BIOLOGY 12

Final Review

Biochemistry
Macromolecules:
o Carbs sugar
o Lipids fatty acids + glycerol
o Proteins - Amino Acids
o Nucleic Acids nucleotides
Protein
o Chemical messengers, enzymes, antibodies
o 4 levels of structure
o Denaturation is caused by heat/changes in pH (protein changes shape and stops
functioning)


Carbohydrates (CHO)
o Starch: storage in plants
o Glycogen: storage in liver and muscles
o Cellulose: rigidity of plant cell walls
Lipids
o Energy storage, mobilization, insulation
o Steroids: immune response
o Triglycerides: insulation
o Phospholipids: form bilayer of cell membranes
o Saturated fatty acids dont have double covalent bond
Nucleic Acids
o AG - purines
o TC pyrimidines
o RNA ribose instead of deoxyribose & uracil instead of thymine
o ATP = energy

Cell Parts and Functions
Cell membrane: phospholipid bilayer, protection, regulation of materials in and out of cell
Cytoplasm: provides support for organelles
SER: detox
RER: dispatch of proteins
Golgi: PMS (package modify sort macromolecules)
Lysosome: recycling
Mitochondria: creates ATP
Ribosomes: make proteins
Nucleus: DNA, brain
Nucleolus: ribosome subunits are made
Transport Methods
By proteins:
o Facilitated: with concentration gradient, no ATP
o Active: against concentration gradient, protein carrier
By vesicles (requires ATP)
o Vesicles come from golgi body and contain proteins
o They move to cell membrane (EXOCYTOSIS)























Digestive System
Functions
o Ingesting food
o Secreting enzymes & hormones
o Digestion
o Absorption
o Elimination
Mechanical Digestion: large pieces made smaller (mouth & stomach)
Chemical Digestion: enzymes break macromolecules down
Parts
o Mouth
Receives food
Mechanical: Teeth chew
Chemical: Salivary glands produce saliva which moistens food
Tongue creates bolus
o Pharynx
Air from nasal cavity
Food from mouth to pharynx to esophagus
Soft palate moves back during swallowing to close the nasopharynx
Epiglottis stops food from passing into larynx
o Esophagus
Carries food from pharynx to stomach
Peristalsis
o Stomach
Stores food
Cardiac Sphincter: esophagus stomach
Pyloric Sphincter: Stomach Sm. Intestine
Mechanical: layers of wall churn food
Chemical: Gastric juice, mucus make chime
o Small Intestine
Digestion: long length, enzymes digest food
Absorption: Villi absorb nutrients
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum
o Hepatic Portal vein
Carries blood from sm. Intestine to liver
Liver detoxifies food
o Large Intestine
Feces
Absorbs water, salts, vitamin
Enzymes:
o Mouth: Salivary Amylase (starch maltose)
o Stomach: Pepsin (protein peptide)
o Small Intestine:
Pancreatic Amylase (starch maltose)
Trypsin (Protein peptide)
Lipase (Fat droplets Glycerol + FA)
Peptidase (peptides AA)
Maltase (maltose glucose + glucose)
Nuclease (DNA Nucleotides)
Nucleosidase (Nucleotide base sugar phosphate)
o Stomach: Pepsinogen activated by HCl into pepsin.
o Liver/Gall Bladder: produces bile - stored in gall bladder
Bile emulsifies fat
o Pancreas
Insulin when glucose is too high
Glucagon opposite
Sm Intestine to liver is HPV
Liver to Heart is HV
Lungs to Liver is HA