2014-1 Ofdm

OFDM Systems
OFDM Systems
2014
2014

1
1
E E- -mail : mail : yashin@ssu.ac.kr yashin@ssu.ac.kr

: 02 : 02- -820 820- -0632 0632
CI PLab
Communication &
I nformation Processing
2
Wireless Channel Impairments
Wireless Channel Impairments

Path loss

Shadowing

Multi-path fading

Flat fading

Doppler spread

Delay spread

Others (interference, background noise, etc.)
CI PLab
Communication &
3
Path Loss
Path Loss

Different, often complicated models are used for different
environments

A simple model for path loss

: Local mean received signal power

: Transmit power

: Distance between transmitter and receiver

: Path loss exponent

in free space

in typical urban environments
L
o
d
K
P
P
L
t
r
1
= =
r
P
t
P
d
o
2 = o
4 2 s so
CI PLab
Communication &
4
Shadowing
Shadowing

Large-scale fading

Received signal is shadowed by large obstructions such as
hills and buildings

This results in variations in the local mean received signal
power

: Log-normal with

Implications

Non-uniform coverage

Increases the required transmit power
] dB [ ] dB [ ] dB [
s
r
r
G P P + =
) , ( ~
2
0
s s
N G o dB] [ 10 4 s s
s
o
CI PLab
Communication &
5
Multi
Multi
-
-
Path Fading (1)
Path Fading (1)

Channel impulse response

: Random amplitude of the i-th path

: Random phase of the i-th path

: Delay of the i-th path
=
i
i
j
i
t t e t h
i
) ( ) ( o o
u
i
o
i
u
i
t
CI PLab
Communication &
6
Multi
Multi
-
-
Path Fading (2)
Path Fading (2)

Effect of multi-path fading : Constructive or destructive
interference of arriving rays
Deep Fades
CI PLab
Communication &
7

Delay spread is small compared to the symbol period

The received signal envelope, r follows a Rayleigh or
Rician distribution

Implications

Increases the required transmit power

Causes bursts of errors
] dB [ log 20 ] dB [ ] dB [ ] dB [
10
r G P P
s r r
+ + =
Flat Fading (1)
Flat Fading (1)
CI PLab
Communication &
8
Flat Fading (2)
Flat Fading (2)

Variation of the received power due to combined effect of
path loss, shadowing and fading
CI PLab
Communication &
9
Doppler Spread
Doppler Spread

Measure of spectral broadening caused by the channel
time variation due to movement of mobile terminal

Maximum Doppler spread

: Mobile speed (m/ s)

: Wavelength (m)

: Carrier frequency (Hz)

: Speed of light (= 3x10
8
m/ s)

Implication : Signal amplitude and phase decorrelate after
a time period ~ (coherence time)
D
f
c
f f
c D
u
u
= =
c
f
u
c
D
f / 1
CI PLab
Communication &
10
Delay Spread (1)
Delay Spread (1)

Time domain interpretation
t 2
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
Delay
Two-ray model
= rms delay spread
t
Channel Input
0
T
1 1
0
T
2T
2T
Channel Output
T
t
small
T
t
large
0 T
2T
I nter-Symbol I nterference (I SI )
CI PLab
Communication &
11
Delay Spread (2)
Delay Spread (2)

Small : Negligible ISI

Large : Significant ISI which causes irreducible error floor
T / t
T
period symbol
spread delay rms
=
Bit error rate (BER) limitations by I SI
T / t
CI PLab
Communication &
12
Delay Spread (3)
Delay Spread (3)

The delay spread imposes a limit on the maximum bit rate

For example, for QPSK
t Maximum bit rate
Mobile (Rural) 25 usec 8 kbps
Mobile (Urban) 2.5 usec 80 kbps
Micro-cell 500 nsec 400 kbps
Large building 100 nsec 2 Mbps
CI PLab
Communication &
13
Delay Spread (4)
Delay Spread (4)

Frequency domain interpretation

Coherence BW

is small (Coherence BW >> signal BW)
Flat fading (Frequency nonselective fading)

is large (Coherence BW << signal BW)
Frequency selective fading
T / t
t 2
1
~
T / t
CI PLab
Communication &
14
Median
Delay Spread [ns]
Maximum
Delay Spread [ns]
Remarks
25 50 Office building
35
40
80
120
80
90
120
180
Office building
Shopping center
Airport
Factory
50
120
129
300
Warehouse
Factory
Delay Spread (
Delay Spread (
5
5
)
)

Measured delay spread in 800 MHz ~ 1.5 GHz
CI PLab
Communication &
15
Median
Delay spread [ns]
Maximum
Delay Spread [ns]
Remarks
40 120
Large building
(New York Stock Exchange)
60
106
200
270
Shopping center
Laboratory
19 30 Office building : Single room only
20
30
105
65
75
170
Office building
Cafeteria
Shopping center

Measured delay spread in 1.8 GHz ~ 2.4 GHz
Delay Spread (
Delay Spread (
6
6
)
)
CI PLab
Communication &
16
Median
Delay Spread [ns]
Maximum
Delay Spread [ns]
Remarks
40 120
Large building
(e.g. Stock Exchange)
50
35
10
60
55
35
Office building
Meeting room (5m5m) with metal walls
Single room with stone walls
40
65
25
120
125
65
Indoor sports arena
Factory
Office building
Delay Spread (
Delay Spread (
7
7
)
)

Measured delay spread in 4 GHz ~ 6 GHz
CI PLab
Communication &
17
Interleaving (1)
Interleaving (1)

Channels with memory

Exhibits mutually dependent (or time correlated) signal
transmission impairments
Statistical dependence among successive symbols
Burst errors

Examples : Multi-path fading channel

Most block or convolutional codes are designed to combat
random independent errors
Interleaving (or time diversity) is required
CI PLab
Communication &
18
Interleaving (2)
Interleaving (2)

Interleaving

Interleaver shuffles the code symbols over a span of several
block length (for block codes) or several constraint length
(for convolutional codes)

Required span is determined by burst error duration

Deinterleaver recovers shuffled code symbols into original order
Channel
Encoder
Interleaver Modulator
Binary
Data
To
Channel
Channel
Decoder
DeInterleaver Demodulator
Binary
Data
From
Channel
Burst
Errors
Random
Errors
CI PLab
Communication &
19
Interleaving (3)
Interleaving (3)

Block interleaving

Convolutional interleaving
CI PLab
Communication &
20
Block Interleaving (1)

Principles

Block interleaver accepts the coded symbols in blocks from the
channel encoder, and permutes the symbols

Uses the same array in both interleaver and deinterleaver

Fills the array in column-by-column manner, and feeds the
symbols into the modulator in row-by-row fashion
N M
Write
In
Read Out
CI PLab
Communication &
21

Properties of block interleaving

Any burst of less than contiguous channel symbol errors
results in isolated errors at the deinterleaver output that are
separated from each by at least symbols

Any burst of errors , results in output from the
deinterleaver of no more than symbol errors. Each
output burst is separated from the other bursts by no less
than symbols

A periodic sequence of signal errors spaced symbols
apart results in a single burst of errors of length at the
deinterleaver output

I nterleaver/ deinterleaver end-to-end delay is approximately
symbol times. More precisely, since only
memory needs to be filled before transmission can begin
(why?), the minimum end-to-end delay is
symbol times

Memory requirement is symbols for each location.
However, symbols is generally implemented at each
location (why?)
N
M
bN ) ( 1 > b
(
b

b M
N
M
1 1 + ) (N M NM 2
) ( 2 2 2 + M MN
NM
NM 2
CI PLab
Communication &
22
Multi
Multi
-
-
Carrier Modulation Schemes (1)

Multi-carrier modulation

Transmission bandwidth is divided into many narrow sub-
channels which are transmitted in parallel
Encoder Filter
Encoder Filter
Encoder Filter
.
.
.
.
.
.
R/N bps
R/N bps
R/N bps
RF 1:N
S/P
R bps
T sec
NT sec
) 2 exp(
0
t f j t +
) 2 exp(
1
t f j t +
) 2 exp(
1
t f j
N
+ t
Transmitter
CI PLab
Communication &
23
0
f
1 N
f
. . .
1
f
2
f
f
Multi
Multi
-
-
Decoder
Decoder BPF
Decoder
.
.
.
R/N bps
R/N bps
R/N bps
RF N:1
P/S
R bps
.
.
.
BPF
BPF
) 2 exp(
0
t f j t
) 2 exp(
1
t f j t
) 2 exp(
1
t f j
N
t
Receiver
Spectrum of a multi-carrier system

Disadvantages

Filter bank at receiver

Spectrally inefficient
CI PLab
Communication &
24
OFDM Basics (1)
OFDM Basics (1)

Why OFDM for broadband transmission?

A multi-carrier modulation system

High data rate data Multiple low rate sub-channels

Each sub-channel becomes flat fading channel
Robust to frequency selective fading

Efficient bandwidth utilization by allowing overlapped
sub-channels

Digital implementation using fast Fourier transform (FFT)
CI PLab
Communication &
25
OFDM Basics (2)
OFDM Basics (2)
Basic OFDM transmitter
Encoder
1:N
S/P
RF
R bps
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
X
0
X
1
X
1 N
X

R/N bps
) 2 exp(
0
t f j t +
) 2 exp(
1
t f j t +
) 2 exp(
1
t f j
N
+ t
T' sec
T = NT' sec
CI PLab
Communication &
26
OFDM Basics (3)
OFDM Basics (3)

How to separate the sub-channels in the receiver?
}
}
}
}
1
X
2
X
1 N
X
0
X
RF
N:1
P/S
Decoder
.
.
) 2 exp(
0
t f j t
.
) 2 exp(
1
t f j t
) 2 exp(
2
t f j t
) 2 exp(
1
t f j
N
t
Basic OFDM receiver
CI PLab
Communication &
27
OFDM Basics (4)
OFDM Basics (4)

Sub-channel separation

Integrates over , then by orthogonality of
the subcarriers
OFDM signal spectrum
0
1 1
with
m
f f m f f
NT T
= + A A = =
'
T NT
'
m m
X X =
. . .
0
f
1
f
2
f
1 N
f
f
Af
CI PLab
Communication &
28
OFDM Signals (1)
OFDM Signals (1)

Passband, real-valued, continuous-time description

: i-th complex QAM (or PSK)-modulated symbol

: Number of subcarriers

: Symbol duration (after S/ P)

: Main carrier frequency
1
0
( ) Re exp( 2 ( ) ) , 0
N
i c
i
i
s t d j f t t T
T
t
=

= + s s
`
)
i
d
N
T
c
f
CI PLab
Communication &
29
OFDM Signals (2)
OFDM Signals (2)

Baseband, complex-valued, continuous-time description
1
0
( ) exp( 2 ), 0
N
i
i
i
s t d j t t T
T
t
=
= s s
T
Example of four subcarriers in an OFDM signal interval
CI PLab
Communication &
30
OFDM Signals (3)
OFDM Signals (3)

Assuming all subcarriers have the same amplitude and
phase

Each subcarrier has exactly integer number of cycles in the
interval

Number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs by
exactly one Orthogonality

Correlator output for the k-th subcarrier
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
exp( 2 ) ( )
exp( 2 ) exp( 2 )
exp( 2 )
T
N
T
i
i
N
T
i
i
k
k
j t s t dt
T
k i
j t d j t dt
T T
i k
d j t dt
T
d T
t
t t
t
=
=
}
}
T
CI PLab
Communication &
31
OFDM Signals (4)
OFDM Signals (4)

Maximum value of one subcarrier spectrum corresponds
to zero crossings of all the others
Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)-free
Spectrum of individual subcarriers
CI PLab
Communication &
32
OFDM Signals (5)
OFDM Signals (5)

Base-band, complex-valued, discrete-time description
Sampling at each

IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) of QAM (or PSK)
symbols, followed by P/ S

Efficient IFFT implementation
1
0
( ) exp( 2 ), 0
N
i
i
i
s t d j t t T
T
t
=
= s s
T
t n nT
N
'
=
1
0
exp( 2 ) , 0, , 1
N
n i
i
in
s d j n N
N
t
=
= =
N
CI PLab
Communication &
33
Guard Time and Cyclic Prefix (1)

Guard time (or guard interval)

Large OFDM symbol duration Robust to delay spread
and ISI

ISI can be completely eliminated by introducing guard time
larger than the expected delay spread for each OFDM symbol

Guard time could consist of no signals at all ICI occurs
because orthogonality between subcarriers no longer holds
Part of subcarrier #2 causing
ICI on subcarrier #1
Subcarrier #1
Delayed subcarrier #2
Guard time ( )
FFT integration time = 1/carrier spacing ( )
OFDM symbol time ( )
Channel
delay
s
T
g
T
T
Effect of multi-path
with zero-signal in the
guard time
CI PLab
Communication &
34

Effect of delay spread and guard time
CI PLab
Communication &
35

How to avoid ISI and ICI simultaneously?
Cyclic prefix

Delayed replicas of OFDM symbol always have an integer
number of cycles within FFT interval
Guard time / Cyclic prefix
( )
FFT integration time = 1/carrier spacing ( )
OFDM symbol time ( )
s
T
g
T
T
OFDM symbol with
cyclic prefix
CI PLab
Communication &
36
First arriving path
Reflection
OFDM symbol time
Guard time FFT integration time
Phase transitions
Reflection delay
Example of an OFDM symbol in a two-ray multi-path channel
CI PLab
Communication &
37

With cyclic prefix,
1
0
exp( 2 ), 0, , 1
N
n i
i
in
s d j n N
N
t
=
= =
, , , 1
n N n g
s s n
+
= = A
g
g
T
N
T
(
A
(

s g
T T T +
1 1
s
f
T T
A = >
s
N N
R
T T
= <
Copy
t
T
s
T
g
T
CI PLab
Communication &
38
2
s
T
f
1
f
T
A =
2 2 1
( 1)
(1 )
OFDM
s s g s
N
B N f N f
T T T o
= + A = + ~ A
g
g
s
T
T
o
Guard interval factor
1
1
OFDM
g
B
R o
~
CI PLab
Communication &
39
16 N =
64 N =
256 N =
CI PLab
Communication &
40
Windowing (1)
Windowing (1)

Windowing

Usually sharp phase or amplitude transitions caused by
modulation are observed at OFDM symbol boundaries

OFDM signal consists of unfiltered QAM subcarriers

As results, out-of-band spectrum of each OFDM subcarrier
decreases slowly according to sinc function
Adjacent channel interference (ACI)

Windowing : Makes amplitude go smoothly to zero at symbol
boundaries Spectrum goes down more
CI PLab
Communication &
41
Windowing (2)
Windowing (2)

Raised cosine window

: Roll-off factor

: OFDM symbol
duration in the case of
no window
0.5 0.5cos( /( )), 0
( ) 1.0 ,
0.5 0.5cos(( ) /( )) , (1 )
s s
s s
s s s s
t T t T
w t T t T
t T T T t T
t t | |
|
t | |
+ + s s
= s s
+ s s +
0 0.5 1 -0.5
-1
-60
-80
-40
-20
0
20
Normalized Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
d
B
)
Typical OFDM spectrum
| ) 1 0 ( s s |
g s
T T T + =
CI PLab
Communication &
42
Windowing (3)
Windowing (3)
s
T |
s g
T T T = +
prefix
T
T
postfix
T
(1 )
s
T | +
g prefix postfix
T T T +
OFDM signal with cyclic
extensions and windowing
Effect of windowing on
OFDM spectrum
Increased
roll-off factor
CI PLab
Communication &
43
Windowing (4)
Windowing (4)

Windowing decreases delay spread tolerance

ICI and ISI are introduced because of amplitude modulation
of delayed OFDM symbol

Orthogonality property is destroyed

Effective guard time is decreased by
T
Multipath delay
s
T |
CI PLab
Communication &
44
OFDM System Design (1)

OFDM system requirements

Available bandwidth

Required bit rate

Tolerable delay spread

Doppler spread

OFDM system design parameters

Number of subcarriers ( )

Guard time ( )

Symbol duration ( )

subcarrier spacing ( )

Modulation type per subcarrier

Type of FEC code
N
g
T
T
f A
CI PLab
Communication &
45

Typical OFDM system configuration
IFFT (TX)
FFT (RX)
P/S
Add Cyclic
Extension
and
Windowing
S/P
Remove
Cyclic
Extension
DAC RF TX
Timing and
Frequency
Synchro-
nization
ADC RF RX
FEC
Encoding
Interleaving
QAM
Mapping
Pilot
Insertion
S/P
FEC
Decoding
De-
interleaving
QAM
Demapping
P/S Equalization
Binary
Input
Data
Binary
Output
Data
Symbol Timing
To
Channel
From
Channel
CI PLab
Communication &
46

Guard time : Determined by channel delay spread

Symbol duration (FFT interval)

To reduce SNR loss due to guard time, it is desirable to have
symbol duration much larger than guard time

However, large symbol duration causes more subcarriers with
tight spacing Complex implementation, sensitivity to
phase/ frequency errors, and large PAPR (Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio)
g
T
Guard time = 2 - 4 times of rms delay spread
T
g
T
CI PLab
Communication &
47

For less than 1-dB SNR loss due to delay spread

OFDM total symbol duration :

subcarrier spacing :
Symbol duration T = 4 - 5 times guard time
( 1)
1dB 4
g g
g
T T k T
k
T kT
+ +
= < >
g s
T T T + =
T f / 1 = A
CI PLab
Communication &
48

Design example

Guard time :

FFT interval :

OFDM symbol duration :

subcarrier spacing :

Require bit rate :
Bit rate : 20 Mbps
Tolerable delay spread : 200 ns
Bandwidth : < 15 MHz
Desired system specification
ns 800 spread delay 4 = =
g
T
s 4 5 = =
g
T T
s 8 . 4 = + =
g s
T T T
kHz 250 / 1 = = A T f
20 Mbps 96bits / 4.8 s =
CI PLab
Communication &
49

QPSK (2 bits/ symbol) + rate-3/ 4 FEC coding

1.5 bits/ symbol/ carrier

64 subcarriers

64250 kHz = 16 MHz > Target BW 15 MHz

Can not meet the BW specification

16-QAM (4 bits/ symbol) + rate-1/ 2 FEC coding

2 bits/ symbol/ carrier

48 subcarriers

48250 kHz = 12 MHz < Target BW 15 MHz

A proper modulation scheme

2014-1 Ofdm

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E E- -mail : mail : yashin@ssu.ac.kr yashin@ssu.ac.kr

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