1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
is defined as the spontaneous is defined as the spontaneous
disintegration of certain disintegration of certain
atomic nuclei accompanied by atomic nuclei accompanied by
the emission of alpha the emission of alpha
particles, beta particles or particles, beta particles or
gamma radiation. gamma radiation.
CHAPTER 15: Radioactivity
CHAPTER 15: Radioactivity
(3 Hours)
(3 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain , ,
+ +
, , and and decays. decays.

State State decay law and use decay law and use

Define Define activity, activity, A A and decay constant, and decay constant,

. .

Derive and use Derive and use

Define Define half-life and half-life and use use

earning !utcome:
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15.1 Radioactiv# d#cay (% "ours)
N
dt
dN
=
t
e N N

=
0
t
e A A

=
0
!" !"

2 ln
2 / 1
= T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
3

&#'i(itio( (r#'#r to s#ctio( 1).1.3).

T"# radioactiv# d#cay is a spontaneous spontaneous r#actio( t"at

is unplanned unplanned* cannot be predicted cannot be predicted a(d
independent independent o' physical conditions physical conditions (suc" as
!r#ssur#* t#!#ratur#) a(d chemical changes chemical changes.

T"is r#actio( is random random r#actio( +#caus# t"#

probability probability o' a nucleus decaying nucleus decaying at a ,iv#( i(sta(t
is t"# same same 'or a-- t"# (uc-#i i( t"# sa!-#.

Radioactiv# radiatio(s ar# #itt#d w"#( a( u(sta+-#

(uc-#us d#cays. T"# radiatio(s ar# alpha particles, alpha particles,
beta particles and gamma-rays beta particles and gamma-rays.
#$.# "adioactive decay
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
4

A( a-!"a !artic-# co(sists o' two protons and two neutrons two protons and two neutrons.

It is id#(tica- to a helium nucleus a helium nucleus a(d its sy+o- is

It is positively charged positively charged !artic-# a(d its va-u# is .%# wit" ass
o' ).//%0/3 u.

1"#( a (uc-#us u(d#r,o#s a-!"a d#cay it -os#s 'our (uc-#o(s*

two o' w"ic" ar# !roto(s* t"us t"# r#actio( ca( +# r#!r#s#(t#d
+y ,#(#ra- #2uatio( +#-ow:

E3a!-#s o' d#cay :

#$.#.# Alpha particle % &
He
4
2

4
2
4R
Q + + He Pb Po
4
2
214
82
218
84
%'arent& %'arent& % %

particle& particle&
%Daughter& %Daughter&
X
A
Z
+ Y
4
2

A
Z

+ Q He
4
2
Q + + He Ra Th
4
2
226
88
230
90
Q + + He Rn Ra
4
2
222
86
226
88
Q + + He Th U
4
2
234
90
238
92
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
5

5#ta !artic-#s ar# electrons or positrons electrons or positrons (so#ti#s is ca--#d

+#ta6i(us a(d +#ta6!-us !artic-#s).

T"# sy+o-s r#!r#s#(t t"# +#ta6i(us a(d +#ta6!-us (!ositro()

ar# s"ow( +#-ow:

(eta-minus (eta-minus !artic-# is negatively charged negatively charged o' 1# a(d its ass
#2ua-s to t"# mass of an electron mass of an electron.

(eta-plus %positron& (eta-plus %positron& is positively charged positively charged o' .1# (a(ti!artic-#
o' #-#ctro() a(d it "as t"# sa# mass as the electron mass as the electron.

I( +#ta6i(us d#cay* a( #-#ctro( is #itt#d* t"us t"# mass mass

number does not charge but the charge of the parent number does not charge but the charge of the parent
nucleus increases nucleus increases by one by one as s"ow( +#-ow:
#$.#.) (eta particle % &
e
0
1

4R
e
0
1
+

4R
5#ta6i(us 5#ta6i(us
(#-#ctro() : (#-#ctro() :
5#ta6!-us 5#ta6!-us
(!ositro() : (!ositro() :
%'arent& %'arent& % %

particle& particle&
%Daughter& %Daughter&
X
A
Z
+ Y
1
A
Z+

+
Q e
0
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
6

E3a!-#s o' i(us d#cay:

I( +#ta6!-us d#cay* a !ositro( is #itt#d* t"is ti# t"# c"ar,# o'

t"# !ar#(t (uc-#us d#cr#as#s +y o(# as s"ow( +#-ow:

7or #3a!-# o' !-us d#cay is

Q + +

e Pa Th
0
1
234
91
234
90
Q + +

e U Pa
0
1
234
92
234
91
Q + +

e Po Bi
0
1
214
84
214
83
%'arent& %'arent&
%'ositron& %'ositron& %Daughter& %Daughter&
X
A
Z
+ Y
1
A
Z

+
Q e
0
1
Q v + + + e n p
0
1
1
0
1
1
*eutrino *eutrino is uncharged uncharged
particle with negligible particle with negligible
mass mass.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
7

8aa rays ar# high energy photons high energy photons (electromagnetic electromagnetic
radiation radiation).

Eissio( o' ,aa ray does not change the parent nucleus does not change the parent nucleus
into a different nuclide into a different nuclide* si(c# (#it"#r t"# c"ar,# (or t"#
(uc-#o( (u+#r is c"a(,#d.

A ,aa ray !"oto( is #itt#d w"#( a nucleus in an excited nucleus in an excited

state ma+es a transition to a ground state state ma+es a transition to a ground state.

E3a!-#s o' d#cay ar# :

It is uncharged %neutral& ray and ,ero mass uncharged %neutral& ray and ,ero mass.

T"# differ between gamma-rays and x-rays of the same differ between gamma-rays and x-rays of the same
wavelength wavelength o(-y i( t"# a((#r i( w"ic" they are produced they are produced9
gamma-rays gamma-rays ar# a result of nuclear processes result of nuclear processes* w"#r#as x- x-
rays originate outside the nucleus rays originate outside the nucleus.
#$.#.- .amma ray % &
+ +

He Pb Po
4
2
214
82
218
84
+ +

e U Pa
0
1
234
92
234
91
+

Ti Ti
208
81
208
81
.amma ray .amma ray
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
8

Ta+-# 15.1 s"ows t"# co!ariso( +#tw##( t"# radioactiv#

radiatio(s.
#$.#./ 0omparison of the properties between alpha
particle, beta particle and gamma ray.
A-!"a 5#ta 8aa
C"ar,#
&#'-#ctio( +y
#-#ctric a(d
a,(#tic 'i#-ds
Io(i:atio( !ow#r
P#(#tratio( !ow#r
A+i-ity to a''#ct a
!"oto,ra!"ic !-at#
A+i-ity to !roduc#
'-uor#sc#(c#
1)e 1)e
#e !" 1#e #e !" 1#e
2 %uncharged& 2 %uncharged&
3es 3es 3es 3es *o *o
Strong Strong 4oderate 4oderate 5ea+ 5ea+
5ea+ 5ea+ 4oderate 4oderate Strong Strong
3es 3es 3es 3es 3es 3es
3es 3es 3es 3es 3es 3es
6able #$.# 6able #$.#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
9

7i,ur#s 15.1 a(d 15.% s"ow a d#'-#ctio( o' * a(d i(

#-#ctric a(d a,(#tic 'i#-ds.
7igure #$.# 7igure #$.#
B

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

7igure #$.) 7igure #$.)

Radioactiv#
sourc#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
10

;aw o' radioactiv# d#cay stat#s:

7or a radioactive source, the decay rate is directly 7or a radioactive source, the decay rate is directly
proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei N N
remaining in the source remaining in the source.
i.#.

R#arra(,i(, t"# #2. (15.1):

H#(c# t"# decay constant decay constant is d#'i(#d as the probability that a the probability that a
radioactive nucleus will decay in one second radioactive nucleus will decay in one second. Its u(it is s s
# #
.
#$.#.$ Decay constant % &

dt
dN
N
dt
dN

N
dt
dN
=
*egative sign *egative sign #a(s t"# number of number of
remaining nuclei decreases with time remaining nuclei decreases with time
Decay constant Decay constant
%#$.#& %#$.#&
N
dt
dN
=
nuclei e radioaci! re"ainin# o$ nu"ber
rae deca%
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
11

T"# d#cay co(sta(t is a c"aract#ristic o' t"# radioactiv# (uc-#i.

R#arra(,# t"# #2. (15.1)* w# ,#t

At ti# t= t=0 0, , N=N N=N
0 0
(initial number of radioactive nuclei initial number of radioactive nuclei i( t"#
sa!-#) a(d a't#r a time time t t* t"# number of remaining nuclei number of remaining nuclei is
N N. I(t#,ratio( o' t"# #2. (15.%) 'ro t=0 to ti# t :
dt
N
dN
=
%#$.)& %#$.)&

=
t N
N
dt
N
dN
0
0

[ ] [ ]
t N
N
t N
0
0
ln =
t
N
N
=
0
ln
t
e N N

=
0
Exponential law of Exponential law of
radioactive decay radioactive decay
%#$.-& %#$.-&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
12

7ro t"# #2. (15.3)* t"us t"# ,ra!" o' N* t"# (u+#r o'
r#ai(i(, radioactiv# (uc-#i i( a sa!-#* a,ai(st t"# ti# t is
s"ow( i( 7i,ur# 15.3.
t
e N N

=
0
2
0
N
0
N
4
0
N
16
0
N
8
0
N
2 / 1
T
2 / 1
2T
2 / 1
3T
2 / 1
4T
2 / 1
&T
0
t ' i"e
N
li$e hal$ (
2 / 1
T
7igure #$.- 7igure #$.-
Stiu-atio( 15.1
*ote: *ote:
7ro t"# ,ra!" (d#cay curv#)*
t"# life of any radioactive life of any radioactive
nuclide is infinity nuclide is infinity* t"#r#'or# to
ta-k a+out t"# -i'# o' radioactiv#
(uc-id#* w# r#'#r to its half-life half-life.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
13

is d#'i(#d as the time ta+en for a sample of radioactive the time ta+en for a sample of radioactive
nuclides disintegrate to half of the nuclides disintegrate to half of the initial number of nuclei initial number of nuclei.

7ro t"# #2. (15.3)* a(d t"# d#'i(itio( o' "a-'6-i'#*

w"#( * t"us

T"# half-life of any given radioactive nuclide half-life of any given radioactive nuclide is constant constant* it
does not depend on the number of remaining nuclei does not depend on the number of remaining nuclei.
#$.#.8 9alf-life %T
1/2
&
t
e N N

=
0
2 / 1
T t =
2
)
0
N
N =
2 / 1
0
0
2
T
e N
N

=
2 / 1
2
T
e

=
2 / 1
2
1
T
e

=
2 / 1
ln 2 ln
T
e

=

T
693 * 0 2 ln
2 / 1
= = 9alf-life 9alf-life
%#$./& %#$./&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
14

T"# u(its o' t"# "a-'6-i'# ar# second second (s)* minute minute (i()* hour hour
("r)* day day (d) a(d year year (y). Its unit depend on the unit of decay unit depend on the unit of decay
constant constant.

Ta+-# 15.% s"ows t"# va-u# o' "a-'6-i'# 'or s#v#ra- isoto!#s.
6able #$.) 6able #$.)
:sotope 9alf-life
).5 1/
<
y#ars
1.0 1/
3
y#ars
13= days
%) days
3.= days
%/ i(ut#s
U
238
92
Po
210
884
Ra
226
88
Bi
214
83
Rn
222
86
Th
234
90
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
15
+econd per deca%+ 10 , 3 -i 1
10
. =

is d#'i(#d as the decay rate of a radioactive sample. the decay rate of a radioactive sample.

Its u(it is number of decays per second number of decays per second.

4t"#r u(its 'or activity ar# curie curie (0i 0i) a(d bec;uerel bec;uerel ((; (;) > S.I.
u(it.

?(it co(v#rsio(:

R#-atio( +#tw##( activity (A) o' radioactiv# sa!-# a(d ti# t :

7ro t"# -aw o' radioactiv# d#cay :

a(d d#'i(itio( o' activity :
#$.#.< Activity of radioactive sample %A&

dt
dN
+econd per deca% 1 B. 1 =
N
dt
dN
=
dt
dN
A =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
16

T"us
0 0
N A =
N A = a(d
t
e N N

=
0
( )
t
e N A

=
0
t
e A A

=
0
Activity at time Activity at time t t
Activity at time, Activity at time, t t =2 =2
a(d
( )
t
e N

=
0
%#$.$& %#$.$&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
17
A radioactiv# (uc-id# A disi(t#,rat#s i(to a sta+-# (uc-id# 5. T"#
"a-'6-i'# o' A is 5./ days. I' t"# i(itia- (u+#r o' (uc-id# A is
1./ 1/
%/
* ca-cu-at# t"# (u+#r o' (uc-id# 5 a't#r %/ days.
Solution : Solution :
T"# d#cay co(sta(t is ,iv#( +y
T"# (u+#r o' r#ai(i(, (uc-id# A is
T"# (u+#r o' (uc-id# A t"at "av# d#cay#d is
T"#r#'or# t"# (u+#r o' (uc-id# 5 'or#d is
E3a!-# 1 :
Q B A +
0 * &
2 ln
=
da%+ 20 ) 10 1*0 da%+) 0 * &
20
0 2 / 1
= = = t N T
2 / 1
2 ln
T
=
1
da%+ 139 * 0

=
t
e N N

=
0
( )
( ) ( ) 20 139 * 0 20
10 0 * 1

= e N
nuclei 10 2 * 6
18
=
18 20
10 2 * 6 10 0 * 1 =
nuclei 10 38 * 9
19
=
nuclei 10 38 * 9
19

PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
18
a. Radioactiv# d#cay is a ra(do a(d s!o(ta(#ous (uc-#ar
r#actio(. E3!-ai( t"# t#rs ra(do a(d s!o(ta(#ous.
+. =/@ o' a radioactiv# su+sta(c# d#cays i( )./ days. &#t#ri(#
i. t"# d#cay co(sta(t*
ii. t"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# su+sta(c#.
Solution : Solution :
a. Ra(do #a(s t"at t"# time of decay for each nucleus time of decay for each nucleus
cannot be predicted cannot be predicted. T"# probability of decay for each probability of decay for each
nucleus is the same nucleus is the same.
S!o(ta(#ous #a(s it happen by itself without external happen by itself without external
stimuli stimuli. T"# decay is not affected by the physical conditions decay is not affected by the physical conditions
and chemical changes and chemical changes.
E3a!-# % :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
19
Solution : Solution :
+. At ti#
T"# (u+#r o' r#ai(i(, (uc-#i is
i. 5y a!!-yi(, t"# #3!o(#(tia- -aw o' radioactiv# d#cay* t"us t"#
d#cay co(sta(t is
ii. T"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# su+sta(c# is
da%+' 0 * 4 = t

=
0 0
100
80
N N N
nuclei 2 * 0
0
N =
t
e N N

=
0
( ) 0 * 4
0 0
2 * 0

= e N N
( ) 0 * 4
2 * 0

= e
( ) 0 * 4
ln 2 * 0 ln

= e
1
da% 402 * 0

=
( ) e ln 0 * 4 2 * 0 ln =

2 ln
2 / 1
= T
402 * 0
2 ln
2 / 1
= T
da%+ ,2 * 1
2 / 1
= T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
20
P"os!"orus63% is a +#ta #itt#r wit" a d#cay co(sta(t o' 5.0 1/
A

s
1
. 7or a !articu-ar a!!-icatio(* t"# !"os!"orus63% #its )./ 1/
A
+#ta !artic-#s #v#ry s#co(d. &#t#ri(#
a. t"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# !"os!"orus63%*
+. t"# ass o' !ur# !"os!"orus63% wi-- ,iv# t"is d#cay rat#.
(8iv#( t"# Avo,adro co(sta(t* B
A
C0./% 1/
%3
o-
1
)
Solution : Solution :
a. T"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# !"os!"orus63% is ,iv#( +y
E3a!-# 3 :

2 ln
2 / 1
= T
1 , 1 ,
+ 10 4*0 ) + 10 6 * &

= =
dt
dN

,
10 6 * &
2 ln

=
+ 10 24 * 1
6
2 / 1
= T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
21
Solution : Solution :
+. 5y usi(, t"# radioactiv# d#cay -aw* t"us
0./% 1/
%3
(uc-#i o' P63% "as a ass o' 3% ,

A.1) 1/
13
(uc-#i o' P63% "as a ass o'
1 , 1 ,
+ 10 4*0 ) + 10 6 * &

= =
dt
dN

0
N
dt
dN
=
( )
0
, ,
10 6 * & 10 0 * 4 N

=
nuclei 10 14 * ,
13
0
= N
32
10 02 * 6
10 14 * ,
23
13

# 10 80 * 3
9
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
22
A t"oriu6%%= isoto!# w"ic" "as a "a-'6-i'# o' 1.<13 y#ars d#cays
+y #itti(, a-!"a !artic-# i(to radiu6%%) (uc-#us. Ca-cu-at#
a. t"# d#cay co(sta(t.
+. t"# ass o' t"oriu6%%= r#2uir#d to d#cay wit" activity o'
1%./ Ci.
c. t"# (u+#r o' a-!"a !artic-#s !#r s#co(d 'or t"# d#cay o' 15./ ,
t"oriu6%%=.
(8iv#( t"# Avo,adro co(sta(t* B
A
C0./% 1/
%3
o-
1
)
Solution : Solution :
a. T"# d#cay co(sta(t is ,iv#( +y
E3a!-# ) :

2 ln
2 / 1
= T
( ) 60 60 24 36& 1*913 % 913 * 1
2 / 1
= = T

2 ln
10 03 * 6
,
=
1 8
+ 10 1& * 1

=
+ 10 03 * 6
,
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
23
Solution : Solution :
+. 5y usi(, t"# u(it co(v#rsio( ( -ideca%/+econd )*
t"# activity is
Si(c# t"#(
I' 0./% 1/
%3
(uc-#i o' T"6%%= "as a ass o' %%= , t"us

3.=0 1/
1<
(uc-#i o' T"6%%= "as a ass o'
( )
10
10 , * 3 0 * 12 -i 0 * 12 = = A
deca%+/+ 10 44 * 4
11
=
+econd per deca%+ 10 , 3 -i 1
10
. =
N A =

A
N =
( )
8
11
10 1& * 1
10 44 * 4

= N
nuclei 10 86 * 3
19
=
228
10 02 * 6
10 86 * 3
23
19

# 10 46 * 1
2
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
24
Solution : Solution :
c. I' %%= , o' T"6%%= co(tai(s o' 0./% 1/
%3
(uc-#i t"us

15./ , o' T"6%%= co(tai(s o'
T"#r#'or# t"# (u+#r o' #itt#d a-!"a !artic-#s !#r s#co(d is
,iv#( +y
( )
23
10 02 * 6
228
0 * 1&

nuclei 10 96 * 3
22
= N
( )
22 8
10 96 * 3 10 1& * 1 =

N
dt
dN
A = =
+econd paricle+/ 10 && * 4
14
= A
I,(or#d it.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
25
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain the application of radioisotopes as tracers. the application of radioisotopes as tracers.
earning !utcome:
w
w
w
.
k

!
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.

a
t
r
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#
d
u
.

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"
y
s
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w
w
w
.
k

!
"
.

a
t
r
i
k
.
#
d
u
.

y
$
!
"
y
s
i
c
s
15.% Radioisoto!# as trac#rs (1 "our)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
26
#$.).# "adioisotope

is d#'i(#d as an isotope of an element that is radioactive an isotope of an element that is radioactive.

It is !roduc#d i( a (uc-#ar r#actor* w"#r# stable nuclei are stable nuclei are
bombarded by high speed neutrons until they become bombarded by high speed neutrons until they become
radioactive nuclei radioactive nuclei.

E3a!-#s o' radioisoto!#s:

a.
+.
c.
#$.) "adioisotope as tracers
Q + + + P n P
32
1&
1
0
31
1&
Q + +

e / P
0
1
32
16
32
1&
Q + + + 0a n 0a
24
11
1
0
23
11
Q + +

e 1# 0a
0
1
24
12
24
11
Q + + + 2l n l 2
28
13
1
0
2,
13
Q + +

e /i 2l
0
1
28
14
28
13
%"adio phosphorus& %"adio phosphorus&
%"adio sodium& %"adio sodium&
%"adio aluminum& %"adio aluminum&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
27

Si(c# radioisotope radioisotope "as t"# same chemical properties as the same chemical properties as the
stable isotopes stable isotopes t"#( t"#y ca( +# us#d to trace the path made trace the path made
by the stable isotopes by the stable isotopes.

Its #t"od :

A small amount of suitable radioisotope small amount of suitable radioisotope is #it"#r

swallowed swallowed +y t"# !ati#(t or in>ected into the body of the in>ected into the body of the
patient patient.

A't#r a w"i-# c#rtai( !art o' t"# +ody wi-- "av# a+sor+#d
#it"#r a (ora- aou(t* or a( aou(t w"ic" is -ar,#r t"a(
(ora- or -#ss t"a( (ora- o' t"# radioisoto!#. A detector detector
(suc" as .eiger counter ,gamma camera .eiger counter ,gamma camera* #tc..) t"#(
measures the count rate at the part of the body measures the count rate at the part of the body
concerned concerned.

It is us#d to investigate organs investigate organs i( "ua( +ody suc" as kid(#y*

t"yroid ,-a(d* "#art* +rai(* a(d #tc..

It a-so us#d to monitor the blood flow monitor the blood flow a(d measure the blood measure the blood
volume volume.
#$.).) "adioisotope as tracers
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
28
A sa-- vo-u# o' a so-utio( w"ic" co(tai(#d a radioactiv# isoto!#
o' sodiu "ad a( activity o' 1%/// disi(t#,ratio(s !#r i(ut# w"#(
it was i(D#ct#d i(to t"# +-oodstr#a o' a !ati#(t. A't#r 3/ "ours t"#
activity o' 1./ c
3
o' t"# +-ood was 'ou(d to +# /.5/ disi(t#,ratio(s
!#r i(ut#. I' t"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# sodiu isoto!# is tak#( as 15
"ours* #stiat# t"# vo-u# o' +-ood i( t"# !ati#(t.
Solution : Solution :
T"# d#cay co(sta(t o' t"# sodiu isoto!# is
T"# activity o' sodiu a't#r 3/ " is ,iv#( +y
E3a!-# 5 :
h 30 ) "in 12000 h) 1&
1
0 2 / 1
= = =

t A T

2 ln
2 / 1
= T

2 ln
1& =
1 2
h 10 62 * 4

=
t
e A A

=
0
( )
( )( ) 30 10 62 * 4
2
12000


= e
1
"in 3000

= A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
29
Solution : Solution :
I( t"# dilution dilution traci(, #t"od* t"# activity activity o' t"# sa!-#* A A is
proportional proportional to t"# volume volume o' t"# sa!-# !r#s#(t* V V.
t"us t"# ratio o' activiti#s is ,iv#( +y
T"#r#'or# t"# vo-u# o' t"# +-ood is
h 30 ) "in 12000 h) 1&
1
0 2 / 1
= = =

t A T
V A
1 1
kV A =
2 2
kV A = t"#( a(d
2
1
2
1
V
V
A
A
=
2
1
3000
& * 0
V
=
3
2
c" 6000 = V
initial initial final final
%#$.8& %#$.8&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
30
:n medicine :n medicine

To d#stroy ca(c#r c#--s +y ,aa6ray 'ro a "i,"6activity

sourc# o' Co60/.

To tr#at d##!6-yi(, tuors +y !-a(ti(, radiu6%%0 or ca#siu6

13A i(sid# t"# +ody c-os# to t"# tuor.
:n agriculture :n agriculture

To #(a+-# sci#(tists to 'oru-at# '#rti-i:#rs t"at wi-- i(cr#as# t"#

!roductio( o' 'ood.

To d#v#-o! (#w strai(s o' 'ood cro!s t"at ar# r#sista(t to

dis#as#s* ,iv# "i," yi#-d a(d ar# o' "i," 2ua-ity.

To i(cr#as# t"# ti# 'or 'ood !r#s#rvatio(.

#$.).- !ther uses of radioisotope
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
31
:n industry :n industry

To #asur# t"# w#ar a(d t#ar o' ac"i(# !art a(d t"#
#''#ctiv#(#ss o' -u+rica(ts.

To d#t#ct '-aws i( u(d#r,rou(d !i!#s #.,. !i!#s us# to carry

(atura- !#tro-#u ,as.

To o(itor t"# t"ick(#ss o' #ta- s"##t duri(, a(u'actur# +y

!assi(, it +#tw##( ,aa6ray a(d a suita+-# d#t#ctor.
:n archaeology and geology :n archaeology and geology

To #stiat# t"# a,# o' a( arc"a#o-o,ica- o+D#ct 'ou(d +y

r#'#rri(, to car+o(61) dati(,.

To #stiat# t"# ,#o-o,ica- a,# o' a rock +y r#'#rri(, to

!otassiu6)/ dati(,.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
32
Radioactiv# iodi(# isoto!# o' "a-'6-i'# =./ days is us#d 'or
t"# tr#at#(t o' t"yroid ,-a(d ca(c#r. A c#rtai( sa!-# is r#2uir#d to
"av# a( activity o' =./ 1/
5
52 at t"# ti# it is i(D#ct#d i(to t"# !ati#(t.
a. Ca-cu-at# t"# ass o' t"# iodi(#6131 !r#s#(t i( t"# sa!-# to
!roduc# t"# r#2uir#d activity.
+. I' it tak#s %) "ours to d#-iv#r t"# sa!-# to t"# "os!ita-* w"at
s"ou-d +# t"# i(itia- ass o' t"# sa!-#E
c. 1"at is t"# activity o' t"# sa!-# a't#r %) "ours i( t"# +ody o' t"#
!ati#(tE
(8iv#( t"# Avo,adro co(sta(t* B
A
C0./% 1/
%3
o-
1
)
E3a!-# 0 :
( ) 3
131
&3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
33
Solution : Solution :
T"# d#cay co(sta(t o' t"# iodi(# isoto!# is
a. 7ro t"# r#-atio( +#tw##( t"# d#cay rat# a(d activity*
I' 0./% 1/
%3
(uc-#i o' 36131 "as a ass o' 131 , t"us

=./ 1/
11
(uc-#i o' 36131 "as a ass o'
( ) +) 10 91 * 6 60 60 24 0 * 8
&
2 / 1
= = T
B. 10 0 * 8
&
0
= A

2 ln
2 / 1
= T

2 ln
10 91 * 6
&
=
1 6
+ 10 00 * 1

=
0
0

=
dt
dN
A
( )
0
6 &
10 00 * 1 10 0 * 8 N

=
0 0
N A =
nuclei 10 0 * 8
11
0
= N
131
10 02 * 6
10 0 * 8
23
11

# 10 ,4 * 1
10
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
34
Solution : Solution :
+. 8iv#(
;#t N : ass o' 36131 a't#r %) "ours
N
0
: i(itia- ass o' 36131
5y a!!-yi(, t"# #3!o(#(tia- -aw o' radioactiv# d#cay* t"us
c. 8iv#(
T"# activity o' t"# sa!-# is
( ) +) 10 91 * 6 60 60 24 0 * 8
&
2 / 1
= = T
B. 10 0 * 8
&
0
= A
+ 10 8*64 3600 24 hr 24
4
= = = t
# 10 ,4 * 1
10
=
t
e N N

=
0
( ) ( )
4 6
10 64 * 8 10 00 * 1
0
10
10 ,4 * 1


= e N
( )
( ) ( )
4 6
10 64 * 8 10 00 * 1 10
0
10 ,4 * 1


= e N
# 10 90 * 1
10
0

= N
+ 10 8*64 3600 24 hr 24
4
= = = t
t
e A A

=
0
( )
( ) ( )
4 6
10 64 * 8 10 00 * 1 &
10 0 * 8


= e A
B. 10 34 * ,
&
= A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
35
A( arc"#o-o,ist o( a di, 'i(ds a 'ra,#(t o' a( a(ci#(t +ask#t
wov#( 'ro ,rass. ;at#r* it is d#t#ri(#d t"at t"# car+o(61)
co(t#(t o' t"# ,rass i( t"# +ask#t is <.%5@ t"at o' a( #2ua- car+o(
sa!-# 'ro t"# !r#s#(t day ,rass. I' t"# "a-'6-i'# o' t"# car+o(61)
is 5A3/ y#ars* d#t#ri(# t"# a,# o' t"# +ask#t.
Solution : Solution :
T"# d#cay co(sta(t o' car+o(61) is
T"# a,# o' t"# +ask#t is ,iv#( +y
E3a!-# A :
%ear+ &,30 ) 10 2& * 9
100
2& * 9
1/2 0
2
0
= =

=

T N N N

2 ln
2 / 1
= T

2 ln
&,30 =
1 4
% 10 21 * 1

=
t
e N N

=
0
( )t
e N N
4
10 21 * 1
0 0
2
10 2& * 9


=
( ) ( ) e t ln 10 21 * 1 10 2& * 9 ln
4 2
=
%ear+ 196,4 = t
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
36
E3#rcis# 15.1 :
8iv#( N
2
C0./% 1/
%3
o-
1
1. ;ivi(, wood tak#s i( radioactiv# car+o(61) 'ro t"#
atos!"#r# duri(, t"# !roc#ss o' !"otosy(t"#sis* t"# ratio o'
car+o(61) to car+o(61% atos +#i(, 1.%5 to 1/
1%
. 1"#( t"#
wood di#s t"# car+o(61) d#cays* its "a-'6-i'# +#i(, 50// y#ars.
) , o' car+o( 'ro a !i#c# o' d#ad wood ,av# a tota- cou(t rat#
o' %/./ disi(t#,ratio(s !#r i(ut#. &#t#ri(# t"# a,# o' t"#
!i#c# o' wood.
A*S. : A*S. : ?<$/ years ?<$/ years
%. A dru, !r#!ar#d 'or a !ati#(t is ta,,#d wit" Tc6<< w"ic" "as a
"a-'6-i'# o' 0./5 ".
a. 1"at is t"# d#cay co(sta(t o' t"is isoto!#E
+. How a(y Tc6<< (uc-#i ar# r#2uir#d to ,iv# a( activity o'
1.5/ CiE
c. I' t"# dru, o' activity i( (+) is i(D#ct#d i(to t"# !ati#(t %./5 "
a't#r it is !r#!ar#d* d#t#ri(# t"# dru,Fs activity.
%'hysics, - %'hysics, -
rd rd
edition, @ames S. 5al+er, A)<B)?, p.##2<& edition, @ames S. 5al+er, A)<B)?, p.##2<&
A*S. : A*S. : 2.##$ h 2.##$ h
# #
C #.< C #.< #2 #2
D D
nucleiC #.#D nucleiC #.#D 0i 0i
37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 15
Good luck
7or
%
(d
s##st#r #3ai(atio(