Renton Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________________ Block: _____

Chapter 12: World War I

Ch. 12 World War I: The Road to War

Long Term Causes of WWI
1. Imperialism - _____________________ nations dominating _____________________ nations
a. Scramble for ________________________ in late 1800s
b. 1910 most wanted colonies taken
c. Competition led to ________________________
d. ________________________ envied Britain and France
i. Only way for Germany to expand take colonies from other
countries in Africa.
2. Militarism - a policy under which nations built up their ___________________ forces
a. Preparation for _____________
b. Build up of arms
c. Giving ________________________ more authority
d. Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia
3. Nationalism ________________________ to the interests and culture of ones nation
a. Led to ______________________________ rivalries among nations
i. Many feared ________________________ growing power
b. Ethnic groups resent those controlling them & desire_____________________
i. Russia considered itself protector of Europes Slavic peoples
ii. _________________ Slavic people, under rule of Austria-Hungary
iii. Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals over ________________________
4. Alliance System by 1907 defense ________________________ form in Europe.
a. Complicated system to bolster ________________________
i. Bound great powers to come to one anothers _______ if attacked.
b. Germany and Austria Hungary treaty
c. Russia and France Treaty
d. Great Britain and France loose alliance

An Assassination Leads to War
1. Interest in the Balkan Peninsula
a. Russia wanted for Mediterranean Sea access
b. Germany wanted for rail link to Ottoman Empire
c. Austria-Hungary taken control of Bosnia accuses Serbia of subverting
its rule
2. Archduke Franz Ferdinand __________________________________
a. Heir to ________________________ throne, shot while driving through the
Bosnian capital Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip
(member of Black Hand promoted Serbian nationalism)
b. One nation after another pulled into the ________________________

Timeline of Events
1. One nation after another pulled into the conflict
a. July 28 Austria declares war on Serbia
b. August 1 treaty forces Germany to support Austria Hungry, declares
war on Russia (it supported Serbia)
c. August 3 Germany declares war on France
d. Germany invades Belgium
e. Britain declares war on Austria-Hungry

Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
1. Central Powers: ________________________ and ________________________
2. Allied Powers: ________________________, France, ________________________, Great Britain
Summary:
The Fighting Starts
1. The active fighting begins when ______________________ invades _____________________
a. The ultimate goal of The Schlieffen Plan was to take over Belgiums
capital. The plan called for Germany to attack the western powers of
Europe while troops held off the Russians in the east.
b. After ________________________ had fallen, all German forces would be
directed at defeating the ________________________ Czar
2. For more than three years, ________________________ warfare was used as the major
form of fighting on the western front.
a. Armies lined up and stationed behind fort like structures with an area
between them called ________________________________________________
i. Front line, support, & reserve
3. Millions died and little ground was gained At the First Battle of the Somme 1.2
million died in 7 months over _________ miles of land
4. Fighting is _______________________________ for two years.

Trench Warfare
1. Describe the pictures you see on the board below:







America Desires Neutrality
1. Neutrality is staying out of a ________________________ not supporting either side
2. America desired to stay neutral because of __________ & commercial investments
3. ________________________ leaders support neutrality

Americans Question Neutrality
1. Some feel ________________________ involved
2. More than 1/3 of Americans = ________________________
3. Favor Central Powers:
a. German American, Irish American & those with Hostility toward ________
4. Favor Allies
a. Many trace roots to Great Britain
i. Identify with history, literature, culture
b. Recent immigrants from Italy & parts of Austria-Hungary hope for
________________________ at home
c. German autocrat Wilhelm II ruler with unlimited power vs.
________________________
d. News reports of German ________________________
5. Propaganda _______________________

Summary:
Ch. 12 World War I: The War Begins

The War Hits Home
1. The British ________________________ Blockade the German coast to prevent
____________________, other military supplies & ________________ from getting through
a. Causes widespread ____________________________ in Germany
b. American ships dont reach destination Germany
c. Angry that the British blockade threatened freedom of the seas

German U-Boats
1. Germany deployed U-Boats (________________________) to prevent munitions & food
from reaching Britain
2. First rose to ______________________ to allow crew of merchant ships to abandon
3. Britain then ____________________ merchant ships to ____________ back at U-Boats
4. In response, Germany permitted U-Boats to fire ________________________ warning.
5. U-Boat enables Germany to ________________________ stalemate at sea

Britain Encourages Anti-German Sentiment (Feelings)
1. Shortly after war began Britain cut ____________________________________ cable
between U.S. and Germany
2. U.S. only receives _______________________________bias news
3. American people favor punishing Germany for use of ________________________.

The Lusitania (British Passenger Liner) : May 7, 1915
1. German U-Boat suspects Lusitania is carrying ___________ for allies correct
2. Fires upon liner
3. Lusitania _________
4. 1200 passengers dead 128 ________________________
5. Germans had warned Americans to ___________ _______ British ships.
6. Americas Response
a. Americans furious, Wilson asks Americans to be _________________
b. US demands Germany _______ submarine warfare & pay victims families
c. Germany replied the Lusitania was carrying _________________
d. Germany ____________ to stop sinking passenger ships without warning as
long as the ships crew offered no resistance to German search/seizure.
e. Germans continue to ________________________ Allied ships
f. U.S. threatens to cut diplomatic ties to ________________________

The Sussex Pledge
1. Germany Signs the Sussex Pledge
a. Promise by German govt. that U-boats would _______ ships before attack
2. Germany Breaks the Sussex Pledge
a. Germans ________________________ Sussex Pledge - January 31, 1917
b. February 3 U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany
c. Few weeks later Wilson __________ American merchant ships.

The Zimmerman Note
1. British intercept a German ________________________
2. From Arthur Zimmermann, Germanys foreign secretary
a. Makes secret offer to ________________________
b. If Mexico declared war on U.S., Germany would reward Mexico with
American ________________________ in the southwest
3. Not taken seriously by Wilson or Mexico
a. Civil war in Mexico = could not have launched successful invasion
4. American people still ________________________
Summary:
The U.S. Declares War
1. German Provocation
a. ________________________________ note Telegram between German foreign
minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, intercepted by Great
Britain
i. Proposed an ______________________ between Germany and Mexico
if the U.S. got involved in the war promised to retrieve Texas
ii. Not taken seriously
b. The sinking of ______ American unarmed merchant ships 36 lives
i. Pushes the U.S. into ______________
2. Russia replaces its monarchy with a ______________________________ govt. - becomes
viewed as democracies vs. brutal monarchies
3. America Acts
a. April 2, 1917 President Wilson deliver war resolution
i. The world must be made safe for _________________________________
b. Neutrally finally shattered pave way for future order of peace and
freedom




























Summary:
Ch. 12 World War I: Americans on the European Front

America Mobilizes: Raising an Army
1. _____________________________ Service Act required men to register with the
government in order to be randomly selected for military service = DRAFT
a. 24 million registered 3 million called through lottery
b. Wide ____________________________ of the draft
c. Viewed as the War to end all wars
d. Most did not attend high school; 1 in 5 foreign born
e. 400,000 African-Americans

America Mobilizes: The Convoy System
1. Developed to transport ______________________ overseas safely
2. May 1917 all merchant and troop ships traveled in a ______________________
a. Group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo
boats, armed vessels with hydrophones
3. Between April and December 1917 _____________ marine losses dropped by half
4. Convoy system _______________________________ in carrying troops to Europe

America Mobilizes: Women Serve
1. 11,000 women served as nurses, drivers, and clerks
2. 14,000 women served abroad civilians working for govt. or private agencies
3. Women begin to have new _________________________________
a. Farms, Telegraph messengers, elevator operators, letter carriers, some
mgmt. positions
4. 400,000 women join _______________________________ work force.

America Mobilizes: African Americans
1. More than 300,000 African Americans volunteered or were drafted
2. Served in _________________________________ units
3. Most ___________ saw combat given lesser jobs
4. Many fought with _______________________________
5. Nearly 4,000 died or were wounded
6. 369
th
Regiment
a. 369
th
Regiment Harlem Hell Fighters
b. eager to fight
c. persuaded white officers to loan regiment to ______________________
d. French integrated regiment into French army
e. Entire regiment received Frances highest combat medal

America Turns the Tide
1. Convoy system, barrier of mines
2. Fighting in Europe
a. Allied forces tired, Americans ____________________ & enthusiastic

New Weapons
1. List them here:



The Final Toll: Influenza
1. ______________________ epidemic killed more people worldwide than all of the
wartime battles
2. American troops carried a new strain of influenza in 1918
3. Spread easily in crowded, unsanitary conditions
4. More American soldiers died from influenza than from ______________________
5. Over a half million Americans and perhaps 30 million people worldwide died
Summary:
American Troops Go on the Offensive
1. The Collapse of Germany
a. November 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary surrender to the Allies
b. 11
th
hour, 11
th
day, 11
th
month of 1918 ________________ signed armistice

The Final Toll
1. The Final Toll
a. 22 million deaths, 20 million wounded, 10 million refugees, cost $338
billion
b. United States 48,000 lost in battle, 62,000 died of disease, 200,000
wounded
i. The U.S. lost the ______________________ lives












































Ch. 12 World War I: Americans on the Homefront

Raising Money for the War
1. Government borrowed money by selling ____________ _______ to support the Allies
a. Could be later redeemed for original value plus interest
b. Raised more than 20 billion $
2. War Financing
a. US spent $35.5 billion on the war effort
b. 1/3 raised through taxes; progressive income tax, war-profits tax,
excise tax on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods.
c. 2/3 raised by selling Liberty Loan and Victory Loan bonds
3. Committee on Public Information
a. First propaganda agency, designed to influence peoples thoughts and
actions. George Creel head of CPI
b. Persuaded artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of
painting, posters, cartoons, and sculptures to promote the war.
c. Printed 25 million copies of How the War Came to America which
included Wilsons war message
d. Promoted war bonds
e. Promoted patriotism, but inflamed hatred and violations of the civil
liberties of certain ethnic groups and opponents of the war

Congress Gives Power to Wilson
1. War Economy
a. Wages ______________________
b. Company stock increased
c. ______________________ pay between labor and management, increasing
work hours, child labor, dangerous conditions, unions ___________________
2. National War Labor Board 1918 established to settle ______________________
between management and labor.
a. Refusing meant losing draft exemptions
b. Improved factory conditions, 8-hr work day, safety inspections, and
child labor ban
3. Food Administration
a. Under Herbert Hoover
b. Help produce and conserve food; gospel of the clean plate; one day a
week meatless, sweetless, two days wheatless, two days
porkless.
c. Victory Gardens

Americans Fear Immigrants
1. Americans fear immigrants spying
a. Might try to ___________________________ war by destroying transportation
or communication networks
b. Resulted in ___________________________on immigration
2. National Security League 100% Americanism
a. ______________________ Test for immigrants excluded those who could not
read English or any other language
i. Few failed the test
3. Americans most hostile toward ______________________ referred to as Huns
a. High schools stop teaching German
b. German authors removed from libraries
c. Change names of goods, things, etc.
d. Attacks on those of German descent
Summary:
4. Espionage and Sedition Acts a person could be fined up to $10,000 &
sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying
anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the ______________________ or the
____________ __________________.
a. Violated the spirit of the _____________ Amendment
b. Over 2,000 prosecuted over half convicted
c. Targeted socialists (anti-war) and labor leaders (pro-worker)
i. Examples: Debs, Robert Goldstein The Spirit of 76

World War I: Changes in the Workforce
1. War virtually stops European ___________________________________
2. Young men out of labor pool
3. Need workers in war-related ______________________
a. Recruit African Americans and ______________________ Americans to fill jobs
4. African Americans and the War
a. W.E.B. DuBois believed African-Americans should support the war to
strengthen calls for racial ______________________
b. William Monroe Trotter opposed DuBois and felt victims of racism
should not support a ______________________ government.
c. Most African Americans ______________________________ the War.
d. The greatest effect WWI had on African Americans was that it
accelerated the ________________ ______________________:
i. Southern African Americans move to Northern ___________
ii. Contributing factors:
escape racial discrimination
boll weevil infestation (ruined cotton fields)
_________ opportunities WWI and less immigration
Free RR passes
5. Women in the War
a. Moved into jobs typically held by ________
i. Examples: RR workers, dockworkers, cooks, bricklayers
b. ______________________ Red Cross, encouraged the sale of
bonds/planting of victory gardens.
c. __________ Movement Jane Addams (Womens Peace Party
remained pacifist)
d. Bolsters support for womens ______________________ 19
th

amendment ratified in 1920

















Ch. 12 World War I: Global Peacemaker

Paris Peace Conference
1. Big Four
a. Great Britain = David Lloyd ______________________
b. ______________________ = George Clemenceau
c. ______________________ = Vittorio Orlando
d. U.S. = ______________________
2. Big three (not U.S.) desired to make the Central Powers _____________ wanted
to divide ______________________ colonies
3. Russia ______________________
a. Civil war between Bolsheviks and armies loyal to old government
b. British, French, & Americans involved on side of those against Lenin
i. Lenin called for workers to overthrow their governments
ii. U.S. feared Bolshevik Russia

Wilsons Hopes
1. Wilson hoped the world would be made safe for democracy
2. Fourteen Points
a. End ______________________
b. Keep ______________________
c. Removal of ______________________ barriers
d. Reduction of ______________________ forces
e. Self-____________________________________________
3. The Allies ______________________ Wilsons Plan
a. Allied leaders angry, wanted to ______________________ Central Powers
b. Central Powers had no say
c. Wilson conceded on most of Fourteen Points in return for
______________________ of ______________________

Debating the Treaty of Versailles
1. Provisions of the Treaty
a. 9 new ______________________
b. France & Britain temporarily gain 4 areas of the Ottoman Empire
c. Germany has no ______________________ & forced to pay
___________________________________ of $33 billion to Allies
2. The Treatys Weaknesses
a. The _____________________ treatment of Germany fails to provide a lasting
peace; problems eventually led to WWII
b. Germany ___________________________; war-guilt clause; no way to pay
reparations due to lost territories
c. Russia excluded _______________ territory, wanted it back
d. Ignored claims of colonized people for ______________________________________
3. Opposition to the Treaty
a. Too ______________________ with dire economic consequences
b. Did not end __________________________________
c. Treaty did not satisfy self-determination demands of ethnic groups
4. Debate Over the League of Nations
a. A few thought it threatened the US foreign policy of ______________________
b. Conservative senators were suspicious of the provision for joint
economic and military action against aggression. Wanted the
constitutional right of Congress to declare war.



Summary:
5. Wilson Refuses to Compromise
a. Wilson set out on 8,000 mile ______________ giving 34 speeches explaining
why the US should join the League of Nations; suffered a stroke,
partially paralyzed for more than 2 months
b. Senate added amendments which qualified the terms under which the
US would enter the League of Nations; Senate ______________________ the
amendments, failed to ratify the treaty
c. Wilson refused to ________________________; Senate again ___________ to ratify
d. US signed separate treaty w/Germany in 1921 under President Harding

Germany Reacts to the Treaty
1. Germany was humiliated, angry, and felt betrayed
2. They insisted the treaty violated the Fourteen Points
3. Reluctantly signed under threat of a ______________________ invasion.
4. Treaty was signed at Versailles

The Legacy of War
1. United States
a. U.S. Businesses ______________________ during war
b. U.S. now worlds largest ______________________ nation
i. European countries owed estimated $11 billion to U.S.
c. U.S. in position of unexpected ______________________
d. Upon return home jobs were ______________________
2. Great Britain
a. Spent much ______________________ on war
b. Nations power ______________________
3. France
a. ______________________invasion devastated France
4. Germany
a. Weakened by the Treaty of Versailles



Summary: