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DrAmyLarsen
Ingestionoccurs
Mechanicallybreaksdownfoodstuffs(mastication)
Mixesfoodwithsaliva
water(9799.5%)
proteins mucin (mucous),lysozyme(bacterial
enzyme)andIgA(antibody),protection
digestiveenzymes:salivaryamylaseandlingual
lipase
OralCavity
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TheStomach
temporarystoragetank
convertsbolusintochyme
separatedfromsmallintestinebypyloricsphincter
regulatesentryofchymeintosmallintestine!!!!!!
intrinsicfactor(Vit B12absorption)
mechanicaldigestion churningandsegmentation
initiateproteindigestion
absorption=minimal
Microanatomy TheStomach
MariebFig. 15
Glandcellsinthestomach
wall:
Gobletcells&mucous
neckcells mucous
Parietalcells secretesHCl
(denaturesproteins,
pepsinogen)&intrinsic
factor
Chiefcells pepsinogen&
lipases
Enteroendocrine cells
chemicalmessengers
(histamine)&gastrin
GastricMotility&Emptying
peristalsismixeschymeinstomach&propelsit
towardspyloricsphincter/duodenum(SI)
Gastricemptyinginfluencedby:
dependsoncontentsofduodenum
volume=emptying
fatsdigestedandabsorbedslowerthanCHOorprotein
inSIsofoodstaysinstomachlongerafterhighfatmeal
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TheSmallIntestine
body'smajordigestiveorgan
digestioniscompletedandvirtuallyallabsorption
occurs(includingwater)
anatomy:duodenum,jejunum,ileum
wall:villiandmicrovilli(brushborder)
increasesurfaceareaforabsorption
separatedfromlargeintestinebyileocecal valve
(sphinctermuscle)
MariebFig. 22
IntestinalJuice
12Lsecreteddailybyintestinalglands
stimulatedbyhyperextensionoracidicchyme
watery,slightlyalkaline
isotonicwithplasma
largelywaterandcontainsmucus
enzymepoor
mostintestinalenzymesareboundtothebrush
border (brushborderenzymes)
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AccessoryOrgansoftheSI
Liver
producesbile
GallBladder
storesand
concentratesbile(fats)
Pancreas
secretesdigestiveenzymes (pancreaticjuice)and
bicarbonate(neutralises)
MariebFig. 21
RegulationofSecretion
acid induodenumsecretionofbicarbonate
frompancreas
proteinandfatsinduodenumstimulate:
pancreaticenzymesecretioneg.pancreatic
amylasesandpancreaticlipase
bile fromliverandgallbladder
MotilityoftheSI
intestinalSMmixeschymethoroughlywithbile&
pancreaticandintestinaljuices(segmentation)
movesfoodfromtheileocal valvetotheLI
viasegmentation (mixing)
movesintestinalcontentstowardsileocecal valve
gastroileal reflex
foodinstomachincreasestheforceofsegmentation&
relaxestheileocecal sphincter(chymemovesfromSIinto
LI)
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diameterisgreaterthantheSI,butismuchshorter
hasnovilli,buthaustra (pouches)
majordigestivefunctions:
absorbmostoftheremainingwaterfrom
indigestiblefood(coupled)
storage&eliminationofindigestiblefood
absorbsmetabolitesfromresidentbacteria
massmovements(massperilstalsis)
LargeIntestine
CarbohydrateDigestion
Mouth
starch(salivaryamylase) maltoseglucose
sucroseglucose+fructose
lactoseglucose+galactose
SmallIntestine
completedigestiontomonosaccharidesbypancreatic
amylase
digestionofdisaccharidesbybrushborderenzymes
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ProteinDigestion
Stomach
proteinspolypeptides,pepsin
SmallIntestine
polypeptidespeptides,bypancreaticproteases
enzymes
peptidesaminoacids,bybrushborderenzymes
FatDigestion
Mouth
triglyceridesemulsifiedbylinguallipase
Stomach
gastriclipase chiefcells
SmallIntestine
emulsifiedintosmallerparticlesbybilesalts(liverand
gallbladder)
pancreaticlipasescatalysethebreakdownoffat
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AbsorptiveState
absorptivestate
fedstate
timeduringandshortyaftereatingwhere
nutrientsareflushingintothebloodfrom
theGItract
anabolismcatabolism
energysubstratesnotrequiredarestored
glucoseisthemajorenergyfuel
Energyrichnutrientsarestoredforlater:
glucoseglycogeninliverandskeletalmuscle
fattyacidstriglycerides(TGs)inadiposetissue
aminoacidsproteinsinskeletalmuscle
glucose istheenergyrichmoleculefavoredforusein
ATPresynthesis
AbsorptiveState
AbsorptiveState
glycogenesis
formationofglycogen(fromglucose)
liverandskeletalmuscle
lipogenesis
synthesisofTGs(fromglycerolandfattyacids)
adiposetissue
proteinsynthesis
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PostAbsorptiveState
postabsorptivestate
fastedstate
nonutrientsfromthedigestivetractare
beingaddedtotheblood
catabolismanabolism
energysubstratesareretrievedfromstorage
replacementoffuel
glucoseisproducedbytheliver
theliverproducesglucose
glycogenolysis
breakdownglycogenstores(finite)
gluconeogenesis(gluco=glucose,neo=new,genesis=form)
aminoacids,lacticacidandglycerolareconvertedto
glucose(liverandskeletalmuscle)
lipolysisintheliverandadiposetissue
breakdownoflipidstoproducefattyacidsandglycerol
fattyacidsusedtosynthesizeATP
glucoseuseissparedforusebynervoustissue
Post AbsorptiveState
HormonalRegulationofblood
glucoselevels
Fluctuationsinbloodglucoseconcentration(BCG)are
limitedbynegativefeedbackmechanisms
Regulatedbypancreatichormones
insulin secretedfrombeta()cells
bloodglucoselevel,absorpvestate
glucagon secretedfromalpha()cells
bloodglucoselevel,postabsorptivestate
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Marieb Fig.19
(TheEndocrineSystem)
CriticalDifferences
Absorptive
anabolic
energystoresbuiltup
buildingupglucoseasglycogen
majorenergyfuel=glucose
regulatedbyinsulin
PostAbsorptive
catabolic
energystoresretrieved
liverreleasesglucose
majorenergyfuel=fattyacids
glucosesparing
regulatedbyglycogen