Day, Richard R. (1993). New Ways in Teaching Reading. (New Ways in TESOL Series).

New York
TESOL !"#$ica%ions.
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./0a1on $ink2
1
3oni%orin4 Te5% Desi4n
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s Ena#$e s%"den%s %o de6e$o8 s%ra%e4ies 9or reco4ni1in4 and 8re8arin4 $a44in4
co08rehension
:$ass Ti0e ,) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 1,(;) 0in"%es
Reso"rces One or %wo %e5%#ook sec%ions or 0a4a1ine ar%ic$es
Think(a$o"d s%ra%e4ies enco"ra4e s%"den%s %o ass"0e con%ro$ o9 co08rehension 0oni%orin4.
'Y $earnin4 %o concen%ra%e on %he0e, or4ani1a%ion and si4na$ words, s%"den%s can re%race and
9i4"re o"% where #reak(down in %heir co08rehension occ"r.
!roced"re
1. Loca%e a s"i%a#$e readin4 %e5% and #rin4 a c$ass se% %o %he $esson.
;. <i6e s%"den%s %i0e %o read %hro"4h %he 8assa4e si$en%$y, %hen %hink a$o"d yo"r 8roced"re 9or
co08rehendin4 %he 8assa4e, hi4h$i4h%in4 di99ic"$% or a0#i4"o"s %e5%. Re%"rn %o "nwie$dy %e5% as
necessary.
3. Ta$k a$o"d 9ro0 %he #e4innin4 o9 %he 8assa4e, 8redic%in4 %he0a%ic 9oc"s in %he %e5% 9ro0 %he %i%$e
o9 %he 8assa4e.
+. Look 9or ini%ia$, wi%hin(#ody, and 9ina$ 0en%ions o9 %he %he0a%ic 9oc"s hi4h$i4h%in4 key words
and ideas.
,. No%e %e5% sec%ions wi%h 8o%en%ia$$y i08or%an% chan4es in %he con%ro$$in4 idea.
=. Try %o iden%i9y any 8redo0inan% rhe%orica$ c$"s%erin4 o9 in9or0a%ion s"ch as 8rocess descri8%ions
8resen%ed as se>"ences, co08arisons or con%ras%s 8resen%ed as hierarchies or 0a%rices, or e6en
ca"se(e99ec%s or 8ro#$e0(so$"%ion 8a%%erns.
*. /c%i6e$y search 9or co0#ina%ions o9 8a%%erns or inco08$e%e 8a%%erns.
-. Descri#e %he %e5%"a$ si4na$s %ha% yo" no%ed, s"ch as %he in%rod"c%ion conc$"sion, and headin4s as
c"es 9or re8airin4 0is"nders%ood %e5%.
9. /sk one or a 8air o9 %he 0ore 8ro9icien% s%"den%s %o 0ode$ %hese 0oni%orin4 s%ra%e4ies on a
di99eren% 8assa4e. /s s%"den%s work re8ea%ed$y on %his %hink(a$o"d 8roced"re, %heir re0arks wi$$
#eco0e 0ore re9ined a88ro5i0a%ions o9 %heir %hinkin4 and "nders%andin4 o9 %e5% desi4n.
2
The /r% o9 Readin4 :o08rehension
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s ?e$8 s%"den%s "nders%and 6oca#"$ary in con%e5%@ enco"ra4e s%"den%s %o 0oni%or %heir
own co08rehension
:$ass Ti0e 1(; ho"rs
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 1(; ho"rs
Reso"rces /ny a88ro8ria%e %e5% &$$"s%ra%ions 9ro0 ar% #ooks
This %echni>"e re>"ires %he reader %o a88$y 0eanin4 9ro0 %he %e5% %o %he ac%"a$ con%en% %o
which i% re9ers. The correc% res8onses are 8ic%"res no% 9"r%her %e5%. This 0eans %ha% i% is
i08ossi#$e %o choose a correc% res8onse si08$y on %he #asis o9 $in4"is%ics c"es. &% a$so is
8ar%ic"$ar$y s%i0"$a%in4 9or %hose s%"den%s who are 6is"a$$y (ra%her %han 8rin%) orien%ed in
%er0s o9 $earnin4 s%y$e.
!roced"re
1. :hoose a %e5% %ha% descri#es an ar%is%ic %radi%ion, 9ind i$$"s%ra%ions and 0ake readin4 >"es%ions.
;. Asin4 8ic%"res, 8re%each key 6oca#"$ary, 9or e5a08$e, $andsca8e scenery, #r"shs%roke, 9i4"re,
8or%rai%, s%i$$($i9e.
3. /rran4e a n"0#er o9 re8rod"c%ions o9 :hinese 8ain%in4s in rando0 order, 9or e5a08$e, a$on4 %he
cha$k#oard $ed4e.
+. /sk hy8o%hesis >"es%ions, 9or e5a08$e, which 8ain%in4s do yo" %hink are o$des%B La%es%B
,. Read in%rod"c%ory 8ara4ra8h %o4e%her, 9indin4 e5a08$es o9 6oca#"$ary words in %he 8ain%in4s.
=. ?a6e s%"den%s read %he en%ire 8assa4e (see /88endi5 #e$ow).
*. /sk s%"den%s %o 0a%ch 8ic%"res wi%h %he dynas%y, s%a%in4 reasons s"88or%ed #y %he %e5%. Which o9
%hese 8ic%"res co"$d ha6e #een 8ain%ed #y Yen L&(!enB 'y ?an CanB Why do yo" %hink soB /sk
s%"den% 8ain%ed #y Yen Li(!enB 'y ?an CanB Why do yo" %hink soB /sk s%"den% %o iden%i9y
dynas%y, s%y$e, and ar%is%s #ased on in9or0a%ion in %he %e5%.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Ase any se>"ence in an ar%is%ic %radi%ion, 9or e5a08$e, 9ro0 Drench $a%e c$assica$ %o
&08ressionis%s and ear$y !os%(&08ressionis%s. This can a$so #e done hori1on%a$$y, wi%h di99eren%
con%e08oraneo"s s%y$es, 9or e5a08$e, %o iden%i9y /9rican %ri#a$ or re4iona$ s%y$es.
;. :hinese s%"den%s 0ay reco4ni1e %he 8ain%in4s, ar%is%s and dynas%ies #"% no% know %he En4$ish
6oca#"$ary. The assi4n0en% can #e re6ised 9or %he0 %o s%ar% wi%h %he 8ain%in4s, and %hen 9ind
a88ro8ria%e descri8%i6e $an4"a4e in %he %e5%.
3
/88endi5 Sa08$e E5cer8%
The Tan4 dynas%y (=1-(9)= /.D.) saw %he rise o9 %he 4rea% ar% o9 :hinese $andsca8e 8ain%in4E
F"%%in4 8eaks, reachin4 in%o %he sky, were care9"$$y de%ai$ed wi%h %rees, rocks, and s%rea0s in
#ri$$ian% 4reens and #$"e. Gir%"a$$y no%hin4 now re0ains o9 %he work o9 s"ch 9a0o"s 0as%ers o9
%his 8eriod as Yen Li(!en. W" Tao(%1". T"n4 Y"an, and Wan4 Wei. D"rin4 %his sa0e 8eriod, 9i4"re
8ain%in4, es8ecia$$y o9 his%orica$ and co"r%$y scenes, reached a 8eak o9 e5ce$$ence. !eo8$e were
8or%rayed wi%h s%ren4%h and 0a4ni9icence "ne>"a$ed in $a%er :hinese 8ain%in4. /ni0a$s were a$so
9re>"en% s"#Hec%s d"rin4 %his %i0e. ?an Can, %he -%h cen%"ry ar%is% is 8ar%ic"$ar$y 9a0o"s 9or his
8ain%in4s o9 horses. /$%ho"4h s%y$i1ed 0ade wi%h on$y a 9ew #r"shs%rokes, %heir si08$e s%ron4 $ines
ha6e 4rea% ener4y.
Shar8$y di0inishes in sca$e, %he h"0an 9i4"re did no% in%r"de "8on %he 0a4ni9icence o9 na%"re.
Ien '"ddhis%sJ 8ain%in4s were o9%en s8arked #y an in%"i%i6e 6ision wi%h ra8id #r"shs%rokes and ink
s8$ashes, %hey crea%ed works o9 6i4or and s8on%anei%y.
3any $andsca8es o9 %his 8eriod are 0is%y and drea0($ike@ %hey see0 c$a0 e6en sad, or cons%an%$y
shi9%in4 and chan4in4.
4
S%e88in4s%ones %o Readin4 &ns%r"c%ion
Le6e$s in%er0edia%e7, Secondary ESL
/i0s Enco"ra4e and de6e$o8 correc% in9erences in readin4
:$ass Ti0e 1) 0in. 7
Reso"rces /ny readin4 %e5%@ !re8ara%ion Ti0e None
S%"den%s, es8ecia$$y %hose who are "nacc"s%o0ed %o in%erac%i6e c$assroo0, are o9%en re$"c%an%
%o res8ond %o in9erence >"es%ions d"rin4 c$ass disc"ssion, ei%her #eca"se %hey $ack con9idence
and do no% wan% %o risk e0#arrass0en%, or #eca"se %hey are "ns"re o9 %he answer and re>"ire
addi%iona$ in9or0a%ion in order sha8e %heir rea$i1a%ion o9 a conce8% or idea. Teachers can
enco"ra4e and 9aci$i%a%e res8onses in #o%h ins%ances #y o99erin4 s%"den%s hin%s and choices.
These ser6e as s%e88in4s%ones %ha% ena#$e s%"den%s %o ad6ance %owards a correc% in9erence.
!roced"re
1. Doc"s on a s0a$$ 8or%ion o9 %e5%. This e5a08$e "ses an e5cer8% 9ro0 Lewis :arro$$Js 8oe0
KJFa##erwockyJJ
'eware %he Fa##erwock, 0y sonL
The Haws %ha% #i%e, %he c$aws %ha% ca%chL
;. !ose %he co08rehension(in9erence >"es%ion, 9or e5a08$e, Wha% is a Fa##erwockB (The desira#$e
answer is any%hin4 $ike KJa 9ierce dan4ero"s ani0a$.JJ)
3. &9 s%"den%s do no% res8ond, 4i6e a hin% or a choice. O9%en, one s"ch s%e88in4s%one wi$$ #e
s"99icien%, #"% yo" can 8"% as 0any s%e88in4s%ones as necessary %o he$8 s%"den%s co0e "8 wi%h
%he ri4h% answer and 6oca#"$ary.
?in%s inc$"de %he "se o9 $eadin4 >"es%ions, s%a%e0en%s, and non6er#a$ c"es %ha% can 0o6e ahead
o9 s%"den% de6e$o80en% %o he$8 sha8e a correc% in9erence. Non6er#a$ c"es, s"ch as 4es%"res,
9acia$ e58ressions, and so"nds can a$so o9%en e58edi%e a rea$i1a%ion. E5a08$es
Leadin4 >"es%ion Wo"$d yo" $ike %o ha6e one in yo"r ho"seB Do 8eo8$e ha6e c$awsB
S%a%e0en% &%Js so0e kind o9 ani0a$.
Non6er#a$ hin% c$aw %he air %hrea%enin4$y, 0ake a 9ierce 9ace roar
+. Es8ecia$$y reco00ended are $eadin4 >"es%ions wi%h o#6io"s ne4a%i6e answers, s"ch as Wo"$d
yo" $ike %o ha6e one in yo"r ho"seB Which e6oke $a"4h%er and co0ic 8ro%es%. Non6er#a$ hin%s
a$so %end %o e6oke $a"4h%er and $ower a99ec%i6e #arriers.
:hoices in6o$6e %he 8resen%a%ion o9 8ossi#$e answers, "s"a$$y in 8airs. / choice 0ay inc$"de (a)
one 6ery $ike$y 8ossi#$e choice and one 6ery "n$ike$y choice (#) %wo "n$ike$y choices@ (c) %wo
$ike$y choices@
a. &s i% 9riend$y or "n9riend$yB / 4ood %hin4 or a dan4ero"s %hin4B
#. &s i% a 0o"se or a #"%%er9$yB
c. &s i% an ani0a$ or a de0onB
Es8ecia$$y reco00ended is choice %y8e a. "n$ike$y choice, when 8aired wi%h a $ike$y choice, is
"s"a$$y o#6io"s$y %o %he s%"den%s and e6okes $a"4h%er or s0i$es o9 reHec%ion. This 4i6es s%"den%s a
chance %o 0ake a 6ery sa9e choice, and 4e% credi% 9or 0o6in4 a$on4 %he 8a%h %o %he ri4h% answer.
5
/88endi5.
MFa##erwockyN is a 9a0o"s 8oe0 o9 nonsense 6erse, wi%h 0ade("8 words (nonce words,
neo$o4is0s, nonsense words) #y Lewis :arro$$.
OTwas #ri$$i4, and %he s$i%hy %o6es
Did 4yre and 4i0#$e in %he wa#e@
/$$ 0i0sy were %he #oro4o6es,
/nd %he 0o0e ra%hs o"%4ra#e.
P'eware %he Fa##erwock, 0y sonL
The Haws %ha% #i%e, %he c$aws %ha% ca%chL
'eware %he F"#H"# #ird, and sh"n
The 9r"0io"s 'andersna%chLP
?e %ook his 6or8a$ sword in hand
Lon4 %i0e %he 0an5o0e 9oe he so"4h%Q
So res%ed he #y %he T"0%"0 %ree,
/nd s%ood awhi$e in %ho"4h%.
/nd as in "99ish %ho"4h% he s%ood,
The Fa##erwock, wi%h eyes o9 9$a0e,
:a0e whi99$in4 %hro"4h %he %"$4ey wood,
/nd #"r#$ed as i% ca0eL
One, %woL One, %woL and %hro"4h and %hro"4h
The 6or8a$ #$ade wen% snicker(snackL
?e $e9% i% dead, and wi%h i%s head
?e wen% 4a$"08hin4 #ack.
P/nd has% %ho" s$ain %he Fa##erwockB
:o0e %o 0y ar0s, 0y #ea0ish #oyL
O 9ra#Ho"s dayL :a$$oohL :a$$ayLP
?e chor%$ed in his Hoy.
OTwas #ri$$i4, and %he s$i%hy %o6es
Did 4yre and 4i0#$e in %he wa#e@
/$$ 0i0sy were %he #oro4o6es,
/nd %he 0o0e ra%hs o"%4ra#e.
6
3ain &deas
Do(&%(Yo"rse$9 3a%eria$s
Le6e$s Lower in%er0edia%e7
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 a"%hen%ic %e5%s
:$ass Ti0e ;) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces 'roch"res 9ro0 s"8er0arke%s, de8ar%0en% s%ores, 4o6ern0en% a4encies, 8o$i%ica$
4ro"8s
S%"den%s need %o #e a#$e %o 0ake sense o9 8"#$ic in9or0a%ion reso"rces inde8enden%$y. This
ac%i6i%y "ses #roch"res on any n"0#er o9 %o8ics %ha% 0i4h% #e o9 in%eres% or "se %o %he0.
!roced"re
1. Loca%e s"i%a#$e #roch"res. &9 yo"r c$ass is in%eres%ed in c"rren% e6en%s yo" 0i4h% "se an
in9or0a%iona$ 8a08h$e% 9ro0 a 4ro"8 s"ch as /0nes%y &n%erna%iona$. /$%erna%i6e$y, yo" can
9ind in9or0a%iona$ 8a08h$e%s a#o"% 9ood a% %he s"8er0arke% or %hose re$a%in4 %o hea$%h
iss"es %hro"4h doc%orsJ o99ices or 8"#$ic a4encies.
;. 3os% #roch"res 9o$$ow a >"es%ion(and(answer 9or0a% (e.4., wha% is /0nes%y &n%erna%iona$B)
or 0ake e5%ensi6e "se o9 head$ines and s"#%i%$es 9ro0 %he 8ara4ra8hs %hey 0a%ch.
3. Think "8 a 8re6iew >"es%ion, 4e%%in4 %he s%"den%s %o 9oc"s on %he %o8ic (Wha% do yo" know
a#o"% RB Wha% wo"$d yo" $ike %o known #e9ore yo" Hoined i%B). <e% answers 9ro0 %he who$e
c$ass.
+. !"% %he s%"den%s in 4ro"8s in 4ro"8s and ask %he0 %o 0a%ch %he %i%$es and 8ara4ra8hs.
,. /s a co08rehension check, ask %he s%"den%s, in 4ro"8s, %o $is% %wo or %hree 9ac%s %hey
$earned a#o"% %he %o8ic.
7
Wha%Js in %he NewsB
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 a"%hen%ic %e5%s 9ro0 news8a8ers
:$ass Ti0e ,) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e ;) 0in"%es
Reso"rces Shor% ar%ic$es 9ro0 En4$ish($an4"a4e news8a8ers
Reco4ni1in4 %he 0ain idea and %he0es in news8a8er ar%ic$es he$8s readers 8rocess re%ain
in9or0a%ion on c"rren% e6en%s. Readin4 a"%hen%ic ar%ic$es a$so 4i6es $earners a88ro8ria%e
#ack4ro"nd know$ed4e 9or re$a%ed c$ass 8roHec%s.
!roced"re
1. /sk each s%"den% %o #rin4 an ar%ic$e 9ro0 an En4$ish $an4"a4e news8a8er on a co00on %o8ic (e.4.
cri0e, 8o$$"%ion, acciden%s).
;. &n c$ass, 8"% s%"den%s in 4ro"8s o9 %hree or 9o"r and ha6e %he0 re%e$$ %heir in9or0a%ion,
c$assi9yin4 i% in%o s8eci9ic ca%e4ories (e.4. ho0icide, ro##ery, assa"$%).
3. Ne5%, ha6e s%"den%s wa$k aro"nd %he roo0 and 9ind o"% who e$se has ar%ic$es %ha% 0a%ch %heir
own ca%e4ories.
+. /9%er 4ro"8s wi%h si0i$ar ca%e4ories are 9or0ed, direc% a who$e(c$ass disc"ssion %o 0ake a $is% o9
a$$ %he ca%e4ories on %he #oard. S%"den%s can con%ri#"%e addi%iona$ in9or0a%ion 9ro0 %heir own
e58eriences.
,. !os%(readin4 ac%i6i%ies re>"irin4 wri%in4 can #e assi4ned, s"ch as s"00aries, $e%%ers %o
4o6ern0en% o99icia$s o99erin4 s"44es%ions %o dea$ wi%h 8ro#$e0s, and res8onses in Ho"rna$s.
8
!iecin4 To4e%her &deas
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 9or 0ain ideas
:$ass Ti0e ;)(3) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e No se% %i0e
Reso"rces /ny readin4 0a%eria$@ !a8er@ ?a%
3akin4 dis%inc%ions #e%ween 4enera$ ideas and s"88or%in4 de%ai$s is an i08or%an% 8ar% o9
readin4 co08rehension. S%ri8 s%ories are an enHoya#$e way 9or s%"den%s %o see %he re$a%ionshi8
#e%ween %he #i44er and s0a$$er 8ieces o9 a %e5%.
!roced"re
1. Se$ec% a88ro8ria%e readin4 0a%eria$ 9or %he c$ass.
;. Se$ec% sen%ences or 8ara8hrase 8or%ions o9 %he readin4 8assa4e and wri%e %he0 on s%ri8s o9 8a8er.
!re8are a se% o9 corres8ondin4 s%ri8s %ha% say ei%her M0ain ideaN or Ms"88or%in4 de%ai$.N The %wo
se%s o9 s%ri8s 0"s% corres8ond e5ac%$y. The %o%a$ n"0#er o9 s%ri8s sho"$d e>"a$ %he n"0#er o9
s%"den%s in %he c$ass.
3. /s %he s%"den%s read %he 0a%eria$, de6o%e c$ass %i0e %o enhancin4 co08rehension "n%i$ %he
0a%eria$ is we$$ "nders%ood.
+. ?a6e s%"den%s
Draw a s%ri8 9ro0 a ha%.
Work %o4e%her %o 0a%ch %he s%ri8s wi%h %he >"o%a%ions %o %he s%ri8s wi%h %he
$a#e$s.
S%and in a $ine (wi%h a s%ri8) in %he order %ha% %he sen%ences a88eared in %he
readin4 8assa4e.
Read o"% $o"d, in se>"ence, wha% is wri%%en on %he indi6id"a$ s%ri8B
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Dor a $ar4e c$ass, "se %wo se%s o9 s%ri8s and ha6e %wo 4ro"8s 9or0 %wo di99eren% $ines
si0"$%aneo"s$y.
;. 3ake %he ac%i6i%y 0ore di99ic"$% #y re>"irin4 any readin4 0a%eria$ %o #e 8"% away #e9ore %he
s%ri8s are drawn 9ro0 %he ha% so s%"den%s 0ay no% re9er %o i% d"rin4 %he e5ercise.
3. &% is i08or%an% %o ha6e co6ered %he 0a%eria$ we$$ #e9ore a%%e08%in4 %his ac%i6i%y, #"% i% is a nice
way %o conc$"de work on a readin4 8assa4e.
9
A8 /4ains% %he Wa$$
Le6e$s /ny
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 9or 0ain ideas
:$ass %i0e Garies, de8endin4 on $en4%h o9 readin4 8assa4e
!re8ara%ion Ti0e ,) 0in"%es
Reso"rces S"i%a#$e readin4 8assa4e
&n addi%ion %o he$8in4 s%"den%s "nders%and %he 0ain ideas o9 readin4, %his ac%i6i%y 4enera%es a
4rea% dea$ o9 e5ci%e0en% and en%h"sias0 as s%"den%s 4e% away 9ro0 %heir desks and 0o6e
aro"nd %he roo0 searchin4 9or answers %o %heir >"es%ions.
!roced"re
1. 3ake "8 one >"es%ion 9or each 0ain idea o9 %he readin4 8assa4e. Dor #e4innin4 c$asses, %hese can
#e %r"eS9a$se, c$o1e wi%h a choice, or 0"$%i8$e choice. Dor 0ore 9$"en% readers, %he >"es%ions can
#e o8en ended (e.4. wha%, where, and so on). D"8$ica%e %he >"es%ions can #e o8en e6ery %wo
s%"den%s in %he c$ass wi$$ ha6e one >"es%ion.
;. :"% %he 8assa4e in%o sec%ions accordin4 %o i%s 8ara4ra8hs, Das%en %he 8ara4ra8h can #e read
easi$y #y se6era$ 8eo8$e a% %he sa0e %i0e.
3. !$ace %he s%"den%s in 8airs, and 4i6e each 8air on >"es%ion. (De8endin4 on %he si1e o9 %he c$ass,
any n"0#er o9 8airs wi$$ ha6e %he sa0e >"es%ion.) &ns%r"c% %he s%"den%s %o read 8ara4ra8hs on
%he wa$$s o9 %he c$assroo0 "n%i$ %he 9ind %he answer %o %heir >"es%ion.
+. When %hey ha6e re%"rned %o %heir sea%s, dis%ri#"%e co8ies o9 %he co08$e%e readin4 8assa4e and 4o
o6er %he answers. Yo" 0i4h% a$so wan% %o 8ass o"% co8ies o9 a$$ o9 %he >"es%ions, 0akin4 i% easier
9or e6eryone %o "nders%and o%her 4ro"8sJ >"es%ions.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Dor 0ore 8ro9icien% readers, "se >"es%ions %ha% re>"ire s%"den%s %o 0ake in9erences.
;. /4ain, wi%h 0ore 8ro9icien% readers, ask a >"es%ion %ha% canno% #e answered #y readin4 %he
8assa4e.
3. To enco"ra4e 0ore 4ro"8 work, ha6e 8airs wi%h %he sa0e >"es%ion disc"ss %heir answers #e9ore
S%e8 + a#o6e.
+. Ase %he ac%i6i%y as a 8rereadin4 %ask.
10
<e%%in4 %he &dea
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s Red"ce s%"den% de8endency on a dic%ionary
Enco"ra4e s%"den% acce8%ance o9 "ncer%ain%y
Disco"ra4e e5cessi6e concern o6er %he 0eanin4 o9 e6ery word in a 8assa4e
:"$%i6a%e %he ha#i% o9 4enera$ readin4 in En4$ish
:$ass Ti0e ,) 0in"%es
Reso"rces /ny readin4 8assa4e
/ %e5% does no% a$ways re>"ire a care9"$ readin4 #"% e6en when i% does 9oc"sin4 on o6era$$
0eanin4 acce$era%es and enhances co08rehension. S%"den%s need %o disco6er 9or %he0se$6es
%he de4ree %o which %hey are a#$e %o deri6e 0eanin4 9ro0 a %e5% wi%ho"% "nders%andin4 (or, in
%his case, ac%"a$$y seein4) e6ery word in i%, s"ch a disco6er works %oward 8ro0o%in4 a 4enera$
in%eres% in readin4 in En4$ish.
!roced"re
1. Se$ec% a s"i%a#$e 8assa4e and 4i6e i% a %i%$e or headin4 i9 necessary. Re8$ace 0ain ideas wi%h #$ank
s8aces (see /88endi5 #e$ow).
;. Di6ide %he c$ass in%o 4ro"8s o9 9o"r or 9i6e s%"den%s and 8ro6ide each s%"den% wi%h a co8y o9 %he
doc%ored 8assa4e.
3. /sk %he s%"den%s, workin4 in 4ro"8s, %o e5a0ine %he 8assa4e, disc"ss i%, and %hen wri%e 4ro"8
s"00aries o9 wha% %hey %hink %he 0ain idea(s) are.
+. /$$ow a88ro5i0a%e$y 1) 0in"%es 9or %he s%"den%s %o co08$e%e %he %ask, %hen co$$ec% %he
s"00aries and a$$ co8ies o9 %he %e5%.
,. !ro6ide each s%"den% wi%h an "ndoc%ored co8y o9 %he 8assa4e. Whi$e %he 4ro"8s read i% and %hen
wri%e a second s"00ary, co8y %he co$$ec%ed s"00aries on %he #oard.
=. /sk a s%"den% 9ro0 each 4ro"8 %o co0e %o %he #oard and co8y %he 4ro"8Js new s"00ary #enea%h
%he o$d one.
*. /sk %he c$ass as a who$e %o iden%i9y any di99erences, i9 any, #e%ween %he s"00aries in each se%
and %o disc"ss %heir si4ni9icance, Dor e5a08$e, do any chan4es in %he second s"00ary rea$$y add
%o an "nders%andin4 o9 %he 0ain idea o9 %he 8assa4eB
-. ?a6e %he c$ass as a who$e ana$y1e a$$ %he 4ro"8sJ s"00aries in %er0 o9 any di99erences. 'rin4 in%o
%his ana$ysis %he 8ar% 8$ayed #y %he %i%$e in iden%i9yin4 %he 0ain idea o9 %he 8assa4e. Dro0 %his
4enera$ disc"ssion, %he c$ass sho"$d arri6e a% a s"00ary acce8%a#$e %o a$$ 8ar%ici8an%s.
9. Ro"nd o99 %he e5ercise wi%h a $ook a% any "n9a0i$iar words, :heck i9 s%"den%s ha6e correc%$y
in9erred %heir 0eanin4s. !ro08% 9"r%her in9erence 9ro0 con%e5%. E58$ain any words %ha% re0ain
e$"si6e %hese words chan4es %he 4is% o9 %he %e5%.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. The who$e or 4enera$ 0eanin4 is con%ained in %he 8ar%s o9 %he 8assa4e %he s%"den%s 9irs% see and
in %he %i%$e, so %he de$e%ed words 0ay 8ro6ide de%ai$s. S%"den%s can see, howe6er, %ha% %hey ha6e
$i%%$e or no i08ac% on %he 4enera$ 0eanin4.
;. Wi%ho"% %he 9ran%ic 8"rs"i% o9 word(%o(word "nders%andin4 i08$ici% in in%ensi6e readin4,
s%"den%s 4ain %he con9idence %o e08$oy %he in9erence and 8redic%ion ski$$s %hey ha6e a$ready
$earned and %o acce8% "ncer%ain%y as nor0a$.
11
/88endi5 Sa08$e Readin4 !assa4e
The 'each <e%s a New Look
The ne5% 4enera%ion wi$$ e5c$ai0 in a0a1e0en%, M&0a4ine, in %he o$den days 8eo8$e "sed %o
ac%"a$$y $ie in %he s"n %o 4e% a %anL Ra8id$y co0in4 %o an end are %he days o9 #eaches rain#ow(h"ed
wi%h sca%%ered 4a"dy %owe$s and 4$is%enin4 wi%h shiny, oi$y #odies %ha% 9ro0 a dis%ance $ook $ike so
0"ch 9$o%sa0 and He%sa0 washed "8 wi%h %he %ide. The era o9 s"n$ess %annin4 is "8on "s as
0an"9ac%"rers o9 s"n(care 8rod"c%s co08e%e 9or %he new 0arke% o9 cons"0ers ed"ca%ed %o %he risk
o9 skin cancer. :o0#ined wi%h %he hea$%h 9ear is %he %e08%a%ion o9 a sa9e, 9as% %an %ha%, 9ake as i% 0ay
#e, is a 9ar cry 9ro0 %he s%reaky(carro% $ook %ha% was a 4i6e(away in %he 8as%. Now %he #o%%$e(
#ron1ed #$end wi%h %he 0ore %radi%iona$ %anners %o 9or0 %he co00"ni%y o9 Sy#ari%es crowdin4 8oo$
and #each as %he %e08era%"re rises.
/d6anced %echno$o4y has a$$owed %he de6e$o80en% o9 a wide ran4e o9 %hese new and i08ro6ed
s"n$ess %annin4 8rod"c%s. :os%s 6ary, #"% %hey are a$$ #asica$$y %he sa0e. /s wi%h %heir 8redecessors,
%he ac%i6e in4redien% is D?/ (dihydro5y(ace%one), #"% %he new 8rod"c%s s8read 0ore e6en$y and
8rod"ce a 0ore na%"ra$($ookin4 %an in %wo %o %hree ho"rs. Since %he %an 4rad"a$$y 9ades in a 9ew
days, re8ea%ed a88$ica%ions are necessary %o 0ain%ain %ha% 0"ch so"4h% a9%er s"00er(4$ow.
Need$ess %o say s"ch as #oo0in4 0arke% has 0an"9ac%"res s0i$in4.
/d6anced %echno$o4y is no%, howe6er, $ea6in4 %he s%"##orn han4in4 o"% %o dry in %he s"n
"n8ro%ec%ed. Dor %hose who canno% #reak %heir addic%ion %o %he s"nJs dead$y e0#race, a new 8a%ch
has Hoined %he r"sh o9 8a%ches wi%h which we can now adorn o"r #odies. /s har09"$ e58os"re %o
"$%ra6io$e% rays rises, %he 8a%ch chan4es co$or %o warn %he in6e%era%e s"n#a%her o9 i00inen% dan4er.
So wha% wi$$ #reaches o9 %he 9"%"re $ook $ikeB !ro#a#$y ano%her co$o"r9"$ sea, #"% %his %i0e o9
shi00erin4 8araso$s 9$oa%in4 %hree or 9o"r 9ee% a#o6e %he sand wi%h %he s"n$ess$y %anned h"dd$ed in
%heir shade 9or 8ro%ec%ion. /no0a$o"s s>"ares o9 o8en sand har#o"rin4 %he 8a%ched dissen%ers wi$$
s%and o"% $ike 9ra4i$e is$ands #racin4 9or ons$a"4h% o9 a %ida$ wa6e.
No%e The 8ar%s in #o$d are a$$ %ha% s%"den%s see a% 9irs%.
12
:hoosin4 a Di99eren% Ti%$e
Le6e$s hi4h #e4innin47
/i0s <i6e s%"den%s 8rac%ice in dis%in4"ishin4 #e%ween 0ain and s"88or%in4 ideas
:$ass %i0e ;)(;, 0in"%es
Reso"rces Shor% news ar%ic$esJ
This ac%i6i%y is a 4ood way o9 4e%%in4 s%"den%s %o rea$i1e %ha% a"%hors ha6e 0any o8%ions %o
choose 9ro0 in se$ec%in4 a %i%$e and %ha% %he ac%"a$ %i%$e "sed %o re9$ec% %he %as%e or #ias o9 %he
a"%hor or edi%or o9 %he news8a8er or 0a4a1ine in which %he ar%ic$e a88ears.
!roced"re
1. Loca%e a s"i%a#$e ar%ic$e 9ro0 a news8a8er or 0a4a1ine. The ar%ic$e sho"$d ha6e a %i%$e and #e
a#o"% ;,)(3,) words $on4. !re8are a $is% o9 o%her %i%$es 9or %he ar%ic$e, ,N4oodN %i%$es (i.e., %i%$es
9oc"s on %he 0ain idea o9 %he ar%ic$e) and , Mwron4N ones (i.e., dis%rac%ed 9oc"sin4 on s"88or%in4
de%ai$s). Yo" wi$$ need one co8y o9 %he %o8ic and one $is% o9 %i%$es 9or each s%"den%.
;. Dis%ri#"%e %he ar%ic$e and %he $is% o9 %i%$es. Di6ide %he c$ass in%o 8airs.
3. Te$$ %he s%"den%s %ha% %hey are %o read %he %i%$e o9 %he ar%ic$e and %he ar%ic$e i%se$9. Then %hey are
%o $ook a% %he $is% o9 %i%$es and choose 0ore %ha% are a$so 4ood. They sho"$d n"0#er %he %i%$es
9ro0 1 %o ,, s%ar%in4 wi%h %he one %hey %hink is #es%.
+. ?a6e s%"den%s work in 8airs, choosin4 and rankin4 , %i%$es.
,. (O8%iona$) ?a6e one s%"den% 9ro0 each 8air re8or% %o %he c$ass.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. /s a 6aria%ion, re0o6e %he ori4ina$ %i%$e 9ro0 %he ar%ic$e and inc$"de i% a0on4 %he %i%$es on %he
$is%. ?a6e s%"den%s 4"ess which %i%$e was ac%"a$$y "sed #y %he a"%hor.
;. /s an addi%iona$ s%e8, ask s%"den%s %o say wha% is wron4 wi%h %he o%her %i%$es in %he $is%.
3. /no%her o8%ion is %o ha6e %he en%ire c$ass 6o%e on wha% %hey %hink is %he #es% %i%$e 9or %he %i%$e.
+. /s a 9o$$ow("8 ac%i6i%y or as ho0ework, s%"den%s can wri%e %hree %o 9i6e %i%$es o9 %heir own 9or %he
ar%ic$e (or so0e o%her ar%ic$e).
13
Or4ani1a%ion and S%r"c%"re
Le6e$s in%er0edia%e
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 news8a8er ar%ic$es %o recons%r"c% a s%ory.
:$ass %i0e NO se% %i0e
!re8ara%ion Ti0e ;) 0in"%es
Reso"rces News8a8er ar%ic$es a#o"% an e6en%, a cri0ina$ ac%ion, a ce$e#ra%ion, or any ac%i6i%y
con%ainin4 8ar% o9 a s%ory.
News8a8er ar%ic$es, es8ecia$$y %hose re$a%ed %o cri0ina$ or 8o$ice ac%ions, o99er s%"den%s a
6arie%y o9 %o8ics, s%y$es, and $e6e$s o9 di99ic"$%y. The in9or0a%ion %hey con%ain "s"a$$y inc$"des
e$e0en%s re$a%ed %o %i0e, 8$ace, and ac%ion. Learners 0"s% no% on$y "nders%and %he in9or0a%ion
#"% #e a#$e %o recons%r"c% i% chrono$o4ica$$y #eca"se Ho"rna$is%s 8resen% %he c"rren% s%a%e o9
a99airs in %he o8enin4 8ara4ra8h and %hen 8roceed %o narra%e %he e6en% %ha% $ed %o i%.
!roced"re
1. Se$ec% ar%ic$es a 9ew 8ara4ra8hs in $en4%h, Lon4 ar%ic$es can #e shor% ended, #"% %hey sho"$d
con%ain eno"4h in9or0a%ion %o 0ake %he s%ory coheren%.
;. <i6e %he s%"den%s a co8y and ask %he0 %o read i%.
3. Ei%her wri%e a char% on %he #oard 9or %he0 %o co08$e%er, or re8rod"ce i% as a hando"%. Try %o ha6e
a char% wi%h a% $eas% %wo $a#e$s@ %i0e and ac%ion.
+. /s soon as %he s%"den%s ha6e read %he ar%ic$e and seen %he char%, ask %he0 %o 9i$$ i% in, %akin4 care
%o or4ani1e %he in9or0a%ion in chrono$o4ica$ order, s%ar%in4 ei%her wi%h %he 0os% recen% %i0e or
wi%h %he 0os% re0o6e. ?a6e %he0 work indi6id"a$$y or in 8airs.
,. /9%er a 9ew 0in"%es, when 0os% or a$$ o9 %he s%"den%s ha6e 9inished ha6e %he0 co08are %heir
char%s.
=. :o08$e%e %he char% on %he #oard 9o$$owin4 %he direc%ions %he s%"den%s 4i6e yo". /s %his s%a4e, i% is
i08or%an% %o co00en% on di99eren% words "sed %o 9i$$ in %he char% or on any di99erences in how
s%"den%s co08$e%e i%. Recons%r"c%in4 %he s%ory a$$ows s%"den%s %o disc"ss %heir di99eren%
in%er8re%a%ions o9 i%.
*. /% %his 8oin%, %he s%"den%s ha6e a$$ %he e$e0en%s o9 %he s%ory and are ready %o narra%e i% s%ar%in4
9ro0 %he #e4innin4. /sk %he0 %o re%e$$ %he s%ory or rewri%e i%.
14
No%e, Or4ani1e, S"00ari1e
Le6e$s /d6anced@ 8reacacde0ic
/i0s enco"ra4e ac%i6e readin4 and se$9(0oni%orin4 o9 co08rehension
:$ass Ti0e Two %o %hree c$ass 8eriods
!re8ara%ion Ti0e +, 0in"%es( 1 ho"r 8er 8assa4e
Reso"rces acade0ic %e5%#ook(s%y$e 8assa4es o9 0ore %han %wo 8a4es.
S%"den%s 0ay need he$8 $earnin4 %o a88$y readin4 ski$$s %o s%"dy %echni>"es when 8re8arin4
9or disc"ssions, %ea%s, and re8or% wri%in4. They can i08ro6e %heir co08rehension i9 %hey $earn
%o see how ideas are connec%ed in an en%ire 8iece o9 wri%in4.
!roced"re
1. ?a6e %he s%"den%s ski0 an assi4ned 8assa4e %o 4e% a 4enera$ idea, %he con%en% and o6era$$
or4ani1a%ion. /sk %he0 %o disc"ss %he ar%ic$e #rie9$y as a 4ro"8, %hen assess how we$$ %hey ha6e
"nders%ood %he who$e 8assa4e.
;. &ns%r"c% %he s%"den%s %o 0ake no%es in %he 0ar4ins a#o"% i08or%an% ideas wi%hin and across
8ara4ra8hs. Yo" 0i4h% 0ode$ %his s%e8 wi%h a %rans8arency o9 %he readin4 and an e5a08$e o9
yo"r own no%es 9or %he 9irs% 8ara4ra8h and %hen show %he0 yo"r 0ode$ or e$ici% %heir
s"44es%ions.
3. ?a6e s%"den%s work on %heir own, 0akin4 #rie9 0ar4ina$ no%es on %heir own words o9 ideas 9ro0
each 8ara4ra8h. S8ecia$ care sho"$d #e %aken %o reco4ni1e re$a%ionshi8 a0on4 ideas e5%endin4
across 8ara4ra8hs.
+. Di6ide s%"den%s in%o 8airs or s0a$$ 4ro"8s. ?a6e %he0 co08are %he 0ar4ina$ no%es. /9%er %hey
ha6e 0ade 4ood headway, hand o"% #$ank %rans8arencies %o each 4ro"8 and ha6e %he0 o"%$ine
%he 8assa4e or 8ar% o9 %he 8assa4e on %he %rans8arency.
,. Show o"%$ines 9ro0 %wo or 0ore 4ro"8s, si0"$%aneo"s$y i9 8ossi#$e. ?a6e s%"den%s co08are
si0i$ari%ies and di99erences wi%h %heir own 4ro"8 o"%$ines. Enco"ra4e >"es%ions a#o"% why
cer%ain 8oin%s were or were no% inc$"ded in %he o"%$ines. /9%er disc"ssin4 %he o"%$ines ha6e
s%"den%s assess how %heir co08rehension chan4ed 9ro0 %he 9irs%, c"rsory readin4 %o %he second
readin4 d"rin4 which %hey %ook %heir 0ar4ina$ no%es.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Asin4 a s%"den%(4enera%ed o"%$ine, ha6e %he s%"den%s s"00ari1e %he ar%ic$e ora$$y or in wri%in4.
/sk %he s%"den%s no% %o $ook a% %he ori4ina$ whi$e %hey are s"00ari1in4. These s"00aries can #e
"sed %o %es% co08rehension.
;. /s s%"den%s #eco0e "sed %o %his 8roced"re, %hey can #e4in wri%in4 and co08arin4 %heir own
o"%$ines, ins%ead o9 no%es, wi%h %hose o9 %heir c$ass0a%es.
3. Se0an%ic 0a8s or o%her re8resen%a%ions o9 or4ani1a%iona$ s%r"c%"re 0ay #e s"#s%i%"%ed 9or
o"%$ines.
+. This series o9 readin4 ac%i6i%ies sho"$d #e 8rac%iced se6era$ %i0es %hro"4ho"% a %er0 so %ha% %he
s%"den%s #e4in %o ac>"ire inde8enden%$y no%e(%akin4 s%ra%e4ies.
,. &9 s%"den%s are no% 9a0i$iar wi%h o"%$inin4 or 0a88in4 %echni>"es %eachers 0ay ha6e s%"den%s
%ake 0ar4ina$ no%es %o 9i$$ in 8ar%ia$$y co08$e%ed o"%$ines or %o8ic 0a8s. <"idance %hro"4h %he
8roced"re sho"$d 4rad"a$$y decrease.
=. No% a$$ 8assa4es $end %he0se$6es %o 8ara4ra8h(#y(8ara4ra8h ana$ysis. S%"den%s 0ay need so0e
he$8 incor8ora%in4 ideas 9ro0 %wo or 0ore 8ara4ra8hs in%o one sec%ion o9 an o"%$ine.
15
Fi4saw Readin4
Le6e$s 'e4innin4 and in%er0edia%e
/i0s ?e$8 s%"den%s work coo8era%i6e$y %o 9i4"re o"% %he orderin4 o9 8ara4ra8hs in %he readin4
8assa4e.
:$ass %i0e No se% %i0e
!re8ara%ion Ti0e ;)(3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces Readin4 8assa4e wi%h a% $eas% 9o"r 8ara4ra8hs
This ac%i6i%y has #een aro"nd 9or a $on4 %i0e and %akes 6ario"s 9or0s. Re4ard$ess o9 %he %y8e o9
Hi4saw readin4, %he ac%i6i%y is enHoya#$e and he$8s s%"den%s %o conce8%"a$i1e %he readin4
8assa4e #y $ookin4 a% a s0a$$ 8ar% and %hen 9i%%in4 %he indi6id"a$ 8ieces %o4e%her. &% words we$$
as 8rereadin4 ac%i6i%y.
!roced"re
1. Di6ide %he readin4 8assa4e #y 8ara4ra8h and 0ake co8ies 9or s%"den%s.
;. /rran4e %he c$ass in%o 4ro"8s accordin4 %o %he n"0#er o9 8ara4ra8hs in %he readin4 8assa4e.
3. <i6e each 4ro"8 a co08$e%e se% o9 %he 8assa4e, 0akin4 s"re %ha% each 8erson has a di99eren%
8ara4ra8h.
+. Te$$ %he s%"den%s %o 8"% %he 8ara4ra8hs %o4e%her in an a88ro8ria%e order. ?a6e %he0 #e4in #y
readin4 %heir own 8ara4ra8hs and %hen %e$$in4 %he o%her 0e0#ers o9 %he 4ro"8 wha% %hey are
a#o"%.
,. /sk %he 4ro"8s %o share wi%h %he c$ass %he orderin4 %ha% %hey ha6e a4reed on. Disc"ss %he reasons
9or %he 6ario"s orderin4s %he 4ro"8 se$ec%ed.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Se% a %i0e $i0i%(%his %"rns %he ac%i6i%y in%o a con%es%.
;. Dor #asic readers, do %he ac%i6i%y wi%h scra0#$ed sen%ences ins%ead o9 8ara4ra8hs.
3. Dis%ri#"%e a co8y o9 %he ori4ina$ readin4 8assa4e %o each s%"den%.
16
Readin4 Ra%e ( !"08 &% A8
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s &ncrease readin4 ra%e
:$ass Ti0e ,(1) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 1,0in"%es
Reso"rces Wha%e6er %e5% s%"den%s are "sin4
Ra8id readin4 %echni>"es 8re8are s%"den%s %o read 9$"en%$y #y 4e%%in4 %he0 away 9ro0 readin4
word(#y(word. One ad6an%a4e o9 %his readin4 ra%e ac%i6i%y is %ha% en%ire c$ass can #e readin4
%he sa0e %e5% or indi6id"a$ readers 0ay #e readin4 0a%eria$ %ha% has #een se$9(se$ec%ed.
!roced"re
1. <i6e s%"den%s 1 0in"%e %o read as 0"ch as 0a%eria$ as %hey can in %e5%. Ti0e %he0.
;. /9%er a 0in"%e, %e$$ %he0 %o s%o8 and wri%e %he n"0#er 1 where %hey are in %he %e5%.
3. Then ha6e %he s%"den%s re%"rn %o %he #e4innin4 o9 %he 8assa4e and read a4ain 9or ano%her
0in"%e.
+. /9%er %he second 0in"%e, ha6e %he0 wri%e %he n"0#er ; where %hey are in %he %e5%. The 4oa$ is %o
read 0ore 0a%eria$ in %he second 0in"%e %han in %he 9irs%.
,. Re8ea% %his 8roced"re a %hird and 9o"r%h %i0e. Each %i0e ha6e %he s%"den%s record %he n"0#er (1,
;, 3, or +) so %ha% co08arisons can #e 0ade 9or each 0in"%e($on4 8eriod.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
'eca"se readin4 ra%es can 6ary 4rea%$y 9ro0 s%"den% %o s%"den%, co08arisons sho"$d no% #e
0ade #e%ween %wo s%"den%s. !ro4ress can #e 0eas"red as s%"den%s e6a$"a%e %heir own readin4
8er9or0ances.
17
Re8ea%ed Readin4
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s &ncrease readin4 ra%e and co08arison o9 second $an4"a4e readers
:$ass Ti0e ,(1) 0in"%es
Reso"rces Wha%e6er %e5% s%"den%s are "sin4
Readers #"i$d readin4 9$"ency and $earn %o 8ro4ress %e5% 0ore e99icien%$y when %hey reread.
Sa0"e$s (19*9) s%a%es %ha% %he re8ea%ed readin4 %echni>"e Te0er4ed $ar4e$y 9ro0 %he %eachin4
i08$ica%ions o9 %he %heory o9 a"%o0a%ic in9or0a%ion 8rocessin4 in readin4. /ccordin4 %o
a"%o0a%ici%y %heory, a 9$"en% reader decodes %e5% a"%o0a%ica$$y(%ha% is, wi%ho"% a%%en%ion a(
%h"s $ea6in4 a%%en%ion 9ree %o #e "sed 9or co08rehension...One i08or%an% 9"nc%ion o9 re8ea%ed
readin4 is %ha% i% 8ro6ides %he 8rac%ice needed %o #eco0e a"%o0a%icJJ (8.+=).
!roced"re
1. Se$ec% a 8assa4e 9ro0 %he %e5% assi4ned 9or %he c$ass wi%h co08rehension >"es%ions a$ready
8re8ared. !re8are >"es%ions 9or s8ecia$ readin4 0a%eria$s "sed in c$ass.
;. ?a6e s%"den%s reread a shor% 8assa4e o6er and o6er "n%i$ %hey achie6e cri%erion $e6e$s o9
readin4 ra%e and co08rehension. The cri%erion $e6e$s 0ay 6ary 9ro0 c$ass %o c$ass or
s%"den% %o s%"den%. <oa$s %o work %owards are cri%erion $e6e$s o9 ;)) words(8er(0in"%e wi%h
a% $eas% *,U co08rehension.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
Teachers can se% a cri%erion $e6e$ 9or a c$ass or, #e%%er ye%, s%"den%s can se% %heir own cri%erion
$e6e$ and 9oc"s on i08ro6e0en% o9 readin4 9$"ency wi%ho"% a 8ar%ic"$ar e08hasis on %es%in4
readin4 co08rehension.
18
De6e$o8in4 3e%a$in4"is%ic Readin4 Ski$$s
Le6e$s Low in%er0edia%e
/i0s !rac%ice eye %ra6e$$in4 a$on4 %he #o"ndaries o9 s"#Hec%, 6er#, and o#Hec% o9 sen%ences,
reco4ni1in4 and re$a%in4 %heir 0eanin4s.
:$ass Ti0e ;,(3) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 1)(1, 0in"%es
Reso"rces / 8ara4ra8h or %wo 9ro0 news8a8ers, 0a4a1ines, or %e5%s.
Dew L; s%"den%s ha6e #een %rained %o "%i$i1e readin4 s%ra%e4ies %ha% are 9re>"en%$y "sed #y
na%i6e s8eakers. These %wo ac%i6i%ies are e99ec%i6e in de6e$o8in4 co08rehension and s8eed in
readin4.
!roced"re
1. ?a6e s%"den% 8airs $oca%e %he 0ain 6er# or 6er# 8hrase, s"#Hec%, and o#Hec% o9 each sen%ence in
%he 8ara4ra8h and "nder$ine %he0.
;. Take %"rns 8rac%icin4 eye %ra6e$$in4 #y readin4 a$%erna%in4 sen%ences in %he 8ara4ra8h a$o"d,
8a"sin4 a% %he end o9 %he iden%i9ied s"#Hec%, 6er#, and o#Hec% c$"s%ers.
3. /sk each 8air %o read %he 8assa4e si$en%$y 9or co08rehension and %o decide %ha% %he 0ain idea o9
%he 8ara4ra8h is.
+. /sk %he 8airs %o disc"ss, check %heir co08rehension, and 8re8are %o answer yo"r >"es%ions.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
?a6e s"#se>"en% 8ara4ra8hs inc$"de sen%ences %ha% are $on4er and 0ore co08$ica%ed.
19
S8eed readin4
Le6e$s /ny
/i0s &ncrease readin4 s8eed
Ski$$ Scannin4
:$ass Ti0e 1)(;) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e , 0in"%es (i9 %he s%"den%sJ %e5% inc$"des co08rehension >"es%ions and %he
%eacherJs 0an"a$ inc$"des an answer key)
Reso"rces :$ass se% o9 a 8re6io"s$y "nread %e5% One answer key 9or e6ery se6era$ $earners
3any $earners, es8ecia$$y %hose who ha6e s%"died En4$ish %hro"4h 4ra00arS%rans$a%ion, read
9ar %oo s$ow$y %o 8rocess 0eanin4. /$so, 0any s%"den%s donJ% consider %he 8"r8ose o9 %heir
readin4 and, as a res"$%, o9%en donJ% "nders%and 0"ch o9 wha% %hey read. This ac%i6i%y increases
%heir awareness #y ha6in4 %he0 9oc"s on %he >"es%ions %o #e answered #e9ore %hey read. &% a$so
#"i$ds s8eed #y %eachin4 s%"den%s %o scan 9or 8ar%ic"$ar in9or0a%ion.
!roced"re
1. ?a6e $earners %"rn %he readin4 8assa4e 9ace down on %heir desks.
;. Te$$ %he0 %ha% %his is a s8eed readin4 ac%i6i%y and %ha% yo" wi$$ ask each >"es%ion %wice %o 0ake
s"re e6eryone "nders%ands. When yo" %e$$ %he0 %o s%ar%, %hey sho"$d %"rn o6er %he %e5% and $ook
9or %he answer as >"ick$y as 8ossi#$e. When %hey 9ind i%, %hey sho"$d ca$$ o"% %he answer.
3. Do %he 9irs% %wo or %hree >"es%ions as indica%ed in S%e8 ;. When a s%"den% answers, ha6e %ha%
8erson show %he o%her %he $oca%ion o9 %he in9or0a%ion in %he %e5%. Once %hey "nders%and %he
8roced"re, 0o6e on %o S%e8 +.
+. Di6ide %he c$ass in%o 4ro"8s o9 9o"r or 9i6e. &n each 4ro"8, one 8erson is %he KJ>"i10as%er.JJ Tha%
8erson 4e%s a co8y o9 %he answer shee%. V"i10as%ers %ake o6er yo"r ro$e 9ro0 S%e8 ;. They ask
%he >"es%ion (%wiceL). Then 0e0#ers o9 %heir 4ro"8 co08e%e %o 9ind %he answers (The
>"i10as%ers c$ari9y wi%h yo" any >"es%ions a#o"% which %heyJre "ns"re.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. &9 s%"den%s are answerin4 a% %he sa0e %i0e, ha6e %he0 8"% an eraser or o%her o#Hec% in %he
0idd$e %he 4ro"8. &% re8resen%s a KJ4a0e show #"11er.JJ Learners 0"s% %o"ch %he #"11er #e9ore
%hey can answer. The 8ro#$e0 o9 who was 9irs% is so$6ed #eca"se %he hand on %he #"11er wi$$
indica%e %he 9as%es% 8erson.
;. Ro%a%e %he ro$e o9 >"i10as%er The 8erson who answers a >"es%ion correc%$y #eco0es >"i10as%er
9or %he nes% one.
3. &9 s%"den%s ha6e a di99ic"$% %i0e "nders%andin4 %he >"es%ions a% S%e8 ; and are "n"sed %o
c$ari9yin4 wha% %hey hear, ha6e e6eryone s%and. Read %he >"es%ion. Wai% "n%i$ e6eryone is sea%ed
#e9ore s%ar%in4.
+. This ac%i6i%y works #es% wi%h $i%era$ co08rehension >"es%ions. /$%ho"4h s"ch >"es%ions
re8resen% on$y one $e6e$ o9 %es%in4 "nders%andin4, %hey are %he 0os% co00on %y8e in 0any
%e5%#ooks. /$so #e4in wi%h >"es%ions a#o"% %he 4enera$ 0eanin4 o9 %he 8assa4e so s%"den%s ha6e
an o6era$$ "nders%andin4 #e9ore 9oc"sin4 on s8eci9ics s%"den%s ha6e an o6era$$ "nders%andin4
#e9ore 9oc"sin4 on s8eci9ics.
20
Readin4 Re$ay
Le6e$s /ny
/i0s <i6e readers a 8"r8ose 9or readin4 and enco"ra4e %he0 %o share %heir know$ed4e o9 a
readin4 8assa4e
:$ass Ti0e 3)(+, 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces Readin4 8assa4es 9ro0 s%"den%sJ readin4 %e5% or 9ro0 o%her so"rces
&n %his ac%i6i%y, which 9oc"ses on s8eed readin4, ski00in4, and scannin4 ski$$s, s%"den%s
co08e%e a4ains% a c$ock(#"% no% a4ains% one ano%her. &9 yo" ha6e no% dine coo8era%i6e $earnin4
ac%i6i%ies in %he c$ass #e9ore yo" 0i4h% wan% %o in%rod"ce %he conce8% o9 coo8era%i6e $earnin4
#e9ore yo" %ry %his ac%i6i%y.
!roced"re
1. Di6ide %he readin4 8assa4e in%o easy(%o read 8ar%s. The s%"den%s work in 4ro"8s so 0ake
s"99icien% se%s 9or %he n"0#er o9 s%"den%s in %he c$ass. Dor e5a08$e, i9 yo" ha6e 1; s%"den%s and
%he s%ory has %hree 8ar%s, 0ake 9o"r se%s.
;. 3ake "8 any kind o9 co08rehension >"es%ions yo" wish 9or %he en%ire readin4 8assa4e.
3. Di6ide %he s%"den%s in%o s0a$$ 4ro"8s. The n"0#er o9 s%"den%s in each 4ro"8 sho"$d e>"a$ %he
n"0#er o9 readin4 8ar%s yo" ha6e in each se%.
+. E58$ain %he ac%i6i%y. Each 0e0#er o9 %he 4ro"8 recei6es a di99eren% 8ar% o9 %he readin4. They read
%ha% 8ar% as 0any %i0es as %hey can #e9ore %he si4na$. /% %he si4na$, %he s%"den%s 8ass %he readin4
8assa4e %o %he s%"den% on %heir ri4h%. This con%in"es "n%i$ each s%"den% has had an o88or%"ni%y %o
read each 8ar% o9 %he 8assa4e.
,. ?and o"% %he readin4 %o each 4ro"8. Te$$ %he s%"den%s %o s%ar% readin4 as yo" #e4in %o %i0e %he0.
The $en4%h o9 %i0e yo" $e% %he s%"den%s read de8ends on %heir a#i$i%y and how 0"ch yo" wan% %o
9oc"s on ski00in4 ski$$s and readin4 s8eed.
=. /9%er %he s%"den%s ha6e 9inished readin4 a$$ %he 8ar%s o9 %he readin4 co$$ec% %he0 and 4i6e each
4ro"8 one co8y o9 %he co08rehension >"es%ions. /s %he s%"den%s %o work as a 4ro"8 %o answer
%he >"es%ions.
*. <i6e each s%"den% %he en%ire readin4 and 4o o6er %he co08rehension >"es%ions.
21
&ncreasin4 Readin4 S8eed
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e
/i0s ?ei4h%en awareness o9 s%"den%sJ readin4 s8eeds and %hen increase %he0
:$ass Ti0e 3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces Lesson 9ro0 /n /0erican Sa08$er, /0erican !a%%erns, /0erican Gis%as, or ano%her
shor% 8assa4e. Readin4 s8eed char%, Ti0e record char%, Wa%ch wi%h a second hand.
&% is i08or%an% %o #e a#$e %o read 8assa4es >"ick$y %o "nders%and %he 0ain ideas. When readers
8rocess a %es% %oo s$ow$y, %hey canno% a#sor# 0eanin4 9"$$y and 0ay on$y #e a#$e %o 8rocess
indi6id"a$ words.
!roced"re
1. :hoose an easy 8assa4e 3))(1,,)) words $on4, de8endin4 on %he s%"den%sJ readin4 8ro9iciency.
;. Draw %he 9i4"re #e$ow on %he #$ack#oard.
3in"%es Seconds
3)
1) +)
;) ,)
3. /sk %he s%"den%s %o s%ar% readin4. Whi$e %i0in4 %he readin4, 8in% a% %he seconds and wri%e in %he
n"0#ers o9 %he 0in"%es. When %he s%"den%s 9inish readin4, %e$$ %he0 %o $ook "8 %o see %heir
%i0es.
+. ?a6e s%"den%s wri%e %heir %i0es %o %he %i0e record char%, i9 %hey are "sin4 %e5%#ooks wi%h one, or
on a char% %ha% %hey 0ake "8 i9 %hey are no%. They sho"$d "se %he readin4 s8eed char% %o 9ind o"%
how 0any wordsS0in"%e %hey are readin4 and record %his in9or0a%ion o9 %he %i0e record char%.
(S%"den%s can a$so ca$c"$a%e readin4 s8eed #y di6idin4 %he n"0#er o9 words in %he 8assa4e #y %he
%i0e s8eed readin4.)
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
This %echni>"e sho"$d #e "sed o6er a 8eriod o9 %i0e. &% 0akes s%"den%s aware o9 %heir readin4
s8eed and how i% is i08ro6in4. The %echni>"e is o9 co"rse, "sed in conH"nc%ion wi%h e5ercises
re$a%ed %o readin4 co08rehension.
22
Li%era%"re ( 3akin4 S%ories Their Own
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7 e$e0en%ary
/i0s !rac%ice readin4 9or co08rehension@ !ro6ide di99eren% ways 9or s%"den%s %o res8ond
:$ass Ti0e +,(=) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 1, 0in"%es
Reso"rces E%hnic 9o$k%a$es, $e4ends, and rea$is%ic s%ories
When s%"den%s en4a4e in ac%i6i%ies re>"irin4 %he0 %o reread s%ories, %heir "nders%andin4 a% %he
$i%era$ and in%er8re%i6e $e6e$s i08ro6e 4rea%$y. E%hnic 9o$k%a$es, $e4ends, and o%her s%ories 0ake
rereadin4 enHoya#$e.
!roced"re
1. !ic%o0a8, /9%er %hey read or $is%en %o a s%ory, ask s%"den%s %o
Draw a 0a8 iden%i9yin4 where 0aHor scenes %ook 8$ace
Re%e$$ wha% ha88ened a% each 8$ace
:"% o"% circ$es %o draw %he e8isodes as inse% 8ic%"res
<$"e 8ic%"res on%o %he 0a8
Draw arrows %o indica%e e6en% se>"ence
They can 4o #ack %o %he s%ory a% any 8oin% o9 %he 8roHec%. This ac%i6i%y works we$$ wi%h
ad6en%"re s%ories. S%r"c%"res co6ered inc$"de se>"ences and ca"se(e99ec%.
;. !oin%(o9(6iew. Asin4 a %a$k show 9or0a%, ha6e s%"den%s %ake on %he ro$es o9 4"es%s and hos%. /s
%hey work %o4e%her %o 8$an 9or >"es%ion and answers, enco"ra4e s%"den%s %o e58ress %heir
9ee$in4s and 6iew 8oin%s as %ho"4h %hey were %he rea$ charac%ers. This ac%i6i%y a$$ows s%"den%s %o
"nders%and a s%ory 9ro0 an insiderJs 8oin% o9 6iew. &% a$so ena#$es s%"den%s %o consider 6a$"es and
in%er8re%a%ions o9 e6en%s as %hey consider 6ario"s 8ers8ec%i6es. Ro$e 8$ay d"rin4 %he ac%"a$
8resen%a%ion %i0e is a wonder9"$ o88or%"ni%y 9or ESL s%"den%s %o 8$an wi%h ways o9 s8eakin4.
3. 3"ra$. /sk s%"den%s %o crea%e a de9ini%e scene %ha% #es% re8resen% %he s%ory. &% is necessary %o
e08hasi1e care9"$ readin4 or $i#rary research i9 necessary %o 4e% %he de%ai$s ri4h%. The 0ain
%hr"s% o9 8roHec% is %o in%er8re% %he %one and 0ood o9 %he s%ory. S%"den%s can e58erience how %o
crea%e desira#$e e99ec%s "sin4 di99eren% 0edia, s"ch as 8ain%, cha$k, 9in4er 8ain%, and %hree
di0ensiona$ 8a8er ar%. (Ase dark 8a8er as #ack4ro"nd@ a6oid whi%e.)
+. Sc"$8%"re. <i6e c$ay %o s%"den%s %o crea%e a so$id sy0#o$ 9or %he s%ory. &% is i08or%an% %o ha6e %wo
or %hree s%"den%s work %o4e%her #eca"se %hro"4h disc"ssion, %hey can co0e "8 wi%h a %he0e or
"nder$yin4 0essa4e o9 %he s%ory. /9%er %he sc"$8%"re is done, %hey need %o e58$ain ora$$y or in
wri%%en 9or0 how %heir sc"$8%"re is a sy0#o$ 9or %he s%ory.
23
!rereadin4 Goca#"$ary De6e$o80en%
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s in6o$6e %he s%"den%s in %he $earnin4 and %eachin4 o9 %he 6oca#"$ary needed %o
"nders%and an assi4ned readin4.
:$ass %i0e ,) 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces /ny s"i%a#$e readin4
The 0ore %he s%"den%s are direc%$y in6o$6ed in an ac%i6i%y, %he 0ore %hey wi$$ #ene9i%. This
ac%i6i%y re>"ires coo8era%ion a0on4 %he s%"den%s and ho$ds %he0 res8onsi#$e 9or #o%h %eachin4
and $earnin4 %he 6oca#"$ary needed %o "nders%and %he readin4 8assa4e.
!roced"re
1. Di6ide %he c$ass in%o s0a$$ 4ro"8s.
;. <i6e each 4ro"8 a hando"% (see /88endi5 #e$ow) and assi4n %he s%"den%s a cer%ain sec%ion o9 %he
readin4. /$$ 4ro"8s sho"$d choose a res8onsi#$e 4ro"8 $eader %o ac% as secre%ary and 0ake s"re a$$
4ro"8 0e0#ers 8ar%ici8a%e.
3. ?a6e s%"den%s read o6er %heir assi4ned sec%ion, and %hen, as a 4ro"8 choose 9o"r "n9a0i$iar
6oca#"$ary i%e0s %ha% are i08or%an% 9or "nders%andin4 %he readin4. The s%"den%s sho"$d 9ind %he
dic%ionary de9ini%ion %ha% corres8onds %o %he wordJs "sa4e in %he sen%ence, %hen 9i$$ in %he
hando"% as direc%ed.
+. On %he #oard wri%e %he 9o$$owin4
<ro"8 1 <ro"8 ; <ro"8 3 <ro"8+
Word Line Word Line Word Line Word Line
,. When a$$ %he 4ro"8s ha6e co08$e%ed %heir hando"%s, ask one s%"den% 9ro0 each 4ro"8 %o wri%e
his 4ro"8Js words and %he $ine n"0#er in which %hey are 9o"nd on %he #oard. The o%her s%"den%s
sho"$d co8y %he words as %hey are #ein4 wri%%en on %he #oard.
=. <o o6er %he 8ron"ncia%ion o9 %he words.
*. ?a6e 4ro"8s co0e %o %he #oard one #y one %o 8resen% %heir words. They sho"$d read %he $ine
9ro0 %he %e5% in which %he word is 9o"nd, %hen 4i6e %he de9ini%ion o9 %he word as i% is "sed in %he
sen%ence.
-. /sk o%her s%"den%s %o $is%en care9"$$y and wri%e de9ini%ions, askin4 9or c$ari9ica%ion when
necessary. When a$$ %he 4ro"8s ha6e 9inishin4 %he s%"den%s wi$$ ha6e a 6oca#"$ary 4"ide %o he$8
%he0 read ar%ic$e on %heir own.
9. /s a 9ina$ s%e8, %es% %he s%"den%s. 3ake "8 a 0a%chin4 >"i1 "sin4 %he words and de9ini%ions.
24
/88endi5
Direc%ion wi%h yo"r 4ro"8 0e0#ers, co08$e%e %he 9o$$owin4 e5ercise
Yo" are res8onsi#$e 9or 8ara4ra8hs
1. Goca#"$ary
:hoose 9o"r "n9a0i$iar 6oca#"$ary words and 9ind %he dic%ionary de9ini%ions %ha%
corres8ond %o how %he words are "sed in %he sen%ences. Yo" wi$$ e58$ain %hese words %o
%he c$ass.
Word Line De9ini%ion
1. ( )
;. ( )
3. ( )
+. ( )
;. :o08rehension
Wri%e 9o"r co08rehension >"es%ions (%ha% re>"ire a shor% answer) a#o"% %he
in9or0a%ion 4i6en in yo"r 8ara4ra8hs.
1.
;.
3.
+.
3. S"00ary
On %he #ack o9 %his 8a8er, wri%e a s"00ary (#rie9 no%es on$y) o9 %he in9or0a%ion 9o"nd
in yo"r 8ara4ra8hs. Yo" wi$$ 8resen% %his %o %he c$ass.

25
:hoose Reco4ni%ion
Le6e$s 'e4innin47
/i0s 8rac%ice word reco4ni%ion and discri0ina%ion ski$$s@ Daci$i%a%e a"%o0a%ic decodin4 ski$$s
:$ass Ti0e ;(, 0in"%es
!re8ara%ion Ti0e 3) 0in"%es
Reso"rces 3a%eria$ %he c$ass has #een readin4 recen%$y
Thro"4h a $ar4e n"0#er o9 enco"n%ers wi%h any 4i6en word, an L1 reader de6e$o8s a"%o0a%ic
and e99icien% decodin4 ski$$s. L; readers #eca"se %hey do no% enco"n%er words wi%h %he sa0e
9re>"ency as L1 readers, do no% "s"a$$y de6e$o8 s"ch ski$$s. E6en ad6anced $earners are
so0e%i0es ha08ered #y a $a#orio"s decodin4 8rocess. ?owe6er, #eca"se 9as% and a"%o0a%ic
decodin4 ski$$s are necessary 9or e99icien% readin4, i% is i08or%an% %ha% L; readers ha6e %he
o88or%"ni%y %o 8rac%ice %his ski$$ a% a$$ $e6e$s.
!roced"re
1. :hoose 1)(1, %ar4e% words, %ha% "s new words %ha% %he c$ass ha6e across recen%$y.
;. Dor each %ar4e% word, 9ind a n"0#er o9 dis%rac%ors (i.e. words %ha% are si0i$ar %o i%, #"% are no%
iden%ica$). &9 %he %ar4e% word is a no"n inc$"de %he 8$"ra$@ i9 i% is a 6er#, inc$"de so0e in9$ec%ed
9or0s. Dind o%her words %ha% 0i4h% #e con9"sed wi%h %he %ar4e% word, ei%her 6is"a$$y or a"ra$$y.
3. Ty8e each %ar4e% word on a se8ara%e $ine. 'enea%h i%, %y8e %he %ar4e% words %o4e%her wi%h a
n"0#er o9 dis%rac%ors.
+. &n c$ass, dis%ri#"%e a co8y o9 %he e5ercise %o each s%"den% and a$so s%"den%s %o $oca%e %he %ar4e%
word in each $ine as >"ick$y as %hey can.
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
1. Dor #e4inners, %he %ar4e% words and %he dis%rac%ors sho"$d #e de9ined #y n"0#ers o9 $e%%ers, and
on$y one %ar4e% word sho"$d #e 8"% a0on4 %he dis%rac%ors. Dor in%er0edia%e or ad6anced
$earners, %he 8roced"re co"$d #e 0ade 8ro4ressi6e$y 0ore di99ic"$%. !ossi#$e ways o9 doin4 %his
are (a) inc$"din4 %he %ar4e% word 0ore %han once@ (#) %akin4 away any n"0#erin4 sys%e0@ (c)
8"%%in4 %he dis%rac%ors on %he sa0e $e6e$ as %he ini%ia$ %ar4e% word@ and (d) "sin4 di99eren% 9on%s
(see /88endi5 #e$ow).
;. This 8roced"re "ses on$y #ona 9ide words o9 En4$ish. So0e wri%er s"44es% a 6aria%ion on %his
e5ercise which is 0ore $ike a 8roo9readin4 %ask The dis%rac%ors are %he %ar4e% word wi%h so0e
%y8in4 errors in%rod"ced (o0ission o9 $e%%er, addi%ion o9 $e%%er, in6ersion o9 $e%%er order).
3. This 8roced"re is 0os% "se9"$ i9 yo" "se i% in conH"nc%ion wi%h %e5%#ook yo" "se in o%her c$asses.
This way yo" can #"i$d "8 a #a%%er o9 e5ercises yo" wi$$ #e a#$e %o "se wi%h 9"%"re c$asses as we$$.
Dro0 !ran, /. (1991). Reading comprehension, Year 1. '"r$in4%on !ro9iciency Series. '"r$in4%on
'ooks. !a4e 3,.
26
S%ra%e4ies 9or :o8in4 Wi%h Goca#"$ary
Le6e$s &n%er0edia%e7
/i0s De6e$o8 s%ra%e4ies 9or co8in4 wi%h "n9a0i$iar 6oca#"$ary
:$ass Ti0e No se% %i0e@ !re8ara%ion Ti0e No se% %i0e
Reso"rces /88ro8ria%e readin4 0a%eria$s@ O6erhead 8roHec%or and %rans8arencies
!ro9icien% readers ro"%ine$y 0ake decisions on how %o 8rocess %he new or "n9a0i$iar
6oca#"$ary %hey enco"n%er as %hey read. Less 8ro9icien% readers $ack s"ch s%ra%e4ies and was%e
%i0e searchin4 %hro"4h dic%ionaries 9or de9ini%ions o9 words %hey do no% need %o know %o
"nders%and a 4i6en 8iece o9 readin4. This ac%i6i%y enco"ra4es %he0 %o 8rac%ice e99ec%i6e
s%ra%e4ies.
!roced"re
1. Se$ec% readin4 0a%eria$s %ha% are ro"4h$y a88ro8ria%e 9or %he readin4 a#i$i%y $e6e$ o9 %he s%"den%s.
;. &9 8ossi#$e, 8re8are an o6erhead %rans8arency o9 se6era$ 8ara4ra8hs o9 %he 0a%eria$, &9 %his is no%
8ossi#$e, 8ro6ide co8ies 9or each s%"den%s o9 %he 0a%eria$s.
3. Disc"ss wi%h %he s%"den%s %he s%ra%e4ies yo" wan% %he0 %o $earn.
Dor e5a08$e, so0e new words 0ay #e sa9e$y i4nored or ski88ered #eca"se %heir
0eanin4 con%ri#"%es $i%%$e %o %he 0ain idea o9 %he readin4 0a%eria$ &9 %he 8"r8ose o9
a readin4 is %o 4i6e an o6er6iew o9 a co"n%ryJs e58or%s, one 0ay read so0e%hin4 $ike,
:o"n%ry E58or%s a 6arie%y o9 ores and 0inera$s s"ch as %in, co88er, iron, #a"5i%e, e%c.
We ass"0e %ha% new word is #a"5i%e. The e99icien% reader ski8s %he word #a"5i%e
knowin4 9ro0 %he con%e5% %ha% i% ei%her a 0e%a$ or a 0inera$, and 9or %he 8"r8oses o9
"nders%andin4 %he readin4, %ha% is s"99icien%. To in%err"8% %he readin4 and $ookin4
"8 %he 0eanin4 in a dic%ionary is an ine99icien% readin4 8rac%ice.
The second s%ra%e4y is %o reco4ni1e new words which are de9ined #y %he con%e5% in
which %hey a88ear. Dor e5a08$e. Dor e5a08$e 3a$aysia an e58or%er o9 #a"5i%e one
9ro0 which a$"0ini"0 is e5%rac%ed. The con%e5% in %his case c$ear$y de9ines wha%
#a"5i%e is. Th"s %here is no need %o $ook "8 %he 0eanin4 o9 %he word.
The $as% s%ra%e4y is %o iden%i9y words which are no% de9ined in con%e5% and %he
"nders%andin4 o9 which is necessary 9or co08rehension o9 %he 8assa4e. Dor e5a08$e,
'a"5i%e is 3a$aysiaJs sin4$e 0os% i08or%an% e58or%. &n %his case, #a"5i%e is no%
de9ined #y con%e5%, i% is c$ear$y so0e%hin4 o9 i08or%ance %o 3a$aysiaJs econo0y, and
%here9ore "nders%andin4 i% is i08or%an%. When %his kind o9 6oca#"$ary is
enco"n%ered, %he s%"den% wi$$ need %o ha6e reco"rse %o a dic%ionary or seek
assis%ance 9ro0 a reso"rce 8erson. '"% #e9ore doin4 %his, %he s%"den% sho"$d read
ahead a 9ew $ines %o see i9 %he con%e5% e6en%"a$$y de9ines %he 0eanin4 o9 %he word.
+. Workin4 wi%h a %rans8arency o9 %he 0a%eria$ and an o6erhead 8roHec%or, iden%i9y %hose words
which are "nknown %o a 0aHori%y o9 %he s%"den%s. Dor a 9ew e5a08$es, show %he s%"den%s which
words 0ay sa9e$y #e i4nored, which are de9ined #y con%e5%, and which 0"s% #e researched 9or
%heir 0eanin4. Shi9% %o a %es%in4 0ode and ask %he s%"den%s %o iden%i9y %he words %ha% 9a$$ in%o %he
%hree ca%e4ories. Work ei%her wi%h %he c$ass as a who$e or di6ide %he c$ass in%o 4ro"8s and ha6e
%he 4ro"8s 0ake %he decisions.
,. &9 desired, 8ass o"% shor% 8assa4es (or "se a %rans8arency) %ha% con%ain a$$ %hree ca%e4ories and
%es% a#i$i%y o9 %he s%"den%s %o reco4ni1e %he0. This sho"$d #e a c"$0ina%in4 ac%i6i%y, "sed on$y
a9%er %he s%"den%s de0ons%ra%e %ha% %hey are doin4 we$$ a% reco4ni1in4 %he di99eren% ca%e4ories o9
words.
27
De6e$o8in4 Word and !hrase
Reco4ni%ion E5ercises
Le6e$s 'e4innin4 and in%er0edia%e
/i0s !ro6ide s%"den%s wi%h o88or%"ni%ies %o i08ro6e %heir readin4 reco4ni%ion ski$$s
:$ass Ti0e No se% %i0e
Reso"rces :$ass readin4s
Recen% readin4 research has indica%ed %ha% acc"ra%e, ra8id, and a"%o0a%ic reco4ni%ion ski$$s
o9%en dis%in4"ish ski$$ed readers 9ro0 $ess ski$$ed readers. D"r%her0ore, 0"ch research
indica%ed %ha% KJco08rehension de9ici%s can a% $eas% in 8ar% #e %raced %o de9iciencies wi%hin %he
word reco4ni%ion 8rocessJJ (:ha#o%, Iehr, !rin1o W !e%ros, 19-+ !.1+-). This ac%i6i%y e5ercises
s%"den%sJ word and 8hrase reco4ni%ion ski$$s.
!roced"re
De6e$o80en% o9 WordS!hrase Reco4ni%ion E5ercises
1. &n order %o de6e$o8 an e5ercise wi%h ;) i%e0s, se$ec% ;) key words 9ro0 a readin4 8assa4e %ha%
s%"den%s wi$$ read, are $ike$y %o read, or wo"$d #e in%eres%ed in readin4.
;. Dor each key word, 4enera%e a s%rin4 o9 9i6e words %ha% wi$$ ser6e as a reco4ni%ion e5ercise i%e0@
one o9 %he 9i6e words in %he s%rin4 sho"$d #e iden%ica$ %o %he key word. The o%her words wi$$ ser6e
as dis%rac%ors. Dor e5a08$e
Key word
thorough through thorough thought though tough
smiled smelled sweet smoked sweated smiled
3. When orderin4 %he s%rin4 o9 words 9or each key word, #e s"re %o 8$ace %he iden%ica$ word in
di99eren% 8osi%ions (a% %he #e4innin4, in %he 0idd$e, or a% %he end o9 %he s%rin4).
+. When se$ec%in4 dis%rac%ors, kee8 %he 9o$$owin4 6aria%ions in 0ind
a) 3or8ho$o4ica$ 6aria%ions o9 %he sa0e word
prove proved proves proven prove proves
give gave gives give given giving
#) Si0i$ar $e%%er c$"s%ers
look hook cook took book look
bike like mike hike bike dike
strike streak strike steak stroke spike
c) Recordered $e%%ers
meat team tame meat mate
d) Si0i$ar or%ho4ra8hic 9or0
thorough thorough through thought though tough
moon noon moon soon cocoon room
disturb distress dislike disturb distant distill
bands bands lands hands sands fans
wheat whale where wheel wheat what
28
e) Rando0 6aria%ion
babies bounds drowned babble bubble babies
sister system disaster stern sister sisters
&% is no% "nco00on 9or a$$ %hese 6aria%ions %o #e incor8ora%ed in%o a reco4ni%ion
e5ercise co08risin4 ;) key words.
,. /% %he #o%%o0 o9 %he e5ercise 8a4e, 8ro6ide s%"den%s wi%h a 0eans 9or kee8in4 %rack o9 %heir %i0e
and acc"racy. Dor e5a08$e
Ti0e seconds
N"0#er correc% S;)
=. !hrase reco4ni%ion e5ercises can #e wri%%en #y 9o$$owin4 %hese sa0e 4"ide$ines. 'eca"se o9 s8ace
$i0i%a%ions on %he 8a4e, i% is ad6isa#$e %o inc$"de 9o"r 8hrases ra%her %han 9i6e a9%er %he key
8hrase. Dor e5a08$e
Key phrase
in the ball at the hall in the fall on the ball in the hall
at the bend at the beam at the bend at the bank in the band
in a jar in a jam for a job in a jar on the jar
for the prince for a price in the rice for his price for the prince
:$assroo0 !roced"res
Do wordS8hrase reco4ni%ion e5ercises re4"$ar$y %hro"4ho"% a se0es%er or schoo$ year. /9%er
%he 9irs% in%rod"c%ory 8eriod( d"rin4 which yo" (a) e58$ain %he o6era$$ i08or%ance o9
de6e$o8in4 e99icien% readin4 ski$$s, (#) 4i6e a ra%iona$e 9or %hese e5ercises, and (c) e58$ain and
8rac%ice %he 8roced"re(de6o%e on$y a 9ew 0in"%es %o %he reco4ni%ion e5ercises. S%"den%s wi$$
$earn %o
S%ar% when yo" say %o #e4in (idea$$y when %he second hand o9 %he c$assroo0 c$ock is on
%he 1;)
Look a% %he key wordS8hrase in %he $e9%(hand co$"0n
3o6e eyes %o %he ri4h% as >"ick$y as 8ossi#$e %o iden%i9y %he iden%ica$ wordS8hrase
:ross o"% %he iden%ica$ wordS8hrase and %hen >"ick$y 0o6e on %o %he ne5% $ine, 9or
e5a08$e D$owers 9$a6o"rs 9$owSers 9$oa%s 9$oods 9a6o"ri%e
Look "8 %he c$ock and record e5ac% %i0e (in seconds andSor 0in"%es) needed %o 9inish
a% %he #o%%o0 o9 %he 8a4e@
:orrec% answers and 0ark down %he n"0#er o9 0is%akes on %he #o%%o0 o9 %he 8a4e.
Three reco4ni%ion e5ercises sho"$d #e done consec"%i6e$y. The 9irs% can #e considered a war0(
"8 e5ercise@ s%"den%s %hen s%ri6e %o 8roceed 9as%ed an 0ore acc"ra%e$y wi%h %he $as% %wo, S%ar%
o"% wi%h word reco4ni%ion e5ercises and $a%er ha6e s%"den%s do 8hrase reco4ni%ion e5ercises.
Wi%h #o%h %y8es o9 e5ercises, s%"den%s ha6e 9"n, i08ro6e %heir reco4ni%ion ski$$s and %heir
readin4 in 4enera$ (see S%o$$er, 19-=, 9or o%her 8roced"ra$ s"44es%ions).
:a6ea%s and O8%ions
Reco4ni%ion e5ercises sho"$d no% #e con9"sed wi%h 6oca#"$ary e58ansion e5ercises@ nor sho"$d
%hey #e seen as a s"#s%i%"%e 9or readin4 8assa4es. They are si08$y e5ercises %ha% he$8 s%"den%s
de6e$o8 s8eed and 8erce8%"a$ acc"racy wi%h a $i0i%ed a0o"n% o9 c$assroo0 ins%r"c%ion %i0e.
29