota
Hiroyuki Kajimoto Naoki Kawakami Susumu Tachi
[35] Building is a Network for Living in: Toward New Architectures
Mahesh Senagala1 University of Texas
[36] CargoNet: Micropower Sensate Tags for Supply-Chain Management
and Security by Mateusz Ksawery Malinowski
[37] A Textile Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor M. Sergio N. Manaresi,
M. Tartagni,R. Guerrieri R. Canegallo
[38] GelForce Kazuto Kamiyama Kevin Vlack Terukazu Mizota
Hiroyuki Kajimoto Naoki Kawakami Susumu Tachi The
University of Tokyo Center for Advanced Scientific Technology
Incubation
References
[39]http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wireless/library/wi-pvc/
[40]THE SEMANTIC COOKBOOK: SHARING COOKING
EXPERIENCES IN THE SMART KITCHEN - Michael Schneider

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Abhaya Chandra K.

and Andreas Knig

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