Experiment-1

Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.

Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour -Ammonical odour
3) State- Amorphous
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole! white
sublimate on the cooler walls of the
test tube.
"ay be #$4
%
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
'risk efferescence obtained! when
pass throu(h lime water! it turn
milky but not turn potassium
dichromate (reen.
"ay be )&3
2-
Con"irmatory test
Salt is taken in a test tube and
"(S&4 is added to it.
White precipitate. )&3
2-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) Salt solution is taken in attest tube
and #a&$ is added to it.
Warm the test tube.
White fumes with ammonical odour
comes out which turns dense on
brin(in( a (lass rod dipped in dilute
$)l solution.
"ay be #$4
%
2) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
,eddish brown precipitate obtained. #$4
%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is Ammonium carbonate
Acidic radical- )&3
2-
#asic radical- #$4
%
Experiment-%
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour -Ammonical odour
3) State- Amorphous
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole!white sublimate
on the cooler walls of the test tube
"ay be #$4
%
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
#o chan(e. )l
-
! 'r
-
! .
-
! #&3
-
! )$3)&&
-
absent
&' Ammonium molydate test-
*o the a/ueous solution of salt few
drops of conc $#&3 is added and
solution is boiled. Add ammonium
molybdate solution to it.
0eep yellow precipitate obtained. 1&4
3-
obtained.
(' )agnesia mixture test-
*o the salt solution! ma(nesia
mi2ture is added and the solution is
boiled and allowed to stand. 3Solid
#$4)l is added to "()l2 solution!
boiled! cooled and #$4&$ is added
to it).
White precipitate obtained. 1&4
3-
obtained.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) Salt solution is taken in attest tube
and #a&$ is added to it.
Warm the test tube.
White fumes with ammonical odour
comes out which turn dense on
brin(in( a (lass rod dipped in dilute
$)l solution.
"ay be #$4
%
2) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
,eddish brown precipitate obtained. #$4
%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is Ammonium phosphate
Acidic radical- 1&4
3-
#asic radical- #$4
%
Experiment-&
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - 4ine(ar like odour
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole with ine(ar
like smell.
"ay be )$3)&&
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test
1) Salt is taken in a watch (lass and
mi2ed with solid o2alic acid and
pate is prepared.
2) Salt solution is taken and 5e)l3
solution is added to it.
0iide filtrate into two parts6
a) *o the first part! $)l is added
followed by water.
b) *o the second part distilled water
is added and boiled.
White fumes eoled with ine(ar
like smell.
4ine(ar like smell
,ed coloured filtrate obtained.
,ed colour disappears.
,eddish brown precipitate obtained.
"ay be )$3)&&
-
)$3)&&
-
confirmed.
)$3)&&
-
confirmed.
)$3)&&
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
White precipitate obtained. 1b
2%
confirmed.
3) 1recipiate obtained is centrifu(ed
and dissoled in distilled water and
boiled.
a) )ontents were allowed to cool
and kept undisturbed.
White precipitate reappears. 1b
2%
confirmed.
b) *o the second part potassium
chromate solution is added.
c) *o the third part! 1otassium
iodide solution is added.
7ellow precipitate obtained which
dissoles in #ao$ solution.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
1b
2%
confirmed.
1b
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is lead acetate
Acidic radical- )$3)&&
-
#asic radical- 1b
2%
Experiment-(
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-'lue
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole! water droplets
are seen on the inner cooler walls of
the test tube.
"ay be )l
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test
1) *ake salt in a test tube and solid
82)r2&9 is added followed by conc.
$2S&4 and the mi2ture is heated.
*o the yellow solution! acetic acid
alon( with lead acetate solution is
added.
2) *o the salt solution few drops of
$#&3 is added followed by siler
nitrate solution.
White fumes eoled which become
dense on brin(in( a (lass rod dipped
in #$4&$ solution.
,ed fumes of chromyl chloride
comes out. &n passin( throu(h
#a&$ solution! it turns yellow.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
White precipitate obtained which is
completely soluble in #$4&$
solution.
"ay be )l
-
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
'lack precipitate obtained. :roup 2 present.
4) 0issole precipitate in dilute
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as.
Small /uantity of solution is taken
and dilute $2S&4 and )2$;&$ is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. 1b
2%
absent.
;) *o the other part of solution!
#$4&$ is added in e2cess and
solution is diided into two parts.
a) *o part 1! acetic acid and
potassium ferrocyanide solution is )hocolate brown precipitate )u
2%
confirmed.
added.
b) *o part2! few drops of acetic acid
and potassium iodide solution is
added.
obtained.
White precipitate in brown colour
solution obtained. )u
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is copper3..) chloride
Acidic radical- )l
-
#asic radical- )u
2%
Experiment-*
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
'rown fumes eole and colour of
residue is brown.
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Add copper turnin(s to the test tube.
Con"irmatory test
3) Add freshly prepared 5eS&4
solution to the salt solution and then
conc. $2S&4 is added alon( the walls
of the test tube.
4) +iphenylamine test
Add few drops of diphenylamine to
the salt solution.
,eddish brown fumes with pun(ent
smell are obtained.
'rown fumes become dense.
'rown rin( is obtained.
0eep blue colour obtained.
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
7ellow precipitate obtained. :roup 2 present.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as
and diide into two parts6
a) *o part 1! ammonium molybdate
solution is added.
b) *o part 2! few drops of #$4&$ is
added followed by ma(nesia
mi2ture.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
White precipitate obtained.
As
3%
confirmed.
As
3%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is Arsenic nitrate Acidic radical- #&3
-
#asic radical- As
3%

Experiment-,
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- Amorphous
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole with water
droplets on inner cooler walls of the
test tube.
"ay be )l
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test
3) *ake salt in a test tube and solid
82)r2&9 is added followed by conc.
$2S&4 and the mi2ture is heated.
*o the yellow solution! acetic acid
alon( with lead acetate solution is
added.
4) *o the salt solution few drops of
$#&3 is added followed by siler
nitrate solution.
White fumes eoled which become
dense on brin(in( a (lass rod dipped
in #$4&$ solution.
,ed fumes of chromyl chloride
come out. &n passin( throu(h
#a&$ solution! it turns yellow.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
White precipitate obtained which is
completely soluble in #$4&$
solution
"ay be )l
-
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S
(as.*hen solid ammonium chloride
is added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
:elatinous white precipitate
obtained.
:roup 3 present.
"ay be Al
3%
;) -a.e test
0issole white precipitate in dilute
$)l. *o it one drop blue litmus
solution is added. *hen #$4&$ is
'lue precipitate floatin( in
colourless solution obtained which
(ies appearance of a blue lake.
Al
3%
confirmed.
added dropwise till blue colour
disappears.
$esult- Salt is Aluminium chloride
Acidic radical- )l
-
#asic radical- Al
3%
Experiment-/
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- Amorphous
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole with water
droplets on inner cooler walls of the
test tube.
"ay be <n
2%
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test "or SO(
%-
3) *o the salt solution add dilute
$)l followed by few drops of 'a)l2
solution.
4) *o the salt solution add few drops
of acetic acid and then lead acetate is
added.
#o chan(e.
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in conc $)l
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in hot ammonium acetate
solution.
)l
-
! 'r
-
! .
-
! #&3
-
! )$3)&&
-
absent
S&4
2-
confirmed.
S&4
2-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S
(as.*hen solid ammonium chloride
is added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
0irty white precipitate obtained. :roup 4 present. "ay be <n
2%
=) 0issole the precipitate in dilute
$)l and boil the solution to e2pel
out $2S (as.
9) 0iide the solution in two parts6
a) Add #a&$ to the first part.
b) Add potassium ferrocyanide to the
second part.
White precipitate obtained which
dissoles in e2cess of #a&$.
'luish white precipitate obtained.
<n
2%
obtained.
<n
2%
obtained.
$esult- Salt is <inc sulphate
Acidic radical- S&4
2-
#asic radical- <n
2%
Experiment-0
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-:reen
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole with water
droplets on inner cooler walls of the
test tube.
"ay be S&4
2-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test "or SO(
%-
3) *o the salt solution add dilute
$)l followed by few drops of 'a)l2
solution.
4) *o the salt solution add few drops
of acetic acid and then lead acetate is
added.
#o chan(e.
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in conc $)l
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in hot ammonium acetate
solution.
)l
-
! 'r
-
! .
-
! #&3
-
! )$3)&&
-
absent
S&4
2-
confirmed.
S&4
2-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S
(as.*hen solid ammonium chloride
is added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
&bsered the colour of the ori(inal
salt. Since it is (reenish! perform
confirmatory test for #i
2%
with the
ori(inal solution.
'lack precipitate obtained. :roup 4 present.
"ay be #i
2%
or)o
2%
=) *o one part of the ori(inal
solution! #$4&$ solution and few
drops of dimethyl (lyo2ime is
added.
'ri(ht rose red precipitate obtained. #i
2%
confirmed.
9) *o another part #a&$3 in e2cess)
and bromine water is added and
boiled.
'lack precipitate of #i3&$)3 is
obtained
#i
2%
obtained.
$esult- Salt is #ickel sulphate
Acidic radical- S&4
2-
#asic radical- #i
2%
Experiment-1
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-1ink
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eole with water
droplets on inner cooler walls of the
test tube.
"ay be S&4
2-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Add copper turnin(s to the test tube.
Con"irmatory test
3) Add freshly prepared 5eS&4
solution to the salt solution and then
conc. $2S&4 is added alon( the walls
of the test tube.
4) +iphenylamine test
Add few drops of diphenylamine to
the salt solution.
,eddish brown fumes with pun(ent
smell are obtained.
'rown fumes become dense.
'rown rin( is obtained.
0eep blue colour obtained.
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S
(as.*hen solid ammonium chloride
is added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
&bsered the colour of the ori(inal
'lack precipitate obtained. :roup 4 present.
"ay be #i
2%
or)o
2%
salt. Since it is pink! perform
confirmatory test for )o
2%
with the
ori(inal solution.
=) *o one part of the ori(inal
solution! #$4&$ is added to
neutrali>e the solution. Add acetic
acid and a crytal of potassium nitrite
and warm the contents.
7ellow precipitate obtained. )o
2%
confirmed.
9) *o another part of ori(inal
solution! add 1 ml of ether and a
crytal of ammonium thiocyanate.
Shake and allowed to settle.
'lue colour in ethereal layer )o
2%
obtained.
$esult- Salt is )obalt nitrate
Acidic radical- #&3
-
#asic radical- )o
2%
Experiment-12
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-1ale pink
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
)olour of fumes is white and yellow
residue obtained.
"ay be S&4
2-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test "or SO(
%-
3) *o the salt solution add dilute
$)l followed by few drops of 'a)l2
solution.
4) *o the salt solution add few drops
of acetic acid and then lead acetate is
added.
#o reaction.
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in conc $)l
White precipitate obtained which are
insoluble in hot ammonium acetate
solution.
)l
-
! 'r
-
! .
-
! #&3
-
! )$3)&&
-
absent
S&4
2-
confirmed.
S&4
2-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S
(as.*hen solid ammonium chloride
is added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
'uff coloured precipitate obtained. :roup 4 present.
"ay be "n
2%
=) 0issole the precipitate in dilute
$)l and boil the solution to e2pel
out $2S (as. 0iide the solution in
two parts6
a) *o the aboe solution #a&$ is
added and shaken.
b) *he aboe black?brown
precipitate is collected. )onc $#&3
and lead pero2ide is added to it.is
then boiled! cooled and allowed to
cool.
White precipitate is obtained which
turns black?brown on addition of
bromine water.
1ink coloured solution is obtained.
"n
2%
confirmed.
"n
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is "an(anese sulphate
Acidic radical- S&4
2-
#asic radical- "n
2%
Experiment-11
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eoled.
)olour of residue
$ot-white
)old-White
"ay be )l
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test
1) *ake salt in a test tube and solid
82)r2&9 is added followed by conc.
$2S&4 and the mi2ture is heated.
*o the yellow solution ! acetic acid
alon( with lead acetate solution is
added.
2) *o the salt solution few drops of
$#&3 is added followed by siler
nitrate solution.
White fumes eoled which become
dense on brin(in( a (lass rod dipped
in #$4&$ solution.
,ed fumes of chromyl chloride
come out. &n passin( throu(h
#a&$ solution! it turns yellow.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
White precipitate obtained which is
completely soluble in #$4&$
solution.
"ay be )l
-
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as.
*hen solid ammonium chloride is
added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 4 absent.
=) Solid #$4)l is then added and
dissoled and the solution is boiled
and cooled followed by the addition
of #$4&$ in e2cess. 3#$4)2)&3
solution is then added.
White precipitate obtained. :roup ; present.
9) 0issole the white precipitate in
hot dilute acetic acid and diide the
solution into two parts6
a) *o one part of the aboe solution
ammonium o2alate solution is then
added followed by #$4&$ solution.
b) 3lame test-
0ip platinum wire in a paste of the
salt and conc. $)l and introduced
into the flame.
White precipitate confirmed.
'rick red colour is imparted to the
flame.
)a
2%
confirmed.
)a
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is calcium chloride
Acidic radical- )l
-
#asic radical- )a
2%
Experiment-1%
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
White fumes eoled.
)olour of residue
$ot-white
)old-White
"ay be )l
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Con"irmatory test
1) *ake salt in a test tube and solid
82)r2&9 is added followed by conc.
$2S&4 and the mi2ture is heated.
*o the yellow solution ! acetic acid
alon( with lead acetate solution is
added.
2) *o the salt solution few drops of
$#&3 is added followed by siler
nitrate solution.
White fumes eoled which become
dense on brin(in( a (lass rod dipped
in #$4&$ solution.
,ed fumes of chromyl chloride
come out. &n passin( throu(h
#a&$ solution! it turns yellow.
7ellow precipitate obtained.
White precipitate obtained which is
completely soluble in #$4&$
solution.
"ay be )l
-
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
)l
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as.
*hen solid ammonium chloride is
added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 4 absent.
=) Solid #$4)l is then added and
dissoled and the solution is boiled
and cooled followed by the addition
of #$4&$ in e2cess. 3#$4)2)&3
solution is then added.
White precipitate obtained. :roup ; present.
9) 0issole the white precipitate in
hot dilute acetic acid and diide the
solution into two parts6
a) *o one part of the aboe solution!
few drops of potassium chromate
solution is added.
b) 3lame test-
0ip platinum wire in a paste of the
salt and conc. $)l and introduced
into the flame.
7ellow precipitate confirmed.
:rassy (reen colour is imparted to
the flame.
'a
2%
confirmed.
'a
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is 'arium chloride
Acidic radical- )l
-
#asic radical- 'a
2%
Experiment-1&
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
,eddish brown (as eoles.
)olour of residue
$ot-white
)old-7ellowish
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Add copper turnin(s to the test tube.
Con"irmatory test
3) Add freshly prepared 5eS&4
solution to the salt solution and then
conc. $2S&4 is added alon( the walls
of the test tube.
4) +iphenylamine test
Add few drops of diphenylamine to
the salt solution.
,eddish brown fumes with pun(ent
smell are obtained.
'rown fumes become dense.
'rown rin( is obtained.
0eep blue colour obtained.
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as.
*hen solid ammonium chloride is
added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 4 absent.
=) Solid #$4)l is then added and
dissoled and the solution is boiled
and cooled followed by the addition
of #$4&$ in e2cess. 3#$4)2)&3
solution is then added.
White precipitate obtained. :roup ; present.
9) 0issole the white precipitate in
hot dilute acetic acid and diide the
solution into two parts6
a) *o one part of the aboe solution!
few drops of ammonium sulphate
solution is added.
b) 3lame test-
0ip platinum wire in a paste of the
salt and conc. $)l and introduced
into the flame.
White precipitate confirmed.
)rimson red colour is imparted to
the flame.
Sr
2%
confirmed.
Sr
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is Strontium nitrate
Acidic radical- #&3
-
#asic radical- Sr
2%
Experiment-1(
Aim-To analyse the given salt qualitatively and systematically.
Physical characteristics
1) Colour-White
2) Odour - &dourless
3) State- )rystalline
4) Soluility- Soluble in cold distilled water
Preliminary dry heating test
Experiment Oservation !n"erence
Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
,eddish brown (as eoles.
)olour of residue
$ot-white
)old-7ellowish
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
Analysis o" Acidic radical
1) Salt is taken in perfectly dry test
tube and dilute $2S&4 is added to it.
#o reaction. )&3
2-
! S
2-
! S&3
2-
! #&2
-
absent
2) Salt is taken in a dry test tube and
conc. $2S&4 is added to it and
heated.
Add copper turnin(s to the test tube.
Con"irmatory test
3) Add freshly prepared 5eS&4
solution to the salt solution and then
conc. $2S&4 is added alon( the walls
of the test tube.
4) +iphenylamine test
Add few drops of diphenylamine to
the salt solution.
,eddish brown fumes with pun(ent
smell are obtained.
'rown fumes become dense.
'rown rin( is obtained.
0eep blue colour obtained.
"ay be 'r
-
or #&3
-
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
#&3
-
confirmed.
Analysis o" #asic radical
1) *o the salt solution! #essler+s
rea(ent is added.
#o ,eddish brown precipitate
obtained.
#$4
%
absent.
2) *o the salt solution! dilute $)l is
added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup 1 absent
3) 1ass $2S (as throu(h the aboe
solution.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 2 absent.
4) 0issole precipitate in conc.
$#&3 and boil to e2pel out $2S (as.
*hen solid ammonium chloride is
added followed by #$4&$ in
e2cess.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 3 absent.
;) *hrou(h the aboe solution $2S
(as is passed.
#o precipitate obtained. :roup 4 absent.
=) Solid #$4)l is then added and
dissoled and the solution is boiled
and cooled followed by the addition
of #$4&$ in e2cess. 3#$4)2)&3
solution is then added.
#o white precipitate obtained. :roup ; absent.
9) *o the ori(inal solution! add a
pinch of #$4)l! a few drops of
#$4&$ and e2cess of aammonium
phosphate solution and scratch the
sides of the test tube with a (lass
rod.
White precipitate obtained. :roup = present.
"(
2%
confirmed.
$esult- Salt is "a(nesium nitrate
Acidic radical- #&3
-
#asic radical- "(
2%
Experiment-1*
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 3Alcohol)
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 31henol)
1) Sodium metal test-
*o 1ml of or(anic compound! a
small piece of sodium metal is
added.
'risk efferescence comes out due
to eolution of $ydro(en (as.
Alcoholic (roup present.
2)Ester test-
Add 1 ml of acetic acid to or(anic
compound taken in a test tube
followed by 4-; drops of conc.
$2S&4. )ontents are heated on a
water bath for 1@ minutes and
emptied in a beaker containin( one
test tube water
5ormation of fruity smellin(
substance called ester.
Alcoholic (roup present.
3) Ceric ammonium nitrate test-
*o 1ml of or(anic compound taken
in a test tube! few drops of )eric
ammonium nitrate btained.is added.
1ink or red colour obtained. Alcoholic (roup present.
4) !odo"orm test-
*o 1ml of compound ! 1A solid
iodine is dissoled and #a&$
solution is added dropwise until
brown colour of iodine is dischar(ed
and contents are warmed on a water
bath and cooled.
5ormation of yellow precipitate
obtained.
Alcoholic (roup present.
;) Acetyl chloride test-
*o 2ml of compound taken in a test
tube! 2-3 drops of acetyl chloride is
added and a (lass rod dipped in
#$4&$ solution is brou(ht near the
mouth of the test tube.
Bolution of white fumes. Alcoholic (roup present.
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) -itmus test-
*o a drop of compound blue litmus
is added.
'lue litmus turns red. Acidic (roup. "ay be phenol.
2) 5eutral 3erric chloride test-
*o the or(anic compound neutral
5e)l3 solution is added.
4iolet colourtion obtained. 1henolic (roup present.
3) -iermann7s test-
2-3 crystals of #a#&2 are taken in a
test tube and or(anic compound is
added to it. )ontents are heated
(ently on a water bath for 1minute
and allowed to cool. 1ml of conc.
$2S&4 is then added and shaken.
0eep blue colouration obtained.
)olour chan(es to red when water is
added. .t chan(es back to blue?(reen
on addition of #a&$ solution.
1henolic (roup present.
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 3Aldehyde)
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) %8( 9+initrophenyl hydra:ine test
*o the or(anic compound dissoled in
thanol! 2 ml of 2!4-0#p solution is
added.)orked the test tube and shake it
and allowed to stand for ; minutes.
5ormation of yellow-oran(e
precipitate.
.ndicates the presence of carbonyl
(roup.
2) Sodium isulphite test-
*o the or(anic compound! #a$S&3
solution is added. *est tube is corked!
shaken and left to stand for 2@ minutes.
5ormation of crystalline white
precipitate takes place..
.ndicates the presence of carbonyl
(roup.
3) Schi""7s test-
*o the or(anic compound! 1 ml of
Schiff+s rea(ent is added.
1ink? ,ed? "a(enta colour
obtained.
Aldehydic (roup present.
4) Tollen7s test-
*o siler nitrate solution! 2-3 ml of
dilute #a&$ is added which results in
the formation of a brown precipitate.
#$4&$ is then added till brown
precipitate disappears. *o the aboe
li/uid! or(anic compound is added and
mi2ture is heated on a water bath for C-
1@ minutes.
;) 3ehling7s test-
.n two test tubes! 5ehlin( A and ' are
taken respectiely and then mi2ed. *o
this solution ! or(anic compound is
added and contents are heated on a
water bath.
Shinin( siler mirror obtained.
,ed precipitate of )u2& obtained.
Aldehydic (roup present.
Aldehydic (roup present.
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 38etone)
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) %8( 9+initrophenyl hydra:ine
test
*o the or(anic compound dissoled
in thanol! 2 ml of 2!4-0#p solution
is added.)orked the test tube and
shake it and allowed to stand for ;
minutes.
5ormation of yellow-oran(e
precipitate.
.ndicates the presence of carbonyl
(roup.
2) Sodium isulphite test-
*o the or(anic compound! #a$S&3
solution is added. *est tube is
corked! shaken and left to stand for
2@ minutes.
5ormation of crystalline white
precipitate takes place..
.ndicates the presence of carbonyl
(roup.
3' m- +initroen:ene test-
*o the or(anic compound! finely
powdered m- 0initroben>ene is
added followed by dilute #a&$ and
the test tube is shaken.
Appearance of iolet colour takes
place which fades slowly.
8etonic (roup present.
4) Sodium nitroprusside test-
0issole a crystal of sodium
nitroprusside in water.
Add the or(anic compound to the
aboe solution followed by addition
of #a&$ dropwise.
,ed coloured solution obtained. 8etonic (roup present.
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 3)arbo2ylic acid)
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) -itmus test-
*o a drop of compound blue litmus
is added.
'lue litmus turns red. Acidic (roup. "ay be carbo2ylic
acid (roup.
2) Sodium icaronate test-
*o the or(anic compound! saturated
solution of #a$)&3 is added.
'risk efferescence of )&2 (as
eoled.
)arbo2ylic acid (roup present.
2)Ester test-
Add 1 ml of ethanol to or(anic
compound taken in a test tube
followed by 4-; drops of conc.
$2S&4. )ontents are heated on a
water bath for 1@ minutes and
emptied in a beaker containin( one
test tube water.
5ormation of fruity smellin(
substance called ester.
)arbo2ylic acid (roup present.
Aim- *o analyse the functional (roup present in the (ien or(anic compound. 3Amine)
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) Soluility test-
*o the or(anic compound! dilute
$)l is added and shaken.
)ompound is soluble in dilute $)l. "ay be amine.
1) -itmus test-
*o a drop of compound red litmus
solution is added.
,ed litmus turns blue. 'asic (roup. "ay be amine.
3) Carylamine test-
*o the solid 8&$ pellets taken in a
test tube about 1ml of of ethanol is
added and the contents are warmed!
followed by addition of chloroform
and (ien or(anic compound.
Dnpleasant odour of carbuylamine
obtained.
1rimary amine present.
4) 5itrous acid test-
0issole the or(anic compound in 1
ml of conc. $)l and cooled the
contents in a ice bath. .n another test
tube! a solution of sodium nitrite is
made and kept in ice for coolin(.
"i2ed the contents of both the test
tubes.
'ubbles of nitro(en (as obtained. 1rimary amine present.
;) A:o dye test-
0issole or(anic compound in 1 ml
of conc. $)l and kept for coolin( in
ice bath. .n 2
nd
test tube! an a/ueous
solution of #a#&2 is prepared and
cooled. .n the 3
rd
test tube E-
naphthol is taken and cooled in ice
bath. "i2 all the contents of the
respectie solutions.
&ran(e red precipitate obtained. 1rimary aromatic amine present.
Experiment-1,
Aim- *o analyse the food stuff 3carbohydrate) present in the (ien sample.
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) )olisch7s test-
*o an a/ueous sample of the food!
"olisch+s rea(ent 31@A alcoholic
solution of F-naphthol) is added. 1ml
of conc. $2S&4 is then added
dropwise throu(h the walls of the
test tube.
1urple rin( is produced at the
Gunction of the two layers.
)arbohydrate confirmed.
2) 3ehling7s test-
"i2 e/ual amount of 5ehlin( A and
' in a test tube. *o this solution food
sample is added and the contents are
heated on a water bath.
,ed precipitate of )u2& is obtained. .ndicates the presence of a reducin(
su(ar.
3)#enedict7s test-
*o the a/ueous solution of food
sample! 'enedict+s rea(ent is added
and test tube is heated on a water
bath.
,ed precipitate of )u2& is obtained. .ndicates the presence of a reducin(
su(ar.
4) Tollen7s test-
*o siler nitrate solution! 2-3 ml of
dilute #a&$ is added which results
in the formation of a brown
precipitate. #$4&$ is then added till
brown precipitate disappears. *o the
aboe li/uid! food sample is added
and mi2ture is heated on a water
bath for C-1@ minutes.
Shinin( siler mirror obtained. .ndicates the presence of a reducin(
su(ar.
*o analyse the food stuff 3oils?fats) present in the (ien sample.
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) Soluility test-
5ood sample solution is taken in 3
test tubes. *o the first test tube water
is added. *o the second ethanol is
added and to the third chloroform is
added. Bach test tube is shaken
i(orously aand obsered carefully.
a) .mmiscible in water
b) .n alcohol it forms lower layer
which dissoles on heatin(.
c) "iscible in choloroform.
&il?5at is confirmed.
2) Translucent spot test-
A drop of (ien food sample is taken
on the filter paper which is folded
and pressed a little.
&n unfoldin( a translucent or (reasy
spot is obtained.
&il?5at is confirmed.
3)Acrolein test-
5ood sample is heated with crystals
of 8$S&4 in atest tube.
1un(ent irritatin( odour of acrolein
is obtained.
&il?5at is confirmed.
Aim- *o analyse the food stuff 3proteins) present in the (ien sample.
E4PE$!)E5T O#SE$6AT!O5 !53E$E5CE
1) #iuret test-
*o the dispersion of food sample! 2
ml of #a&$ solution is added
followed by 4-; drops of 1 A )uS&4
solution.
'luish iolet colouration obtained 1rotein confirmed.
2) 4anthoproteic test-
*o 2 ml of dispersion of $#&3 is
added and contents are heated on a
water bath.
7ellow coa(ulum obtained. 1rotein confirmed.
3))illion7s test-
*o the dispersion of the (ien food
sample! "illion+s rea(ent is added.
White precipitate of obtained which
chan(es to brick red on boilin(.
1rotein confirmed.
4) 5inhydrin test-
*o the dispersion of the (ien
protein! #inhydrin solution is added
and the contents are boiled.
.ntense blue colouration obtained. 1rotein confirmed.
Experiment-1/
Aim- *o prepare crystals of 5errous ammonium sulphate 3"ohr+s salt)
Theory- "ohr+s salt is prepared by dissolin( an e/uimolar mi2ture of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium
sulphate in water containin( a little sulphuric acid and then subGectin( the resultin( solution to crytallisation when
pale (reen coloured crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate hain( monoclinic shape separates out.
5eS&4.9 $2& % 3#$4)2S&4 5eS&4. 3#$4)2S&4.= $2& % $2&
)aterials required- *wo beakers 32;@ml) ! )hina dish! funnel! funnel stand! (lass rod! wash bottle ! tripod stand!
filter paper! ferrous sulphate crystals! ammonium sulphate crystals! dilute sulphuric acid! distilled water.
Procedure
1) *ake a 2;@ ml beaker and wash it with water. *ransfer 9 ( of ferrous sulphate and 3.; ( of ammonium sulphate
crystals to it. Add about 2-3 ml of dilute sulphuric acid to preent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
2) .n another beaker boil about 2@ ml of water for about ; minutes to e2pel dissoled air.
3) Add the boilin( hot water to the contents in the first beaker in small installments at a time. Stir with a (lass rod
until the salts hae completely dissoled.
4) 5ilter the solution to remoe undissoled impurities and transfer the filtrate to a china dish.
;) $eat the solution in the china dish for some time to concentrate it to the crytallisation point.
=) 1lace the china dish containin( saturated solution oer a beaker full of cold water. &n coolin( crystals of "ohr+s
salt separate out.
9) decant off the mother li/uor /uickly. Wash the crystals in the china dish with a small /uantity of alcohol to
remoe nay sulphuric acid stickin( to the crystals.
C) 0ry the crystals by placin( them between filter paper pads.
Oservations-
Wei(ht of crystal obtained-
B2pected yield of crystals-
)olour of the crystals- Hi(ht (reen
Shape of the crystals- "onoclinic
Precautions-
1) *o aoid o2idation of ferrous sulphate boiled water is to be added.
2) 0ilute sulphuric acid is added immediately to preent hydrolyis of 5eS&4
3) 0o not heat the solution for a lon( time as it may o2idi>e ferrous ions to ferric ions.
Experiment-10
Aim- *o prepare a sample of 0iben>al acetone.
Theory- *he preparation of diben>al acetone is an e2ample of )laisen- Schmidt reaction. *his reaction takes place
between aromatic aldehyde and aliphatic ketones in presence of sodiumhydro2ide. *wo moles of ben>aldehyde
condense with one mole of acetone to (ie diben>al acetone.
2 )$& % )$3)&)$3 #a&$ )$I)$)&)$I)$
Apparatus and chemicals required
2.; ml ben>ldehyde!1 ml acetone!;ml #a&$ 3 1@A)! 2; ml rectified spirit!1@@ ml conical flask! 2;@ ml beaker! test
tube! funnel
Procedure
1) *ake a conical flask 31@@ml) and add. 2.; ml ben>aldehyde! 1 ml of acetone and 2; ml of methylated spirit. )ork
the flask and shake to obtain a clear solution.
2) *ake ;ml of 1@ A #a&$ solution in a test tube and add this to conical flask drop by drop with shakin( of the
flask. "aintain the temperature of th reaction mi2ture between 2@-2;
o
) durin( addition of sodium hydro2ide
solution.
3) )ork the flask a(ain and shake i(orously for about 1@ minutes! releasin( pressure from time to time.
4) Allow it to stand for about 2@ minutes at room temperature and then cool in ice water for a few minutes.
;) 5ilter the yellow coloured solid and wash it with water to remoe traces of alkali.
=) ,ecrystallisation of diben>al acetone.
0issole the aboe yellow coloured crude solid in minimum amount of hot rectified spirit and then allowin( it to
cool slowly. 1ale yellow crystals of diben>al acetone separate out. 5ilter the crystals and dry. Wei(h aand record its
yield.
$esult
7ield of diben>al acetoneI
B2pected yield of diben>al acetoneI 1.; (
Precautions
1) Add #a&$ dropwise to the reaction mi2ture with constant shakin( of the flask.
2) Wash the precipitate with water to remoe traces of #a&$ stickin( to them.
3) Dse minimum amount of rectified spirit to dissole crude sample for crystalli>ation.