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CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM 1

Chapter 20 - 1he Lymphat|c System: Lympho|d Crgans & 1|ssues


Lymphat|c System: Cverv|ew
ConslsLs of Lhree parLs
1. A meanderlng neLwork of lymphaLlc vessels
2. Lymph
3. Lymph nodes (lymphold Llssues and organs scaLLered LhroughouL Lhe body)
8eLurns lnLersLlLlal fluld and leaked plasma proLelns back Lo Lhe blood
Lymph - lnLersLlLlal fluld once lL has enLered lymphaLlc vessels (cleot wotet)
rovlde Lhe sLrucLural basls of Lhe lmmune sysLem
Lymphat|c Vesse|s
D|str|but|on and Structure of Lymphat|c Vesse|s
A one-way sysLem ln whlch lymph flows Loward Lhe hearL
Lymph vessels (lymphaLlcs) lnclude:
LymphaLlc caplllarles - mlcroscoplc, permeable, bllnd-ended
LymphaLlc collecLlng vessels
LymphaLlc Lrunks and ducLs
Lymphat|c Cap|||ar|es
Slmllar Lo blood caplllarles, wlLh modlflcaLlons
very permeable (Lake up cell debrls, paLhogens, and cancer cells)
Loosely [olned endoLhellal mlnlvalves (overlapplng cells anchored by collagen fllamenLs,
prevenLlng collapse of caplllarles)
WlLhsLand lnLersLlLlal pressure and remaln open
1he mlnlvalves funcLlon as one-way gaLes LhaL:
Allow lnLersLlLlal fluld Lo enLer lymph caplllarles
uo noL allow lymph Lo escape from Lhe caplllarles
uurlng lnflammaLlon, lymph caplllarles can absorb:
Cell debrls
aLhogens
Cancer cells
Cells ln Lhe lymph nodes:
Cleanse and examlne" Lhls debrls
LacLeals - speclallzed lymph caplllarles presenL ln lnLesLlnal mucosa
Absorb dlgesLed faL and dellver chyle Lo Lhe blood
AbsenL from bones, LeeLh, bone marrow and Lhe CnS
Lymphat|c Co||ect|ng Vesse|s
Pave Lhe same Lhree Lunlcs as velns, buL
Pave Lhlnner walls, wlLh more lnLernal valves
AnasLomose more frequenLly
CollecLlng vessels ln Lhe skln Lravel wlLh superflclal velns
ueep vessels Lravel wlLh arLerles
nuLrlenLs are supplled from branchlng vasa vasorum

2 CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM

Lymphat|c 1runks
LymphaLlc Lrunks are formed by Lhe unlon of Lhe largesL collecLlng ducLs
Ma[or Lrunks lnclude:
alred lumbar, bronchomedlasLlnal, subclavlan, and [ugular Lrunks
A slngle lnLesLlnal Lrunk
Lymphat|c Ducts
Lymph ls dellvered lnLo one of Lwo large ducLs
8lghL lymphaLlc ducL - dralns Lhe rlghL upper arm and Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe head and Lhorax
1horaclc ducL - arlses from Lhe clsLerna chyll and dralns Lhe resL of Lhe body
Lach empLles lymph lnLo venous clrculaLlon aL Lhe [uncLlon of Lhe lnLernal [ugular and subclavlan
velns on lLs own slde of Lhe body
Lymphat|c 1ransport
1he lymphaLlc sysLem lacks an organ LhaL acLs as a pump
vessels are low-pressure condulLs
uses Lhe same meLhods as velns Lo propel lymph
ulsaLlons of nearby arLerles
ConLracLlons of smooLh muscle ln Lhe walls of Lhe lymphaLlcs
Lympho|d Ce||s and 1|ssues
Lympho|d Ce||s
LymphocyLes are Lhe maln cells lnvolved ln Lhe lmmune response
1he Lwo maln varleLles are 1 cells and 8 cells
Lymphocytes
1 cells and 8 cells proLecL Lhe body agalnsL anLlgens
AnLlgen - anyLhlng Lhe body percelves as forelgn
8acLerla and Lhelr Loxlns, and vlruses
MlsmaLched 88Cs or cancer cells
1 cells
Manage Lhe lmmune response
ALLack and desLroy forelgn cells
8 cells
roduce plasma cells, whlch secreLe anLlbodles
AnLlbodles lmmoblllze anLlgens
Cther Lympho|d Ce||s
Macrophages - phagocyLlze forelgn subsLances and help acLlvaLe 1 cells
uendrlLlc cells - splny-looklng cells wlLh funcLlons slmllar Lo macrophages, capLure anLlgens and
dellvery Lhem Lo lymph nodes
8eLlcular cells - flbroblasL-llke cells LhaL produce a sLroma, or neLwork, LhaL supporLs oLher cell
Lypes ln lymphold organs
Lympho|d 1|ssue
ulffuse lymphaLlc Llssue - scaLLered reLlcular Llssue elemenLs ln every body organ
Larger collecLlons appear ln Lhe lamlna proprla of mucous membranes and lymphold organs
LymphaLlc folllcles (nodules) - solld, spherlcal bodles conslsLlng of LlghLly packed reLlcular elemenLs
and cells
Pave a germlnal cenLer composed of dendrlLlc and 8 cells
lound ln lsolaLlon and as parL of larger lymphold organs

CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM 3

Lympho|d Crgans
Lymphold organs - dlscreLe, encapsulaLed collecLlons of dlffuse lymphold Llssue and folllcles
Lxamples lnclude Lhe lymph nodes, spleen, and Lhymus
Lymph Nodes
nodes are lmbedded ln connecLlve Llssue and clusLered along lymphaLlc vessels
AggregaLlons of Lhese nodes occur near Lhe body surface ln lngulnal, axlllary, and cervlcal reglons of
Lhe body
1helr Lwo baslc funcLlons are:
lllLraLlon - macrophages desLroy mlcroorganlsms and debrls
lmmune sysLem acLlvaLlon - monlLor for anLlgens and mounL an aLLack agalnsL Lhem
Structure of a Lymph Node
nodes are bean shaped and surrounded by a flbrous capsule
1rabeculae exLended lnward from Lhe capsule and dlvlde Lhe node lnLo comparLmenLs
nodes have Lwo hlsLologlcally dlsLlncL reglons: a corLex and a medulla
1he corLex conLalns folllcles wlLh germlnal cenLers, heavy wlLh dlvldlng 8 cells
uendrlLlc cells nearly encapsulaLe Lhe folllcles
1he deep corLex houses 1 cells ln LranslL
1 cells clrculaLe conLlnuously among Lhe blood, lymph nodes, and lymphaLlc sLream
Medullary cords exLend from Lhe corLex and conLaln 8 cells, 1 cells, and plasma cells
1hroughouL Lhe node are lymph slnuses crlsscrossed by reLlcular flbers
Macrophages reslde on Lhese flbers and phagocyLlze forelgn maLLer
C|rcu|at|on |n the Lymph Nodes
Lymph enLers vla a number of afferenL lymphaLlc vessels
lL Lhen enLers a large subcapsular slnus and Lravels lnLo a number of smaller slnuses
lL meanders Lhrough Lhese slnuses and exlLs Lhe node aL Lhe hllus vla efferenL vessels
8ecause Lhere are fewer efferenL vessels, lymph sLagnaLes somewhaL ln Lhe node
1hls allows lymphocyLes and macrophages Llme Lo carry ouL Lhelr proLecLlve funcLlons
nomeostat|c Imba|ances of the Lymph Nodes
lf lymph nodes are overwhelmed by large numbers of anLlgen:
1hey become lnflamed and Lender Lo Lhe Louch
Such nodes are called buboes (or erroneously, swollen glands)
nodes can also become secondary cancer slLes
Such nodes are swollen, buL are noL palnful
1hls dlsLlngulshes cancerous nodes from lnfecLed ones

4 CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM

Cther Lympho|d Crgans
1he spleen, Lhymus gland, and Lonslls
eyer's paLches and blLs of lymphaLlc Llssue scaLLered ln connecLlve Llssue
All are composed of reLlcular connecLlve Llssue and all help proLecL Lhe body
Cnly lymph nodes fllLer lymph
Sp|een
LargesL lymphold organ, locaLed on Lhe lefL slde of Lhe abdomlnal cavlLy beneaLh Lhe dlaphragm
lL exLends Lo curl around Lhe anLerlor aspecL of Lhe sLomach
lL ls served by Lhe splenlc arLery and veln, whlch enLer and exlL aL Lhe hllus
luncLlons
SlLe of lymphocyLe prollferaLlon
lmmune survelllance and response
Cleanses Lhe blood of aged cells and plaLeleLs, and debrls
Add|t|ona| Sp|een Iunct|ons
SLores breakdown producLs of 88Cs
Spleen macrophages salvage and sLore lron for laLer use by bone marrow
SlLe of feLal eryLhrocyLe producLlon (normally ceases afLer blrLh)
SLores blood plaLeleLs
Structure of the Sp|een
Surrounded by a flbrous capsule, lL has Lrabeculae LhaL exLend lnward and conLalns lymphocyLes,
macrophages, and huge numbers of eryLhrocyLes
1wo dlsLlncL areas of Lhe spleen are:
WhlLe pulp - area around cenLral arLerles conLalnlng mosLly lymphocyLes suspended on
reLlcular flbers and lnvolved ln lmmune funcLlons
8ed pulp - remalnlng splenlc Llssue (venous slnuses and splenlc cords) concerned
wlLh dlsposlng of worn-ouL 88Cs and bloodborne paLhogens
1hymus
A bllobed organ LhaL secreLs hormones (Lhymosln and LhymopoleLln) LhaL cause 1 lymphocyLes Lo
become lmmunocompeLenL
1he slze of Lhe Lhymus varles wlLh age
ln lnfanLs, lL ls found ln Lhe lnferlor neck and exLends lnLo Lhe medlasLlnum where lL parLlally
overlles Lhe hearL
lL lncreases ln slze and ls mosL acLlve durlng chlldhood
lL sLops growlng durlng adolescence and Lhen gradually aLrophles
Interna| Anatomy of the 1hymus
1hymlc lobes conLaln an ouLer corLex and lnner medulla
1he corLex conLalns densely packed lymphocyLes and scaLLered macrophages
1he medulla conLalns fewer lymphocyLes and Lhymlc (Passall's) corpuscles
1he Lhymus dlffers from oLher lymphold organs ln lmporLanL ways
lL funcLlons sLrlcLly ln 1 lymphocyLe maLuraLlon
lL does noL dlrecLly flghL anLlgens
1he sLroma of Lhe Lhymus conslsLs of sLar-shaped eplLhellal cells (noL reLlcular flbers)
1hese sLar-shaped LhymocyLes secreL Lhymoslns and LhymopoleLlns LhaL sLlmulaLe lymphocyLes
Lo become lmmunocompeLenL
pp. )8)6
CnA1Lk 20 - LMnA1IC SS1LM S

1ons||s
SlmplesL lymphold organs, form a rlng of lymphaLlc Llssue around Lhe pharynx
LocaLlon of Lhe Lonslls
alaLlne Lonslls - elLher slde of Lhe posLerlor end of Lhe oral cavlLy
Llngual Lonsll - lles aL Lhe base of Lhe Longue
haryngeal Lonsll - posLerlor wall of Lhe nasopharynx
1ubal Lonslls - surround Lhe openlngs of Lhe audlLory Lubes lnLo Lhe pharynx
Lymphold Llssue of Lonslls conLalns folllcles wlLh germlnal cenLers
1onsll masses are noL fully encapsulaLed
LplLhellal Llssue overlylng Lonsll masses lnvaglnaLes, formlng bllnd-ended crypLs
CrypLs Lrap and desLroy bacLerla and parLlculaLe maLLer
Aggregates of Lympho|d Io|||c|es
eyer's paLches - lsolaLed clusLers of lymphold Llssue, slmllar Lo Lonslls
lound ln Lhe wall of Lhe dlsLal porLlon of Lhe small lnLesLlne
Slmllar sLrucLures are found ln Lhe appendlx
eyer's paLches and Lhe appendlx:
uesLroy bacLerla, prevenLlng Lhem from breachlng Lhe lnLesLlnal wall
CeneraLe memory" lymphocyLes for long-Lerm lmmunlLy
MAL1
Mucosa-assoclaLed lymphaLlc Llssue, composed of:
eyer's paLches, Lonslls, and Lhe appendlx (dlgesLlve LracL)
Lymphold nodules ln Lhe wall of Lhe bronchl (resplraLory LracL)
MAL1 proLecLs Lhe dlgesLlve and resplraLory sysLems from forelgn maLLer
Deve|opmenta| Aspects
8eglnnlngs of Lhe lymphaLlc vessels and maln clusLers of lymph nodes are apparenL by Lhe flfLh week
of embryonlc developmenL
1hese arlse from Lhe buddlng of lymph sacs from developlng velns
LymphaLlc organs (excepL Lhe Lhymus) arlse from mesoderm
1he Lhymus (endodermal orlgln) forms as an ouLgrowLh of Lhe pharynx
LxcepL for Lhe spleen and Lonslls, lymphold organs are poorly developed aL blrLh

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