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The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring

naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses


the interaction of all living species.[1] The concept of the natural environment can
be distinguished by components:
Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive
human intervention, including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks,
atmosphere, and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries
Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut
boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric
charge, and magnetism, not originating from human activity
The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment, which
comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. A
geographical area is regarded as a natural environment.
It is difficult to find absolutely natural environments, and it is common that the
naturalness varies in a continuum, from ideally 100% natural in one extreme to
0% natural in the other. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or
components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not
uniform.[2] If, for instance, we take an agricultural field, and consider the
mineralogic composition and the structure of its soil, we will find that whereas
the first is quite similar to that of an undisturbed forest soil, the structure is quite
different.
The biophysical environment is the biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism
or population, and includes the factors that have an influence in their survival,
development and evolution.[1] The term environment can refer to different
concepts, but is often used as a short form for the biophysical environment. This
practice is common, for instance, among governments which entitle agencies
dealing with the biophysical environment with denominations such as
Environment agency. Whereas the expression "the environment" is often used to
refer to the global environment, usually in relation to humanity, the number of
biophysical environments is countless, given that it is always possible to consider
an additional living organism that has its own environment.
The biophysical environment can vary in scale from microscopic to global in
extent. It can also be subdivided according to its attributes. Examples include the
marine environment, the atmospheric environment and the terrestrial
environment.[2]
Life/environment interaction[edit]

All life that has survived must have adapted to conditions of its environment.
Temperature, light, humidity, soil nutrients, etc., all influence any species, within
any environment. However life in turn modifies, in various forms, its conditions.
Some long term modifications along the history of our planet have been
significant, such as the incorporation of oxygen to the atmosphere. This process
consisted in the breakdown of carbon dioxide by anaerobic microorganisms that
used the carbon in their metabolism and released the oxygen to the atmosphere.
This led to the existence of oxygen-based plant and animal life, the great
oxygenation event. Other interactions are more immediate and simple, such as
the smoothing effect that forests have on the temperature cycle, compared to
neighboring unforested areas.[citation needed]



Ecosystem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes)
in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like
air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.[2] These biotic and abiotic
components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy
flows.[3] As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among
organisms, and between organisms and their environment,[4] they can be of any
size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces[5] (although some scientists
say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).[6]
Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors
such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control
the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are
not themselves influenced by the ecosystem.[8] Other external factors include
time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entitiesinvariably, they are
subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some
past disturbance.[9] Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in
different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because
they contain different species.[8] The introduction of non-native species can
cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control
ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to
feedback loops.[8] While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external
processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources
within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root
competition or shading.[8] Other internal factors include disturbance, succession
and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within
ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external
factors like climate.[8]
Types
Aquatic ecosystem
Marine ecosystem
Large marine ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystem
Lake ecosystem
River ecosystem
Wetland
Terrestrial ecosystem
Forest
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Littoral zone
Riparian zone
Subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem
Urban ecosystem
Movile Cave
Desert

Natural resources occur naturally within environments that exist relatively
undisturbed by humanity, in a natural form. A natural resource is often
characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various
ecosystems.
Natural resources are derived from the environment. Some of them are essential
for our survival while most are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources
may be further classified in different ways.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used)
that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed
of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a
separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a
fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the
resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is partly
due to increasing scarcity (depletion of resources) but also because the
exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for
developed nations such as Australia).
Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and
are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small
sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few
resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable
future) these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to
clean air may not be). The vast majority of resources are exhaustible, which
means they have a finite quantity, and can be depleted if managed improperly.
Classification[edit]

There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source
of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability. These classifications
are described below. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:
Biotic Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic
material), such as forests and animals, and the materials that can be obtained
from them. Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this
category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
Abiotic Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic
material. Examples of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air and heavy
metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.
Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in
the following ways:
Potential resources Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may
be used in the future. For example petroleum occurs with sedimentary rocks in
various regions, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it
remains a potential resource.
Actual resources Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their
quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The
development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the
technology available and the cost involved.
Reserve resources The part of an actual resource which can be developed
profitably in the future is called a reserve resource.
Stock resources Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but cannot
be used by organisms due to lack of technology. For example: hydrogen.
Renewability is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be
categorized as either renewable or non-renewable:
Renewable resources Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some
of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and
their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many
renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are
susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective
are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery
exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
Non-renewable resources Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do
not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource
included in this category. By the human perspective, resources are non-renewable
when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a
good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate
of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are
considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount
without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active
elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the
metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them,[1] but coal and petroleum
cannot be recycled.[2]
As the human population is continuously growing the consumption of natural
resources is also increasing. With the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation
of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are not
properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result. Therefore we need
to conserve the natural resources. This will also upset the ecological balance.
Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its
exploitation, destruction or degradation.
Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural
resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to destruction or
degradation.


25.2.1. Need for Conservation of Natural Resources
We know that nature provides us all our basic needs but we tend to overexploit
it. If we go on exploiting the nature, there will be no more resources available in
future. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are :
l to maintain ecological balance for supporting life.
l to preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity).
l to make the resources available for present and future generation.
l to ensure the survival of human race.


Sustainable development is an organizing principle for human life on a finite
planet. It posits a desirable future state for human societies in which living
conditions and resource-use meet human needs without undermining the
sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that future generations
may also have their needs met.
Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most
frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the
Brundtland Report:[1]

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:

the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to
which overriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization
on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a
systema system that connects space; and a system that connects time.

When you think of the world as a system over space, you grow to understand that
air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides
sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia.

And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that
the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to
affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today
will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults.

We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically
healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to
have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And
it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your
family?

The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking.
It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are
complex and seriousand we can't address them in the same way we created
them. But we can address them.

It's that basic optimism that motivates IISD's staff, associates and board to
innovate for a healthy and meaningful future for this planet and its inhabitants.

Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being
eroded from the Earths surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse,
acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. It is a component
of environmental soil science.


Erosion barriers on disturbed slope, Marin County, California
Decisions regarding appropriate crop rotation, cover crops, and planted
windbreaks are central to the ability of surface soils to retain their integrity, both
with respect to erosive forces and chemical change from nutrient depletion. Crop
rotation is simply the conventional alternation of crops on a given field, so that
nutrient depletion is avoided from repetitive chemical uptake/deposition of single
crop growth
Practices[edit]
There are conventional practices that farmers have invoked for centuries. These
fall into two main categories: contour farming and terracing, standard methods
recommended by the US Natural Resources Conservation Service, whose Code
330 is the common standard. Contour farming was practiced by the ancient
Phoenicians, and is known to be effective for slopes between two and ten
percent.[1] Contour plowing can increase crop yields from 10 to 50 percent,
partially as a result from greater soil retention.[citation needed]
There are many erosion control examples such as conservation tillage, crop
rotation, and growing cover crops.
Keyline design is an enhancement of contour farming, where the total watershed
properties are taken into account in forming the contour lines. Terracing is the
practice of creating benches or nearly level layers on a hillside setting. Terraced
farming is more common on small farms and in underdeveloped countries, since
mechanized equipment is difficult to deploy in this setting.
Human overpopulation is leading to destruction of tropical forests due to
widening practices of slash-and-burn and other methods of subsistence farming
necessitated by famines in lesser developed countries. A sequel to the
deforestation is typically large scale erosion, loss of soil nutrients and sometimes
total desertification.
Perimeter runoff control[edit]
Trees, shrubs and ground-covers are effective perimeter treatment for soil
erosion prevention, by insuring any surface flows are impeded. A special form of
this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a grass way that both
channels and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding surface runoff,
and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface water.[2]
Windbreaks[edit]
Windbreaks are created by planting sufficiently dense rows of trees at the
windward exposure of an agricultural field subject to wind erosion.[3] Evergreen
species are preferred to achieve year-round protection; however, as long as
foliage is present in the seasons of bare soil surfaces, the effect of deciduous trees
may also be adequate.

Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage
fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to
meet current and future human demand. Population, household size and growth
and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change
will increase pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing
and agricultural irrigation.[1]

Goals[edit]

The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh water from
an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment
facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions of the world
over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management.
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh water
habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to
build new dams and other water diversion infrastructures.
Strategies[edit]

In implementing water conservation principles there are a number of key
activities that may be beneficial.
Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste
Avoiding any damage to water quality.
Improving water management practices that reduce or enhance the beneficial use
of water.[2][3]
Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other
meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is
different from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions
of these variables in a given region.
A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components:
atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.[1]
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as
nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to
the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly
temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme
was originally developed by Wladimir Kppen. The Thornthwaite system,[2] in use
since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and
precipitation information and is used in studying animal species diversity and
potential effects of climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic
Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a
region.
Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of
climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from
proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake
beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Climate
models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate
change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent
warming is discussed in global warming.
Analysed according to the Kppen system, the climate of India resolves into six
major climatic subtypes; their influences give rise to desert in the west, alpine
tundra and glaciers in the north, humid tropical regions supporting rain forests in
the southwest, and Indian Ocean island territories that flank the Indian
subcontinent. Regions have starkly differentyet tightly clustered
microclimates. The nation is largely subject to four seasons: winter (January and
February), summer (March to May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June to
September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December).
India's geography and geology are climatically pivotal: the Thar Desert in the
northwest and the Himalayas in the north work in tandem to effect a culturally
and economically break-all monsoonal regime. As Earth's highest and most
massive mountain range, the Himalayan system bars the influx of frigid katabatic
winds from the icy Tibetan Plateau and northerly Central Asia. Most of North
India is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter; the same
thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer.
Though the Tropic of Cancerthe boundary between the tropics and subtropics
passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as
climatically tropical. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather
patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and
other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of
human lives. There is widespread scientific consensus that South Asia is likely to
see such climatic events, along with their aleatory unpredictability, to change in
frequency and are likely to increase in severity. Ongoing and future vegetative
changes and current sea level rises and the attendant inundation of India's low-
lying coastal areas are other impacts, current or predicted, that are attributable to
global warming.[1]
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of
weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may
be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather
around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events).
Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar
radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain
human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate
change, often referred to as "global warming".[1]
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using
observations and theoretical models. A climate record extending deep into the
Earth's past has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on
geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from
deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial
processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of
past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record.
General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in
theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and
link causes and effects in climate change.
In the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities
which affect the climate. The scientific consensus on climate change is "that
climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human
activities,"[53] and it "is largely irreversible."[54]
Science has made enormous inroads in understanding climate change and its
causes, and is beginning to help develop a strong understanding of current and
potential impacts that will affect people today and in coming decades. This
understanding is crucial because it allows decision makers to place climate change
in the context of other large challenges facing the nation and the world. There are
still some uncertainties, and there always will be in understanding a complex
system like Earths climate. Nevertheless, there is a strong, credible body of
evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is
changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions,
and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face
of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.

United States National Research Council, Advancing the Science of Climate
Change

Of most concern in these anthropogenic factors is the increase in CO2 levels due
to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter
in the atmosphere) and the CO2 released by cement manufacture. Other factors,
including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture[55] and deforestation, are
also of concern in the roles they play both separately and in conjunction with
other factors in affecting climate, microclimate, and measures of climate
variables.

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