Harvard Referencing Guide

Learning and Teaching in Business Page 1

(Revised 07.03.2011)

HARVARD REFERENCING GUIDE
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
This guide is divided into four sections that represent four different types of publications:

1. Periodicals: Journal and newspaper articles: pp. 2-3
2. Electronic publications: pp. 3-6
3. Books: pp. 6-7
4. Miscellaneous publications and materials: pp. 7-8

Within each section, we have organised the information into three columns:

Column 1 lists the different types of source materials that you will need to reference when you are doing an
assignment.

Column 2 shows you how to do in-text referencing or in-text citation this is where you refer to your
sources of information WITHIN your assignment when you paraphrase, summarise or quote.

Column 3 shows you how to cite each type of reference in the Reference List at the END of your
assignment. This list of references provides your reader with all the information about each source you
have referred to in your assignment, so they can find each source you have referred to if they wish.

Here are some useful terms with which you need to be familiar:
A paraphrase means saying something in another way without changing its meaning, for example, using
your own words to express the ideas of an author. A paraphrase may/may not be shorter than the original.

A summary is similar to a paraphrase except it is shorter than the original. Summarising involves
compressing large amounts of information into a few sentences. So it involves picking out the main ideas,
leaving out the details, and putting the main ideas into your own words.

A quotation involves reproducing the EXACT words from a source. Quotations must be carefully selected
and copied from the original source material, and should be sparingly used to support your arguments or
the key points you wish to make. If you wish to use a short quotation, you must put single quotation
marks ( ) around the words of the original author and integrate the quotation into your sentence. For long
quotations, that is, quotations which are over 30 words, you must indent them from the left margin (do not
use single quotation marks). Use double quotation marks ( ") only when citing a quotation within a
quotation.

NB Make sure you include the authors surname and year of publication every time you paraphrase,
summarise or quote. When using a quotation, you must also include the page number(s) from
which the quotation was taken.

On the following page you will find a sample paraphrase, a sample of a short and long quotation, and a sample
summary. Each sample includes BOTH correct in-text referencing and Reference List entry. To help you
successfully reference in each assignment, we have provided you with a simple checklist on the last page of this
Harvard Referencing Guide. Please consult it before you submit each assignment.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This guide was compiled by Maree Stenglin, Maxim Soyref and Richard Swain, Learning and Teaching in
Business.
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 2
A. Sample paraphrase and Reference List

The Allen Consulting Group (2006) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers.

Reference List
Allen Consulting Group. 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers perspectives on
skilling in Australia, Sydney.

B. Sample short quotation and Reference List
Many questions have been raised about issues concerning skills and skill development (Fenwick and
Hall 2006, p.571).

Reference List
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing
conditions', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.

C. Sample long quotation and Reference List

There has been some debate within the academic community in recent decades about how to best
define the term globalisation. Given how contested this term has become, the following definition of
globalisation will be used in this assignment:

Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is usually
understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural) separating
different regions of the world as reduced or removed, thereby stimulating exchanges in goods,
services, money, and people (Hamilton & Webster 2009, p.5).

Reference List
Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. 2009, The international businesses environment, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.

D. Sample reading summary and Reference List

Lane (2008) does not agree with the critics of state-led capitalism in Russia. Instead he thinks that the
Putin model, while not perfect, is a realistic way to develop Russias resources for the following three
reasons. First, it is based on the strong and accepted influence of the state in the private sector. Second,
he believes that this form of state-led capitalism is a great improvement on the chaotic capitalism that
characterised the early period of transition. Finally, he concludes that there will not be any great re-
nationalisation of industry.

Reference List
Lane, D. 2008, From chaotic to state-led capitalism, New Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177-184.

This sample reading summary has been adapted from a longer text written by James Mugambi in 2009.
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 3
SECTION 1: PERIODICALS: JOURNAL AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Type of Source In-text reference Reference List entry
Journal article
with a single
author
According to Carlin (2007) .
. .
Surname, Initial(s). Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal,
volume number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Carlin, T. 2007, 'Some reflections on research', Compliance &
Regulatory Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-13.
More than one
journal article by
the same
author(s) in the
same year
The analytical work done by
Marshak and Grant (2008a;
2008b) has shown that
organisational discourse is . .
.
Surname, Initial(s). Year[letter], 'Title of article', Title of
Journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Marshak, R. J. and Grant, D. 2008a, 'Organizational
discourse and new organization development practices',
British Journal of Management, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 7-19.
Marshak, R. J. and Grant, D. 2008b, 'Transforming talk: the
interplay of discourse, power, and change', Organization
Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 33-40.
Journal article
with two or three
authors
Many questions have been
raised about issues
concerning skills and skill
development (Fenwick and
Hall 2006, p.571).
Authors. Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume
number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge
economy: changing meanings in changing conditions',
Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.
Journal article
with more than
three authors
According to Pocock et al.
(2008) Work Choices are . . .
Authors. Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume
number, issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Pocock, B., Elton, J., Preston, A., Charlesworth, S.,
MacDonald, F., Baird, M., Cooper, R. and Ellem, B. 2008,
'The impact of Work Choices on women in low paid
employment in Australia: a qualitative analysis', Journal of
Industrial Relations, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 477-88.
Journal article
with no author
The problems facing baby
boomers have been carefully
investigated (Cancer
generation: baby boomers
facing a perfect storm
2009)
Title of article, Year, Title of Journal, volume number, issue
number, page numbers.
Example:
Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm,
2009, Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, p. 596.
Newspaper
article
Different methods of
retaining nurses have been
challenged by Brown (1987)

Author(s). Year, Title of article, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s).
Example:
Brown, D. 1987, Hospitals try tea, raises, status to refill
thinning ranks of nurses, Los Angeles Times, 6 August, p.1.
Newspaper The problem has been Title of article, Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 4
article, no author highlighted in the Sydney
Morning Herald (11 January,
2011)
no(s).
Example:
One dead in multiple beach rescue, 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, p.10.


SECTION 2: ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS

Type of Source In-text reference Reference List entry
Electronic Book Jarsulic (2010) suggests
that
Author(s). Year, Title of book, (edition number if applicable),
Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate
bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure,
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011,
<http://www.palgraveconnect.com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.
au/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9780230106185>
Chapter in an
edited electronic
Book
Kepes and Delery (2007)
have outlined ...
Author(s). Year, Title of chapter in Editor(s) (ed./eds)*, Year,
Title of book, (edition number if applicable), Publisher, Place,
viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
*ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Example:
Kepes, S. and Delery, J. 2007, HRM systems and the
problem of the internal fit in P. Boxall, J. Purcell, and P.
Wright (eds.), The Oxford handbook of human resource
management, Oxford University Press, Oxford, viewed 24
February 2008,
<http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy2.library.usyd.edu.au/d
ocumentSummary;dn=989987802666928;res=IELHSS>
Journal article
from an electronic
Journal
A new method of pricing
specific options has been
recently developed (Buchen
and Konstandatos 2009) and
it
Author(s). Year, Title of article, Title of Journal, volume
number, issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
Example:
Buchen, P. and Konstandatos, O. 2009, A new approach to
pricing double-barrier options with arbitrary payoffs and
exponential boundaries, Applied Mathematical Finance,
vol.16, no. 6, pp. 497-515, viewed 17 January 2011,
<http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a9153
26893~db=all~jumptype=rss>
Journal article
from an electronic
database
The question of what will
happen to banks is
introduced by Bossone
(2001)
Author(s). Year, Title of article, Title of Journal, volume
number, issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month
Year, Database Name.
Example:
Bossone, B. 2001, Do banks have a future? A study on
banking and finance as we move into the third millennium,
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 5
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,
viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect.
Newspaper
article viewed on
the WWW
Martin (2011) asserts that Author(s). Year, Title of Article, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s) (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year,
<URL>
Example:
Martin, P. 2011, Fraud is a cinch just ask your bank,
Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 11 January
2011, <http://www.smh.com.au/business/fraud-is-a-cinch--
just-ask-your-bank-20110110-19l77.html>
Newspaper
article viewed
from an electronic
database
The problems faced by Wall
Street in the past have been
denied by Kindleberger
(1999) who maintains that ...
Author(s). Year, Title of Article, Title of Newspaper, Day
Month, page no(s) (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year,
name of database provider, item number (if applicable).
Example:
Kindleberger, C. 1999, Fools and their money whats left of
it, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, viewed
28 September 2004, ProQuest, ISSN 00999660.
Web document Cagliarini and McKibbin
(2009) discuss
Author(s). Year, Title of document, Name of Organisation,
Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. 2009, Global relative price
shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,
<http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2009/2009-10.html>
Web document
with no author
The level of fiscal stimulus is
summarised in the
Department of Treasury
Annual Report 2009-2010
(2010)
Title of document, Year, Name of Organisation, Place of
Organisation, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Department of Treasury Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010,
Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 28 October 2010,
<http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?NavId=036&Co
ntentID=1893>
Web document
with no
publication date
The effect of price shocks is
questioned by Cagliarini and
McKibbin (n.d.)
Author(s). n.d., Title of document, Name of Organisation,
Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. n.d., Global relative price
shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,
<http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2009/2009-10.html>
Web site The Reserve Bank of
Australia website (2007)
contains information on
Author(s), Year [of last update] (if available), Title of web site,
Name of Organisation (if applicable), Place of Organisation,
viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007, Reserve Bank of Australia,
Sydney, viewed 23 March 2007, <www.rba.gov.au>
Images accessed
from a Web
Past productivity cycles are
clearly shown in Productivity
Author(s), Year [of last update], Title of Image, Name of
Organisation, Place of Organisation, viewed Day Month Year,
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 6
site/document Growth Cycles (2009) <URL>
Example:
Department of Treasury, 2009, Productivity Growth Cycles,
Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 2 August 2010,
<http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?NavId=&Conte
ntID=1466>
Electronic Thesis The role of distance in retail
gasoline market competition
is analysed by Brewer (2007)
who concludes that
Author. Year, Title of thesis, Type of Thesis, Department,
University, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Brewer, J. 2007, Competition in the retail gasoline industry,
PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, University of Arizona,
viewed 29 October 2008,
<http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy2.library.usyd.edu.au/pqdw
eb?index=1&did=1428847681&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=2&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1
294703039&clientId=16331>
Online Lecture
Notes
As explained by Piggott
(2011) business refers to
Author(s) Year, Title of lecture (Unit Code), at Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Date, viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to Business (ECOF1003), at
The University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March, viewed 14
March 2011, <http://blackboard.com>
Online Course
Readings
Fisher (2004) demonstrates
the important role that self
reflection plays in the
development of critical
thinking.
Author(s). Year, Title of reading in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of
Course (Unit Code), Teaching Organisation, Place of
Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it? in L. Piggott (ed.), ECOF1004 Reader, University
of Sydney, Sydney, viewed 14 January 2011,
<http://blackboard.com>
Web blogs In his blog, Quiggin (2011)
criticises
Author. Year of Posting, Title of site, web blog, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian &
world events from a social-democratic perspective, web blog,
viewed 14 January 2011, < http://johnquiggin.com/>
Web blog posts Following the crisis, Quiggin
(2011) speculated that
Author. Year of Posting, Title of post, Title of site, web blog
post, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, Total core meltdown, John Quiggin:
commentary on Australian & world events from a social-
democratic perspective, web blog, 20 December, viewed 31
December 2011 <http://johnquiggin.com/>
Podcasts Parched: The Politics of Title of podcast, Year, podcast, Name of Organisation, Place
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 7
Water (2008) identifies of Organisation, Day Month of Publication, viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
Example:
Parched: the politics of water, 2008, podcast, ABC Radio
National, 21 November, viewed 28 September 2009,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/24264
05.htm>

SECTION 3: BOOKS

Type of Source In-text reference Reference List entry
Book with a
single Author
Shields (2007) proposes that



Surname, Initial(s). Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Shields, J. 2007, Managing employee performance and
reward, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
Book with two or
three Authors
It has been indicated by
Frino and Segara (2008) that

List of Authors. Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Frino, A. and Segara, R. 2008, Trade execution, arbitrage
and dealing in Australia, Pearson Prentice Hall, Sydney.
Book with more
than three
Authors
Some critics have argued
that corporate finance
(Brealey et al. 2000).
List of Authors. Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Brealey, R., Myers, S., Partington, G. and Robinson, D. 2000,
Principles of corporate finance, McGraw Hill, Sydney.
Book with no
author
It was affirmed in Bomber
Command: The Air Ministry
Account of Bomber
Commands Offensive
against the Axis Sept 1939-
July 1941 (1941) that . . .
Title of book. Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Bomber Command: the Air Ministry account of Bomber
Commands offensive against the Axis Sept 1939-July 1941.
1941, HMSO, London.
Book with no date The famous ancient scholar
Aurelius (n.d.) has claimed
that . . .
Surname, Initial(s). n.d., Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Aurelius, M. n.d., Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Library of
Classics, London.
Book with
multiple editions
Some characterise the
discipline of finance (Frino,
Hill and Chen 2009) as ...
Author(s). Year, Title of book, number of edition, Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example:
Frino, A., Hill, A. and Chen, Z. 2009, Introduction to corporate
finance, 4
th
ed., Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 8
Edited Book The foundations of industrial
justice are examined by
Patmore (2003) through ...
Editor. (ed.) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Patmore, G. (ed.) 2003, Laying the foundations of industrial
justice: the presidents of the Industrial Relations Commission
of NSW 1902-1998, The Federation Press, Sydney.
Edited book with
two or more
editors
Some critics deny the fact
that (Jones and Hensher
2008).
Editors (eds.) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Jones, S. and Hensher, D. (eds.) 2008, Advances in credit
risk modelling and bankruptcy prediction, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Chapter in an
Edited Book
One perspective on women
and work is offered by Baird
(2010) in her discussion of
Author(s). Year, Title of chapter in Editor(s), Title of book,
Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers.
Example:
Baird, M. 2010, Women and work in Australia: a theoretical
and historical overview in P. A. Murray, R. Kramar and P.
McGraw (eds.), Women at work: research, policy and
practice, Tilde University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1-23.
Translated Book The question of memories is
considered in
(Krzhizhanovsky 2006).
Author(s). Year, Title of book, trans [translator], Publisher,
Place of Publication.
Example:
Krzhizhanovsky, S. 2006, Memories of the future, trans.
[Turnbull, J.], New York Review of Books, New York.

Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 9
SECTION 4: MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS

Type of
Source
In-text reference Reference List entry
Report The Allen Consulting Group
(2006) presented a convincing
argument that skills matter to
employers.
Author(s). Year, Title of report, Place of Publication.
Example:
Allen Consulting Group. 2006, World class skills for world class
industries: employers perspectives on skilling in Australia,
Sydney.
Figure, graph,
table or image
(online)
Figure 1 (adapted from
Australian Bureau of Statistics
2010) identifies an important
trend in
Author. Year, Title of document, Location, viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>
Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010, 6202.0 - Labour force,
Australia, Jan 2011, Canberra, viewed 14 February 2011,
<http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6202.0>
Government
Statistics
Unemployment increased
substantially following the
financial crisis (Australian
Bureau of Statistics 2010).
Government Department. Year, Title of document,
Government Department, Location, Catalogue No. (if
applicable).
Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010, Labour statistics
Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Catalogue
No. 6101.0.
Standard The requirements are clearly
set out in the industry standard
(Standards Association of
Australia 2004)
Author, Year, Title of standard, Standard No. (if applicable),
Publisher, Place of Publication.
Example:
Standards Association of Australia, 2004, Environmental
management systems requirements with guidance for use
(AS/NZS ISO 14001:2004), Standards Australia, Sydney.
Published
Conference
Paper
Ballsun-Stanton and Bunker
(2009) express the view that
Author(s). Year, Title of conference paper Title of conference
proceedings, Conference Organiser (if relevant e.g. the Royal
Australian College of Physicians), Location, page numbers or
<URL>.
Example:
Ballsun-Stanton, B. and Bunker, D. 2009, Philosophy of data
(PoD) and its importance to the Discipline of Information
Systems, Proceedings of the fifteenth Americas conference on
information systems, San Francisco, California
,<http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&conte
xt=amcis2009>.
Unpublished
Conference
Paper
Mitchell and McKenzie (2004)
express the view that
Author(s). Year, Title of conference paper presented at the
conference name/Conference Organiser, Location, Day Month
Year.
Example:
Mitchell, H. and McKenzie, M. 2004, The use of forecasting
accuracy as an ARCH model selection tool, paper presented
at the conference on modelling and analysis of safety and risk
Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 10
in complex systems, St. Petersburg, Russia (Russian
Federation), 25 June 2004.
Material from
Course
Readings
Critical self-reflection is defined
as . . . (Fisher 2004).
Author(s). Year, Title of document in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of
course readings, Year, Teaching Organisation, Place of
Publication.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it? in L. Piggott (ed.), ECOF1004 Reader, University of
Sydney, Sydney.
Lecture Notes Piggott (2011) defines... Author(s). Year, Lecture Title (Unit Code), at Teaching
Organisation, Place of Publication, Date.
Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to Business (ECOF1003), at The
University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March.
Email/Personal
Communication
It was confirmed by Hodgson
(2004, email 27 October) that

Some improvements were
suggested by Reynolds (2006,
Pers. Comm. 15 April)
following
No entry is required in the reference list
Patent A patent was taken out
(Pettigrew 2007) following
Author(s). Year, Title of patent, Country Patent No.
Example:
Pettigrew, J. 2007, New system of teaching accounting,
Australia Patent 2007101217.
Pamphlet or
brochure
Further information is
described in Austudy (2010)
Title of brochure. Year, Publisher, Location of Publication.
Example:
Austudy. 2010, Centrelink, Canberra, ACT.

Harvard Referencing Guide
Learning and Teaching in Business Page 11

REFERENCING CHECKLIST

BEFORE YOU SUBMIT, CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

YES

NO


1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES


Quotes
Did you include the following information near each quotation:
authors last name?
the year of publication?
the page number(s) on which you found the quotation?

Did you put single inverted commas around the authors original
words in each short quotation?

Did you integrate each short quotation into a sentence?
If you used a long quotation (more than 30 words), did you indent
the quotation from the left margin (without using single inverted
commas)?

Paraphrases and summaries
Did you put the original authors words into your own?
Did you include the authors last name and year of publication for
every paraphrase or summary?


2. REFERENCE LIST (AT THE END OF YOUR ASSIGNMENT)


Have you included the heading Reference List on the last page of
your assignment?

Have you arranged all your sources alphabetically in your reference
list according to the authors last name?

If one author has more than two publications, did you arrange them
chronologically (For example: Lee 2010, Lee 2009)?

If one author has more than one publication in the same year, have
you used a, b, c to distinguish them? (For example: Smith 2010a . . .
Smith 2010b . . . Smith 2010c).

Did you check each comma, full stop, bracket and use of italics?