Lymphat|c System: Cverv|ew ConslsLs of Lhree parLs 1. A meanderlng neLwork of lymphaLlc vessels 2. Lymph 3. Lymph nodes (lymphold Llssues and organs scaLLered LhroughouL Lhe body) 8eLurns lnLersLlLlal fluld and leaked plasma proLelns back Lo Lhe blood Lymph - lnLersLlLlal fluld once lL has enLered lymphaLlc vessels (cleot wotet) rovlde Lhe sLrucLural basls of Lhe lmmune sysLem Lymphat|c Vesse|s D|str|but|on and Structure of Lymphat|c Vesse|s A one-way sysLem ln whlch lymph flows Loward Lhe hearL Lymph vessels (lymphaLlcs) lnclude: LymphaLlc caplllarles - mlcroscoplc, permeable, bllnd-ended LymphaLlc collecLlng vessels LymphaLlc Lrunks and ducLs Lymphat|c Cap|||ar|es Slmllar Lo blood caplllarles, wlLh modlflcaLlons very permeable (Lake up cell debrls, paLhogens, and cancer cells) Loosely [olned endoLhellal mlnlvalves (overlapplng cells anchored by collagen fllamenLs, prevenLlng collapse of caplllarles) WlLhsLand lnLersLlLlal pressure and remaln open 1he mlnlvalves funcLlon as one-way gaLes LhaL: Allow lnLersLlLlal fluld Lo enLer lymph caplllarles uo noL allow lymph Lo escape from Lhe caplllarles uurlng lnflammaLlon, lymph caplllarles can absorb: Cell debrls aLhogens Cancer cells Cells ln Lhe lymph nodes: Cleanse and examlne" Lhls debrls LacLeals - speclallzed lymph caplllarles presenL ln lnLesLlnal mucosa Absorb dlgesLed faL and dellver chyle Lo Lhe blood AbsenL from bones, LeeLh, bone marrow and Lhe CnS Lymphat|c Co||ect|ng Vesse|s Pave Lhe same Lhree Lunlcs as velns, buL Pave Lhlnner walls, wlLh more lnLernal valves AnasLomose more frequenLly CollecLlng vessels ln Lhe skln Lravel wlLh superflclal velns ueep vessels Lravel wlLh arLerles nuLrlenLs are supplled from branchlng vasa vasorum
2 CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM
Lymphat|c 1runks LymphaLlc Lrunks are formed by Lhe unlon of Lhe largesL collecLlng ducLs Ma[or Lrunks lnclude: alred lumbar, bronchomedlasLlnal, subclavlan, and [ugular Lrunks A slngle lnLesLlnal Lrunk Lymphat|c Ducts Lymph ls dellvered lnLo one of Lwo large ducLs 8lghL lymphaLlc ducL - dralns Lhe rlghL upper arm and Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe head and Lhorax 1horaclc ducL - arlses from Lhe clsLerna chyll and dralns Lhe resL of Lhe body Lach empLles lymph lnLo venous clrculaLlon aL Lhe [uncLlon of Lhe lnLernal [ugular and subclavlan velns on lLs own slde of Lhe body Lymphat|c 1ransport 1he lymphaLlc sysLem lacks an organ LhaL acLs as a pump vessels are low-pressure condulLs uses Lhe same meLhods as velns Lo propel lymph ulsaLlons of nearby arLerles ConLracLlons of smooLh muscle ln Lhe walls of Lhe lymphaLlcs Lympho|d Ce||s and 1|ssues Lympho|d Ce||s LymphocyLes are Lhe maln cells lnvolved ln Lhe lmmune response 1he Lwo maln varleLles are 1 cells and 8 cells Lymphocytes 1 cells and 8 cells proLecL Lhe body agalnsL anLlgens AnLlgen - anyLhlng Lhe body percelves as forelgn 8acLerla and Lhelr Loxlns, and vlruses MlsmaLched 88Cs or cancer cells 1 cells Manage Lhe lmmune response ALLack and desLroy forelgn cells 8 cells roduce plasma cells, whlch secreLe anLlbodles AnLlbodles lmmoblllze anLlgens Cther Lympho|d Ce||s Macrophages - phagocyLlze forelgn subsLances and help acLlvaLe 1 cells uendrlLlc cells - splny-looklng cells wlLh funcLlons slmllar Lo macrophages, capLure anLlgens and dellvery Lhem Lo lymph nodes 8eLlcular cells - flbroblasL-llke cells LhaL produce a sLroma, or neLwork, LhaL supporLs oLher cell Lypes ln lymphold organs Lympho|d 1|ssue ulffuse lymphaLlc Llssue - scaLLered reLlcular Llssue elemenLs ln every body organ Larger collecLlons appear ln Lhe lamlna proprla of mucous membranes and lymphold organs LymphaLlc folllcles (nodules) - solld, spherlcal bodles conslsLlng of LlghLly packed reLlcular elemenLs and cells Pave a germlnal cenLer composed of dendrlLlc and 8 cells lound ln lsolaLlon and as parL of larger lymphold organs
CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM 3
Lympho|d Crgans Lymphold organs - dlscreLe, encapsulaLed collecLlons of dlffuse lymphold Llssue and folllcles Lxamples lnclude Lhe lymph nodes, spleen, and Lhymus Lymph Nodes nodes are lmbedded ln connecLlve Llssue and clusLered along lymphaLlc vessels AggregaLlons of Lhese nodes occur near Lhe body surface ln lngulnal, axlllary, and cervlcal reglons of Lhe body 1helr Lwo baslc funcLlons are: lllLraLlon - macrophages desLroy mlcroorganlsms and debrls lmmune sysLem acLlvaLlon - monlLor for anLlgens and mounL an aLLack agalnsL Lhem Structure of a Lymph Node nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a flbrous capsule 1rabeculae exLended lnward from Lhe capsule and dlvlde Lhe node lnLo comparLmenLs nodes have Lwo hlsLologlcally dlsLlncL reglons: a corLex and a medulla 1he corLex conLalns folllcles wlLh germlnal cenLers, heavy wlLh dlvldlng 8 cells uendrlLlc cells nearly encapsulaLe Lhe folllcles 1he deep corLex houses 1 cells ln LranslL 1 cells clrculaLe conLlnuously among Lhe blood, lymph nodes, and lymphaLlc sLream Medullary cords exLend from Lhe corLex and conLaln 8 cells, 1 cells, and plasma cells 1hroughouL Lhe node are lymph slnuses crlsscrossed by reLlcular flbers Macrophages reslde on Lhese flbers and phagocyLlze forelgn maLLer C|rcu|at|on |n the Lymph Nodes Lymph enLers vla a number of afferenL lymphaLlc vessels lL Lhen enLers a large subcapsular slnus and Lravels lnLo a number of smaller slnuses lL meanders Lhrough Lhese slnuses and exlLs Lhe node aL Lhe hllus vla efferenL vessels 8ecause Lhere are fewer efferenL vessels, lymph sLagnaLes somewhaL ln Lhe node 1hls allows lymphocyLes and macrophages Llme Lo carry ouL Lhelr proLecLlve funcLlons nomeostat|c Imba|ances of the Lymph Nodes lf lymph nodes are overwhelmed by large numbers of anLlgen: 1hey become lnflamed and Lender Lo Lhe Louch Such nodes are called buboes (or erroneously, swollen glands) nodes can also become secondary cancer slLes Such nodes are swollen, buL are noL palnful 1hls dlsLlngulshes cancerous nodes from lnfecLed ones
4 CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM
Cther Lympho|d Crgans 1he spleen, Lhymus gland, and Lonslls eyer's paLches and blLs of lymphaLlc Llssue scaLLered ln connecLlve Llssue All are composed of reLlcular connecLlve Llssue and all help proLecL Lhe body Cnly lymph nodes fllLer lymph Sp|een LargesL lymphold organ, locaLed on Lhe lefL slde of Lhe abdomlnal cavlLy beneaLh Lhe dlaphragm lL exLends Lo curl around Lhe anLerlor aspecL of Lhe sLomach lL ls served by Lhe splenlc arLery and veln, whlch enLer and exlL aL Lhe hllus luncLlons SlLe of lymphocyLe prollferaLlon lmmune survelllance and response Cleanses Lhe blood of aged cells and plaLeleLs, and debrls Add|t|ona| Sp|een Iunct|ons SLores breakdown producLs of 88Cs Spleen macrophages salvage and sLore lron for laLer use by bone marrow SlLe of feLal eryLhrocyLe producLlon (normally ceases afLer blrLh) SLores blood plaLeleLs Structure of the Sp|een Surrounded by a flbrous capsule, lL has Lrabeculae LhaL exLend lnward and conLalns lymphocyLes, macrophages, and huge numbers of eryLhrocyLes 1wo dlsLlncL areas of Lhe spleen are: WhlLe pulp - area around cenLral arLerles conLalnlng mosLly lymphocyLes suspended on reLlcular flbers and lnvolved ln lmmune funcLlons 8ed pulp - remalnlng splenlc Llssue (venous slnuses and splenlc cords) concerned wlLh dlsposlng of worn-ouL 88Cs and bloodborne paLhogens 1hymus A bllobed organ LhaL secreLs hormones (Lhymosln and LhymopoleLln) LhaL cause 1 lymphocyLes Lo become lmmunocompeLenL 1he slze of Lhe Lhymus varles wlLh age ln lnfanLs, lL ls found ln Lhe lnferlor neck and exLends lnLo Lhe medlasLlnum where lL parLlally overlles Lhe hearL lL lncreases ln slze and ls mosL acLlve durlng chlldhood lL sLops growlng durlng adolescence and Lhen gradually aLrophles Interna| Anatomy of the 1hymus 1hymlc lobes conLaln an ouLer corLex and lnner medulla 1he corLex conLalns densely packed lymphocyLes and scaLLered macrophages 1he medulla conLalns fewer lymphocyLes and Lhymlc (Passall's) corpuscles 1he Lhymus dlffers from oLher lymphold organs ln lmporLanL ways lL funcLlons sLrlcLly ln 1 lymphocyLe maLuraLlon lL does noL dlrecLly flghL anLlgens 1he sLroma of Lhe Lhymus conslsLs of sLar-shaped eplLhellal cells (noL reLlcular flbers) 1hese sLar-shaped LhymocyLes secreL Lhymoslns and LhymopoleLlns LhaL sLlmulaLe lymphocyLes Lo become lmmunocompeLenL pp. )8)6 CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM S
1ons||s SlmplesL lymphold organs, form a rlng of lymphaLlc Llssue around Lhe pharynx LocaLlon of Lhe Lonslls alaLlne Lonslls - elLher slde of Lhe posLerlor end of Lhe oral cavlLy Llngual Lonsll - lles aL Lhe base of Lhe Longue haryngeal Lonsll - posLerlor wall of Lhe nasopharynx 1ubal Lonslls - surround Lhe openlngs of Lhe audlLory Lubes lnLo Lhe pharynx Lymphold Llssue of Lonslls conLalns folllcles wlLh germlnal cenLers 1onsll masses are noL fully encapsulaLed LplLhellal Llssue overlylng Lonsll masses lnvaglnaLes, formlng bllnd-ended crypLs CrypLs Lrap and desLroy bacLerla and parLlculaLe maLLer Aggregates of Lympho|d Io|||c|es eyer's paLches - lsolaLed clusLers of lymphold Llssue, slmllar Lo Lonslls lound ln Lhe wall of Lhe dlsLal porLlon of Lhe small lnLesLlne Slmllar sLrucLures are found ln Lhe appendlx eyer's paLches and Lhe appendlx: uesLroy bacLerla, prevenLlng Lhem from breachlng Lhe lnLesLlnal wall CeneraLe memory" lymphocyLes for long-Lerm lmmunlLy MAL1 Mucosa-assoclaLed lymphaLlc Llssue, composed of: eyer's paLches, Lonslls, and Lhe appendlx (dlgesLlve LracL) Lymphold nodules ln Lhe wall of Lhe bronchl (resplraLory LracL) MAL1 proLecLs Lhe dlgesLlve and resplraLory sysLems from forelgn maLLer Deve|opmenta| Aspects 8eglnnlngs of Lhe lymphaLlc vessels and maln clusLers of lymph nodes are apparenL by Lhe flfLh week of embryonlc developmenL 1hese arlse from Lhe buddlng of lymph sacs from developlng velns LymphaLlc organs (excepL Lhe Lhymus) arlse from mesoderm 1he Lhymus (endodermal orlgln) forms as an ouLgrowLh of Lhe pharynx LxcepL for Lhe spleen and Lonslls, lymphold organs are poorly developed aL blrLh
The Perfect Liver Rescue Cookbook:The Complete Nutrition Guide To Helping Fatty Liver And Promoting Radiant Health With Delectable And Nourishing Recipes