Stoichiometry (2)

Empirical & Molecular Empirical & Molecular

Formulas Formulas
A pure compound always consists of the A pure compound always consists of the
same elements combined in the same same elements combined in the same
proportions by weight. proportions by weight.
Therefore, we can express the molecular Therefore, we can express the molecular
composition as composition as PERCENT BY WEIGHT PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Ethanol, C Ethanol, C
22
HH
66
OO
52.13% C 52.13% C
13.15% H 13.15% H
34.72% O 34.72% O
Percent Composition Percent Composition Percent Composition Percent Composition
Consider NO Consider NO
22
, Molar mass = ? , Molar mass = ?
What is the weight percent of N and of O? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
Wt. % O
2 (16. 0 g O per mole )
46. 0 g
x 100% 69. 6% Wt. % O
2 (16. 0 g O per mole )
46. 0 g
x 100% 69. 6%
Wt. % N =
14.0 g N
46.0 g NO
2
100% = 30.4 %
What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO? What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO?
Determining Formulas Determining Formulas Determining Formulas Determining Formulas
In In chemical analysis chemical analysis we determine we determine
the % by weight of each element in a the % by weight of each element in a
given amount of pure compound and given amount of pure compound and
derive the derive the EMPIRICAL EMPIRICAL or or SIMPLEST SIMPLEST
formula. formula.
PROBLEM PROBLEM: A compound of B and H is : A compound of B and H is
81.10% B. What is its empirical 81.10% B. What is its empirical
formula? formula?
Because it contains only B and H, it must Because it contains only B and H, it must
contain 18.90% H. contain 18.90% H.
In 100.0 g of the compound there are In 100.0 g of the compound there are
81.10 g of B and 18.90 g of H. 81.10 g of B and 18.90 g of H.
Calculate the Calculate the number of moles number of moles of each of each
constitutent. constitutent.
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is
its empirical formula? its empirical formula?
Calculate the Calculate the number of moles number of moles of each of each
element in 100.0 g of sample. element in 100.0 g of sample.
81.10 g B
1 mol
10.81 g
= 7.502 mol B
18.90 g H
1 mol
1.008 g
= 18.75 mol H
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is
its empirical formula? its empirical formula?
Now, recognize that Now, recognize that atoms combine in the atoms combine in the
ratio of small whole numbers ratio of small whole numbers
Find the Find the ratio of moles ratio of moles of elements in the of elements in the
compound. compound.
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is
its empirical formula? its empirical formula?
But we need a But we need a whole number ratio whole number ratio. .
2.5 mol H/1.0 mol B = 5 mol H to 2 mol B 2.5 mol H/1.0 mol B = 5 mol H to 2 mol B
EMPIRICAL FORMULA = B EMPIRICAL FORMULA = B
22
HH
55
Take the ratio of moles of B and H. Take the ratio of moles of B and H. Always Always
divide by the smaller number. divide by the smaller number.
18.75 mol H
7.502 mol B
=
2.499 mol H
1.000 mol B
=
2.5 mol H
1.0 mol B
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is
its empirical formula? its empirical formula?
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its Its
empirical formula empirical formula is B is B
22
HH
55
. What is its . What is its
molecular formula molecular formula ??
Is the molecular formula B Is the molecular formula B
22
HH
55
, B , B
44
HH
10 10
, B , B
66
HH
15 15
, ,
BB
88
HH
20 20
, etc.? , etc.?
BB
22
HH
66
is one example of this class of compounds. is one example of this class of compounds.
B
2
H
6
How to Determine the How to Determine the
molar mass? molar mass?
Mass spectrometer Mass spectrometer
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is
BB
22
HH
55
. What is its molecular formula . What is its molecular formula??
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is
BB
22
HH
55
. What is its molecular formula . What is its molecular formula??
We need to do an We need to do an EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT to find to find
the MOLAR MASS. the MOLAR MASS.
Here experiment gives Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol 53.3 g/mol
Compare with the mass of B Compare with the mass of B
22
HH
55
= = 26.66 g/unit 26.66 g/unit
Find the ratio of these masses. Find the ratio of these masses.
53.3 g/mol
26.66 g/unit of B
2
H
5
=
2 units of B
2
H
5
1 mol
Molecular formula = B Molecular formula = B
44
HH
10 10
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS are composed of identical particles, atoms are composed of identical particles, atoms
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are formed when atoms of different elements are formed when atoms of different elements
combine with each other: A given compound always has the same combine with each other: A given compound always has the same
relative numbers and types of atoms relative numbers and types of atoms
Law of definite proportion [Joseph Proust, 1754 Law of definite proportion [Joseph Proust, 1754--1826] 1826]
A given compound always contains the same A given compound always contains the same
proportion of elements by mass proportion of elements by mass
Law of multiple proportions [John Dalton, 1766 Law of multiple proportions [John Dalton, 1766--1844] 1844]
When 2 elements form multiple compounds, the mass of the second When 2 elements form multiple compounds, the mass of the second
element per gram of the first one can always be reduced to small whole element per gram of the first one can always be reduced to small whole
numbers numbers
Law of conservation of mass [Lavoisier, 1743 Law of conservation of mass [Lavoisier, 1743--1794] 1794]
Mass is neither created nor destroyed Mass is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction in a chemical reaction
Chemical Equations Chemical Equations Chemical Equations Chemical Equations
Because the same Because the same
atoms are present in a atoms are present in a
reaction at the beginning reaction at the beginning
and at the end, the and at the end, the
amount of matter in a amount of matter in a
system does not change. system does not change.
The The Law of the Law of the
Conservation of Matter Conservation of Matter
Demo of conservation of
matter, See Screen 4.3.
Because of the principle of the Because of the principle of the
conservation of matter conservation of matter, ,
an an equation must be equation must be
balanced balanced..
It must have the same It must have the same
number of atoms of the number of atoms of the
same kind on same kind on
both sides. both sides.
Chemical Equations Chemical Equations
Lavoisier, 1788 Lavoisier, 1788
Balancing Balancing
Equations Equations
Balancing Balancing
Equations Equations
___ Al(s) + ___ Br ___ Al(s) + ___ Br
22
(liq) (liq) --- --->___ Al >___ Al
22
Br Br
66
(s) (s)
Chemical Equations Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of Depict the kind of reactants reactants and and products products and their and their
relative amounts in a reaction. relative amounts in a reaction.
2 Al(s) + 3 Br 2 Al(s) + 3 Br
22
(g) (g) --- ---> Al > Al
22
Br Br
66
(s) (s)
The numbers in the front are called The numbers in the front are called
stoichiometric coefficients stoichiometric coefficients
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of
compounds. compounds.
Chemical Equations Chemical Equations Chemical Equations Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O 4 Al(s) + 3 O
22
(g) (g)
--- ---> 2 Al > 2 Al
22
OO
33
(s) (s)
This equation means This equation means
4 Al atoms + 3 O 4 Al atoms + 3 O
22
molecules molecules
--- ---give give--- --->>
2 molecules of Al 2 molecules of Al
22
OO
33
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O 4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O
22
--- ---give give--- --->>
2 moles of Al 2 moles of Al
22
OO
33
STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY
It rests on the principle of the It rests on the principle of the conservation of matter conservation of matter..
2 Al(s) + 3 Br
2
(liq) ------> Al
2
Br
6
(s)
PROBLEM: PROBLEM:
If 454 g of NH If 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
decomposes, how much N decomposes, how much N
22
O and O and
HH
22
O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of
products? products?
PROBLEM: PROBLEM:
If 454 g of NH If 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
decomposes, how much N decomposes, how much N
22
O and O and
HH
22
O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of
products? products?
STEP 1 STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical Write the balanced chemical
equation equation
NH NH
44
NO NO
33
--- ---> N > N
22
O + 2 H O + 2 H
22
OO
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O
STEP 2 STEP 2 Convert mass reactant Convert mass reactant
(454 g) (454 g) -- --> moles > moles
454 g
1 mol
80.04 g
= 5.68 mol NH
4
NO
3
STEP 3 STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 Convert moles reactant (5.68
mol) mol) -- --> moles product > moles product
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- --> N > N
22
O + 2 H O + 2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- --> N > N
22
O + 2 H O + 2 H
22
O O
STEP 3 STEP 3 Convert moles reactant Convert moles reactant -- --> moles > moles
product product
Relate moles NH Relate moles NH
44
NO NO
33
to moles product to moles product
expected. expected.
1 mol NH 1 mol NH
44
NO NO
33
-- --> 2 mol H > 2 mol H
22
OO
Express this relation as the Express this relation as the
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR..
2 mol H
2
O produced
1 mol NH
4
NO
3
used
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O
= 11.4 mol H = 11.4 mol H
22
O produced O produced
5.68 mol NH
4
NO
3

2 mol H
2
O produced
1 mol NH
4
NO
3
used
STEP 3 STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) -- --
> moles product > moles product
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O
11.4 mol H
2
O
18.02 g
1 mol
= 204 g H
2
O
STEP 4 STEP 4 Convert moles product (11.4 Convert moles product (11.4
mol) mol) -- --> mass product > mass product
Calle d the Calle d the THEORETICAL YIELD THEORETICAL YIELD
ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING
STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS! STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS!
GENERAL PLAN FOR GENERAL PLAN FOR
STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATIONS CALCULATIONS
GENERAL PLAN FOR GENERAL PLAN FOR
STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATIONS CALCULATIONS
Mass
reactant
Stoichiometric
factor Moles
reactant
Moles
product
Mass
product
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O
STEP 5 STEP 5 How much N How much N
22
O is formed? O is formed?
Total mass of reactants = total mass of Total mass of reactants = total mass of
products products
454 g NH 454 g NH
44
NO NO
33
= ___ g N = ___ g N
22
O + 204 g H O + 204 g H
22
OO
mass of N mass of N
22
O = 250. g O = 250. g
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- -->N >N
22
O +2 H O +2 H
22
O O
STEP 6 STEP 6 Calculate the Calculate the percent yield percent yield
If you isolated only 131 g of N If you isolated only 131 g of N
22
O, what is the O, what is the
percent yield? percent yield?
This compares the This compares the theoretical theoretical (250. g) and (250. g) and
actual actual (131 g) yields. (131 g) yields.
454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- --> N > N
22
O + 2 H O + 2 H
22
O O 454 g of NH 454 g of NH
44
NO NO
33
-- --> N > N
22
O + 2 H O + 2 H
22
O O
% yield =
actual yield
theoretical yield
100%
STEP 6 STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield Calculate the percent yield
% yield =
131 g
250. g
100% = 52.4%
PROBLEM: Using 5.00 PROBLEM: Using 5.00
g of H g of H
22
OO
22
, what mass , what mass
of O of O
22
and of H and of H
22
O can O can
be obtained? be obtained?
PROBLEM: Using 5.00 PROBLEM: Using 5.00
g of H g of H
22
OO
22
, what mass , what mass
of O of O
22
and of H and of H
22
O can O can
be obtained? be obtained?
2 H 2 H
22
OO
22
(liq) (liq) --- ---> 2 H > 2 H
22
O(g) + O O(g) + O
22
(g) (g)
Reaction is catalyzed by MnO Reaction is catalyzed by MnO
22
Step 1: moles of H Step 1: moles of H
22
OO
22
Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR
to calculate moles of O to calculate moles of O
22
Step 3: mass of O Step 3: mass of O
22
Reactions Involving a Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT LIMITING REACTANT
Reactions Involving a Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT LIMITING REACTANT
In a given reaction, there is not enough of In a given reaction, there is not enough of
one reagent to use up the other reagent one reagent to use up the other reagent
completely. completely.
The reagent in short supply The reagent in short supply LIMITS LIMITS the the
quantity of product that can be formed. quantity of product that can be formed.
LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS
Reactants eactants Products Products
2 NO(g) + O
2
(g) 2 NO
2
(g)
Limiting reactant = ___________ Limiting reactant = ___________
Excess reactant = ____________ Excess reactant = ____________
LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS
Demo of limiting reactants on Screen 4.7 Demo of limiting reactants on Screen 4.7
Rxn 1: Balloon inflates fully, some Zn left Rxn 1: Balloon inflates fully, some Zn left
* * More than enough Zn to use up the 0.100 mol HCl More than enough Zn to use up the 0.100 mol HCl
Rxn 2: Balloon inflates fully, no Zn left Rxn 2: Balloon inflates fully, no Zn left
* Right amount of each (HCl and Zn) * Right amount of each (HCl and Zn)
Rxn 3: Balloon does not inflate fully, no Zn left. Rxn 3: Balloon does not inflate fully, no Zn left.
* Not enough Zn to use up 0.100 mol HCl * Not enough Zn to use up 0.100 mol HCl
LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl
(aq) (aq)
Zn +2 HCl Zn +2 HCl --- --->ZnCl >ZnCl
22
+H +H
22
1 2 3
(See CD Screen 4.8) (See CD Screen 4.8)
Rxn 1 Rxn 1 Rxn 2 Rxn 2 Rxn 3 Rxn 3
mass Zn (g) mass Zn (g) 7.00 7.00 3.27 3.27 1.31 1.31
mol Zn mol Zn 0.107 0.107 0.050 0.050 0.020 0.020
mol HCl mol HCl 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
mol HCl/mol Zn mol HCl/mol Zn 0.93/1 0.93/1 2.00/1 2.00/1 5.00/1 5.00/1
Lim Reactant Lim Reactant LR =HCl LR =HCl no LR no LR LR =Zn LR =Zn
LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl
(aq) (aq)
Zn +2 HCl Zn +2 HCl --- --->ZnCl >ZnCl
22
+H +H
2 2
Reaction to be Studied Reaction to be Studied Reaction to be Studied Reaction to be Studied
2 Al + 3 Cl 2 Al + 3 Cl
22
--- ---> Al > Al
22
Cl Cl
66
PROBLEM: PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl
22
. .
What mass of Al What mass of Al
22
Cl Cl
66
can form? can form?
PROBLEM: PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl
22
. .
What mass of Al What mass of Al
22
Cl Cl
66
can form? can form?
Mass
reactant
Stoichiometric
factor Moles
reactant
Moles
product
Mass
product
Determine the formula of a Determine the formula of a
compound of Sn and I using the compound of Sn and I using the
following data. following data.
Determine the formula of a Determine the formula of a
compound of Sn and I using the compound of Sn and I using the
following data. following data.
Reaction of Sn and I Reaction of Sn and I
22
is done using excess is done using excess
Sn. Sn.
Mass of Sn in the beginning = 1.056 g Mass of Sn in the beginning = 1.056 g
Mass of iodine (I Mass of iodine (I
22
) used = 1.947 g ) used = 1.947 g
Mass of Sn remaining Mass of Sn remaining = 0.601 g = 0.601 g
Find the Find the mass of Sn that combined mass of Sn that combined with with
1.947 g I 1.947 g I
22
..
Mass of Sn initially = 1.056 g Mass of Sn initially = 1.056 g
Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g
Mass of Sn used = 0.455 g Mass of Sn used = 0.455 g
Find Find moles of Sn used moles of Sn used::
0.455 g Sn
1 mol
118.7 g
= 3.83 x 10
-3
mol Sn
Tin and Iodine Compound Tin and Iodine Compound
Tin and Iodine Compound Tin and Iodine Compound
Now find the Now find the number of moles of I number of moles of I
22
that that
combined with 3.83 x 10 combined with 3.83 x 10
--33
mol Sn. Mass mol Sn. Mass
of I of I
22
used was 1.947 g. used was 1.947 g.
1.947 g I
2

1 mol
253.81 g
= 7.671 x 10
-3
mol I
2
How many moles of How many moles of iodine atoms iodine atoms? ?
=1.534 x 10
-2
mol I atoms =1.534 x 10
-2
mol I atoms
7.671 x 10
-3
mol I
2

2 mol I atoms
1 mol I
2






Tin and Iodine Compound Tin and Iodine Compound
Now find the ratio of number of moles of Now find the ratio of number of moles of
moles of I and Sn that combined. moles of I and Sn that combined.
1.534 x 10
-2
mol I
3.83 x 10
-3
mol Sn
=
4.01 mol I
1.00 mol Sn
Empirical formula is Empirical formula is SnI SnI
44