COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN-

BACOLOD


LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR
ENERGY CONVERSION
EE 406E








Name ____________________________________________ Date _______________________
EE 406E
ENERGY CONVERSION
Practical Activity No. 1
Title: Electric Generator Principles
Equipment & Tools: Simple Generator, Voltmeter, Connecting Leads
Objectives:
1. To be able to understand the principles of generator action.
2. To be able to know the types and parts of an electric generator.
3. To be able to understand how electric generator is able to convert mechanical energy into electric
energy.
4. To be able to understand how an AC & DC voltages are generated.

Activities / Procedures:
1. Define the functions of an electric generator.
2. Using a block diagram, illustrate the function of an electric generator, the conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
3. Identify the different prime movers used in the power generation.
4. What are the different parts of a generator. Define the function of each.
5. Using the available generator, identify the parts of the generator. What type is the available generator, is
it an AC or DC?
6. Differentiate AC from DC generator.
7. With the aid of illustrations, explain how an emf (voltage) is developed in a generator. Is the voltage
developed, AC or DC?
8. Using a simple generator with a voltmeter connected at the output terminals, rotate the
armature at several turns and observe the voltmeter reading.
9. Rotate the armature at a faster speed for several turns and note the voltage reading.
10. Describe your observations in procedures 7 & 8.
11. Write the fundamental generated voltage equation.
12. With the aid of illustrations, explain how AC voltage is generated in a 2-pole generator.
13. Name at least 10 tools or equipment that use AC voltage.
14. With the aid of illustrations, explain how DC voltage is generated in a 2-pole generator.
15. Name at least 10 tools or equipment that use DC voltage.
16. Which voltage is widely used?
17. If you are going to choose, which voltage will you use? Why?






Name _______________________________ Course & Year ____________ Date ___________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No.2
Title: DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

Objectives:
1. To understand how a dc voltage is generated.
2. To know the parts of a dc generator and their functions.
3. To know the types of armature winding of a dc generator and their connections.

Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit DC Generator

Procedures:
1. Dismantle the available dc generator, identify the parts and define the function of each.
2. Make a sketch of the parts of the dc generator and label them.
3. Describe how dc generator differs with ac generator in construction and arrangement.
4. What type of armature and field arrangement you noticed in the available generator?
5. Using an illustration / sketch, explain how a dc voltage is generated.
6. What are the general types of armature winding? Make a sketch showing how they are connected to
the commutator bars.
7. Draw a complete winding diagram of a simplex-lap, 4-pole, 24-slot, 24-commutator-segment dc
generator.
8. Draw a schematic diagram showing how a total current divides into four paths in dc generator of
procedure # 7.
9. Draw a complete winding diagram of a simplex-wave, 4-pole, 23-slot, 23-commutator-segment dc
generator.
10. Draw a schematic diagram of a dc generator of procedure # 9 showing two parallel paths.











Name _______________________________ Course & Year ____________ Date ___________
EE 406E
ENERGY CONVERSION
Practical Activity No. 3
Title : DIRECT CURRENT GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 set Motor- driven DC Generator
1 pc DC Voltmeter
1 pc Variable Resistor, 3,300 ohms
1 pc DC Ammeter
1 pc Tachometer
1 set Connecting leads.

Objectives:
1. To know the general types of dc generator.
2. To understand the no-load and under-load characteristics of dc generator.
3. To know the requirements for build-up of dc generator.
4. To understand the field current & output voltage relationship of the dc generator.

Procedures / Activities:
1. Enumerate the general types of dc generator. Draw the schematic diagram of each. Indicate the
terminal markings.
2. What are the requirements for build-up process of a dc generator?
3. Using the motor driven dc generator, connect a shunt dc generator with out load, as shown in Fig. 1.
Rheostat shunt field


motor armature voltmeter
0 220 Vdc



Fig. 1



4. Start the generator and gradually increase the speed until it reaches 1400 rpm. Determine the values
of variables indicated in Table 1.




Table 1. No-load Characteristics
RPM Generator Output Voltage Reading
Shunt Series Short-shunt Long-shunt
500
750
1000
1250
1400

5. Connect a series dc generator as shown in Fig. 2, and repeat procedure 4.

Rheostat series field


0 220Vdc
Motor armature voltmeter


Fig. 2

6. Connect a short shunt compound dc generator as shown in Fig. 3, and repeat procedure 4.

Rheostat shunt field series field


0 220Vdc

Motor armature voltmeter


Fig. 3

7. Connect a long shunt compound dc generator as shown in Fig. 4, and repeat procedure 4.
rheostat
shunt
field series field

0 220Vdc
Motor armature voltmeter


Fig. 4


8. Connect the load (resistance) to the terminals of a shunt dc generator as shown in Fig. 5.

Rheostat shunt
field

0 220Vdc
Motor armature voltmeter load


Fig. 5

9. Run the generator at 1200 rpm and determine the voltage reading at the generator terminals for
different loads as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2 Under-load Characteristics
Load
(ohms)
Generator Output Voltage Reading
Shunt Series Short-shunt Long-shunt
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000

10. Repeat procedures 8 & 9 but connect a series generator.
11. Repeat procedures 8 & 9 but connect a short shunt generator.
12. Repeat procedures 8 & 9 but connect a long shunt generator.
13. Using the data indicated in Tables 1 & 2, describe the no-load and under-load characteristics of shunt,
series, short shunt compound & long shunt compound generators.
14. Connect a shunt generator a shown in Fig. 6. Run the generator to a speed of 1200 rpm, and
determine the output voltage for a given field current as indicated in Table 3. Draw the field current &
output voltage curve.
Shunt ammeter
field


0 220Vdc
Motor armature voltmeter


rheostat

Fig. 6


Table 3 Shunt Field Current - Output Voltage
RPM Field Current Output Voltage
1200 0 mA
1200 10 mA
1200 20 mA
1200 30 mA
1200 40 mA
1200 50 mA
1200 60 mA
1200 70 mA
1200 80 mA
1200 90 mA
1200 100 mA



















Name ___________________________________ Course & Year ____________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 4
Title : DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS CHARACTERISTICS
Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit DC Machine
1 pc DC Voltmeter, 0 250 volts
1 pc Hand Tachometer
1 pc DC Ammeter, 0 30A
1 unit DC Power Supply, 0 250 volts
1 set Connecting Leads
1 pc Variable Resistor, 0 3300 ohms

Objectives:
1. To understand how a motor is able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
2. To run the dc motors and understand their operating characteristics.
3. To know how to reverse the rotation of a dc shunt motor.

Procedures / Activities:
1. Using the available dc machine, measure the resistance across the armature.
2. Connect a dc shunt motor circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

+
+ ammeter F
1

Variable + _
dc power voltmeter A
1
shunt
source _ armature field

_ A
2
F
2


Fig. 1
3. Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the voltage until it reaches 100 volts. Take the
ammeter reading and measure the speed of the motor.
4. Compute for the counter electromotive force of the motor, E
C
= V
A
- I
A
R
A.







5. Decrease the applied voltage to the values indicated in Table 1, and take the corresponding armature
current and speed of the motor. For each of the applied voltage, compute for the corresponding
counter electromotive force developed in the motor.
6. Reduce the voltage to zero, and turn off the power supply.

Table 1
Applied
Voltage
V
A

Armature Current
I
A


Speed
RPM
Counter Emf
E
C

Shunt Series Compound Shunt Series Compound Shunt Series Compound
100V

90V

80V

70V

60V

50V

40V

30V

20V

10V


7. Connect the motor circuit as shown in Fig. 2.

+ - S
1
S
2

series
+ Ammeter field A
1

variable armature
dc power voltmeter
supply _ A
2


Fig. 2
8. Repeat procedures #3 6.
9. Connect the motor circuit as shown in Fig.3, and repeat procedures #3 6.
+ _ S
1
S
2


variable + + ammeter series A
1
F
1

dc power voltmeter armature shunt
supply _ _ A
2
F
2


Fig. 3





10. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.4.


A
1
F
1

+
Variable shunt
dc power armature field
supply
_ A
2
F
2


Fig. 4

11. Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the voltage until the motor has rotated. What is the
direction of the rotation of the motor?
12. Reduce the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
13. Interchange the connection of the shunt field to the armature. Connect F
1
to A
2
and F
2
to A
1
.
14. Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the voltage until the motor has rotated. What is the
direction of the rotation of the motor? Reduce the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
15. Interchange the connection of the armature to the shunt field. Connect A
1
to F
1
and A
2
to F
2
. Turn on
the power supply and gradually adjust the voltage until the motor has rotated. What is the direction of
the rotation of the motor?
16. What are the ways to change the rotation of a dc motor?
17. Using the results obtained in table 1, draw the voltage & current, and RPM & Ec curves of a dc shunt,
series and compound motors.












Name __________________________________________________Course & Year __________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 5
Title: Starting DC Motor
Objectives:
1. To know the magnitude of current flowing in the circuit during the starting of dc motor.
2. To know the effects of high starting current in the circuit.
3. To know how to install the motor starter.
4. To understand the effects of motor starter in starting dc motor.
Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit DC Motor
1 unit DC Power Supply, 0 220V
1 pc Variable Resistor, 3,300 ohms
1 pc DC Ammeter, 0 30A
1 pc Multi-tester, Digital
1 pc Toggle Switch
1 set Connecting Leads
Procedures:
1. Examine the available dc motor and know the name plate ratings. What is the voltage and current rating?
2. Connect the shunt field and armature in parallel and measure the resistance.
3. What is the formula in determining the starting current of dc motor? Using this formula, compute for the
starting current of the available dc motor. How much larger is the starting current to the rated full-load current?
4. If the impressed voltage to the available dc motor is 100 volts, what is the starting current? Compare this value
to that of procedure # 3.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

+ _
SW ammeter A
1
F
1

DC
Power armature shunt
Supply
A
2
F
2



Fig. 1




6. With the switch open, adjust the dc power supply to 100 volts. Set the ammeter to the highest range, and turn
on the switch. What is the ammeter reading at the instant the switch was turned on? Turn off the switch.
7. Adjust the dc power supply voltage to 50 volts. Turn on the switch and take the starting current. Turn off the
switch, return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
8. Compare the results you obtained in procedures # 6 and 7.
9. Turn on the switch, turn on the power supply and gradually adjust the voltage to 100 volts. Take note of the
ammeter reading, and get the highest reading as the voltage is increased up to 100 volts.
10. Compare the results you obtained in procedures #6, 7 & 9.
11. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.

+ _
SW F
1

Ammeter Rs
DC + A
1

Power armature shunt
Supply
_ A
2

F
2


Fig. 2

12. Set the resistance of the variable resistor to 2,000 ohms before connecting it to the circuit. With the switch
open, turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 100 volts. Turn on the switch and take the reading of
the starting current. Turn off the switch, return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
13. Take the variable resistor, adjust the resistance to 1,000 ohms and connect it back to the circuit. Turn the power
supply and adjust the voltage to 100 volts. Turn on the switch and take the reading of the starting current. Turn
off the switch, return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
14. Based on the activities that were performed, what are the methods used in starting the dc motor? Which of
these methods is best in starting dc motors? Why?














Name ____________________________________ Course & Year __________
Subject: ENERGY CONVERSION
Practical Activity No. 6
Title : AC Generator Construction
Objectives:
1. To know how ac generator is constructed.
2. To know the difference in construction between ac & dc generators.
3. To identify the parts of ac generator and know their arrangement.
4. To know the types of windings used in alternator and how they are arranged in the armature slots.

Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit AC generator
Procedures:
1. Using the available ac generator, identify the parts and know how they are being arranged. Make a
sketch of the available alternator.
2. Compare this arrangement with that of the dc generator you used in practical activity #2.
3. Which arrangement is preferable? Why?
4. Make a sketch showing how an ac voltage is generated.
5. What are the factors that determine the generated voltage of an ac generator?
6. In the given alternator, what is the type of winding being used?
7. What is the coil pitch?
8. How many coils are there in each group?
9. Is the given alternator single phase or three phase?
10. Trace the windings of the given alternator and draw its schematic winding diagram.
11. Draw the schematic winding diagram of a 24 slots 4-pole wye connected 3-phase alternator. Show the
direction of the induced voltage on each set of windings.













Name ____________________________________ Course & Year __________
Subject: ENERGY CONVERSION
Practical Activity No. 7
Title : AC Generator Characteristics
Objectives:
1. To know the operating characteristics of an ac generator.
2. To know how ac generators are connected in parallel.
Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 set Engine-driven AC generator
1 pc. Hand Tachometer
1 pc Multi-tester
1 pc Frequency meter
Procedures:
1. Determine the following ratings of the available generator:
a. Voltage
b. No. of poles
c. Frequency
d. Phase
2. What should be the rpm of an ac generator to generate voltage at a frequency of 60 hertz.
3. Run the engine-driven generator and determined the rpm using a hand tachometer.Determine the
frequency and measure the generated voltage.
4. Do these values conform to the rated values? If not, what are causes of difference?
5. Determine the generated voltage and frequency of the available ac generator for the following rpm as
indicated in the given table.
RPM COMPUTED MEASURED
VOLTAGE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE FREQUENCY
1800
1500
1200
900
750

6. Based on the data indicated in table 1, describe the operating characteristics of an ac generator.
7. Using the schools operating generating sets, determine the ratings of each.
8. With the aid of the operator, run the generating sets one after the other and observe how they are being
operated.
9. Describe the operation of each generating set.
10. Is there any noticeable difference between the two generating sets?
11. What is the total generating capacity of these two generators?
12. Know the total electrical load of the school by asking the operator.
13. Is one generator enough to carry the load of the school?
14. Compare these generators with the generator you used in procedure #1.
15. What is the purpose of operating the generators in parallel?
16. What are the requirements for the parallel operation of alternators?
17. Draw the wiring diagram of two three-phase alternators connected for parallel operation.

Name _________________________________________________ Course & Year _________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 8
Title: Transformer Construction
Objectives:
1. To know the materials used in the construction of a transformer.
2. To know how the transformer is constructed.
3. To know the different types of transformer.
Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 pc Transformer, shell type, 0 110 220 / 12 0 12 V, 1A
1 pc Digital Multi-tester
1 pc Transformer, burned
1 unit AC Variable Power Supply, 0 250V
1 pc AC Voltmeter
Procedures:
1. Using the available functional transformer, examine closely how it is constructed.
2. Describe and compare the sizes of wires use.
3. Measure the resistance of each winding.
4. What type of transformer is the available transformer?
5. What is the ratio of transformation if the higher voltage winding is used as primary?
6. What is the ratio of transformation if the lower voltage winding is used as primary?
7. Describe how the windings are arranged in the core.
8. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1


220 12
AC AC
Power voltmeter
Supply 0 0


Transformer
Fig. 1

9. Adjust the power supply voltage to 220 volts and measure the voltage at the primary and secondary windings.
10. Compare your readings in procedure #9 with that of the rating of the transformer. Is there any difference, if
there is, what causes this difference?
11. What is the ratio of transformation based on your voltage readings?
12. What type of transformer is this?







220 12
AC AC Power
voltmeter Supply
0 0


Transformer
Fig. 2

13. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
14. Adjust the ac power supply voltage to 12 volts, and measure the voltage across the terminals of the primary and
secondary windings.
15. What is the ratio of transformation based on your voltage readings?
16. What type of transformer is this?
17. What precautions will you take in connecting the given transformer to the source of power and load?
18. Using a burned transformer, dismantle the transformer and be able to know the number of turns of each
winding and how the windings are placed in the core.
19. Construct the winding diagram of the available transformer.
20. What are the things you should know before using a transformer?


























Name ______________________________________ Course & Year ___________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 9
Title: Transformer Characteristics
Objectives:
1. To know how transformer action can be produced.
2. To verify the functions of transformer.
3. To know the ways in transforming voltage.
Tools, Equipment & Materials:
1 unit DC Power Supply, 0 30 V
1 unit AC Power Supply, 0 250V
1 pc Transformer, 0 110 220 / 12 0 12V, 2A
1 pc Multi-tester, Digital
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 pc Pushbutton Switch
1 pc AC Voltmeter
1 pc AC Ammeter
Procedures:
1. What is a transformer?
2. Using the available transformer, determine the voltage & current ratings, and the type of core used.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.


+ Sw
DC 110V 12V
Power AC voltmeter
Source 0V 12V
-
Fig. 1
4. Turn on the DC power supply and adjust the voltage to 20 volts. Press the switch to on position
momentarily and observe the reading of the voltmeter. What is the reading of the voltmeter?
5. Press the switch and hold to on position and observe the reading of the voltmeter. Describe your
observation.
6. Press and release the switch several times while observing the reading of the voltmeter. What is the
average reading of the voltmeter?
7. Increase the frequency of pressing & releasing the switch while observing the voltmeter. What is the
average reading of the voltmeter? Reduce the voltage to zero & turn off the power supply.
8. Using the results obtained in procedures 4, 5 & 6, what conclusion can you make regarding the use of
transformer?
9. Replace the DC power supply by a variable AC power supply. Turn on the power supply and adjust the
voltage to 20 volts. Press the switch to on position and observe the reading of the voltmeter. What is
the reading of the voltmeter?



10. Increase the voltage to 110 volts, press the switch to on position and take the reading of the voltmeter.
11. What is the reading of the voltmeter? What are the primary and secondary voltages of the
transformer? Reduce the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
12. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.


AC 110V 12V
Power AC voltmeter
Source 0V 12V

Fig. 2
13. Turn on the power supply and adjust the AC voltage to 10 volts. Using the oscilloscope, take the
voltage waveform and determine the value and frequency of the primary and secondary voltages of
the transformer. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
14. Disconnect the power supply from the circuit. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 110
volts using digital multi-tester. Turn off the power supply.
15. Connect the power supply back to the circuit. Turn on the power supply and measure the voltages
across the 0 110V and 12V 12V terminals of the transformer. What do you call the voltages you
measured. Is there any difference between the source voltage and the one measured in the 0 110V
terminals of the transformer? What are the causes of this difference?
16. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3
ammeter
220V 12V

AC short circuit
Source voltmeter

Low side
High side 0V 0V
Fig. 3
17. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 10 volts. What is the reading of the ammeter.
What kind of power is being measured by this test and determine its value? Adjust the voltage to zero
and turn off the power supply.
18. Determine the equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.
19. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.







ammeter
12V 220V

AC
Source voltmeter

High side
Low side 0V 0V
Fig. 4
20. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 12 volts. What is the reading of the ammeter?
What kind of power is being determined by this test, and compute its value?
21. What are the power losses in the transformer and how do you determine them?
22. Why is it important to know these losses?
23. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 5.

AC Source




H
voltmeter



Fig. 5
24. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 100 volts.
25. What is the reading of the voltmeter?
26. Using the reading of the voltmeter, what is the polarity of the given transformer?
27. What are the basis in determining the polarity of the transformer?
28. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.






H1 H2

X1 X2



Name _________________________________________________ Course & Year _________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 10
Title: Steam Generator

Objectives:
1. To know how steam generator convert chemical energy into steam energy.
2. To know the different fuels used for steam generators.
3. To know the different uses of steam.
4. To know the different types of steam generators.

Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit Steam generator

Procedures:
1. Using the schools steam generator, examine how the steam generator is being constructed.
2. Be able to know the following specifications of the steam generator:
a. Type of construction
b. Fuel used
c. Capacity
d. Steam pressure
e. Steam temperature
3. Describe how the steam generator is being started.
4. What is the source of water being used by the steam generator?
5. What are the means of measuring the amount of water used by the boiler?
6. What instrument is used in determining the water level inside the boiler?
7. How is the fuel consumed being measured?
8. How long did it take to produce steam after the boiler was started?
9. What is the temperature of the steam produced?
10.What is the steam pressure developed after 5 minutes the steam was produced.
11.How will the steam produced be used?
12.What is the insulator used in containing the heat produced by the boiler?
13.How is the burnt fuel of the boiler being disposed?
14.Explain how this boiler is able to convert chemical energy into steam energy.






Name _________________________________________________ Course & Year _________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 11
Title: Internal Combustion Engine

Objectives:
1. To understand how an internal combustion engine is able to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.
2. To know the parts of an internal combustion engine.
3. To know the different types of internal combustion engine.

Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit Gasoline Engine
1 unit Diesel Engine

Procedures:
1. Using the available gasoline engine, examine closely the unit and identify the parts. What are the functions
of the parts you had identified?
2. Make a sketch or take the picture of the gasoline engine, and label the parts.
3. Take hold of the handle of the crankshaft and rotate it. Observe how the pistons are moving. What type of
engine is this?
4. What are the different strokes you had observed?
5. Explain the activity for each stroke.
6. Using the schools diesel generating sets, examine engine and identify















Name _________________________________________________ Course & Year _________________
EE 406E
Energy Conversion
Practical Activity No. 12
Title: Split Phase Motors

Objectives:
1. To know how a split-phase motor is constructed.
2. To understand how a split-phase motor operates.
3. To know the different types of split-phase motors

Materials, Tools & Equipment:
1 unit Split-phase motor
1 pc Tachometer
1 pc AC Voltmeter, 0 250 V
1 unit Variable AC Power Supply, 0 250V
1 set Connecting leads
1 unit Digital Camera

Procedures:
1. Using the available split-phase motor, examine how the motor is constructed.
2. Take the pictures of the motor showing its parts.
3. How many sets of windings does this motor has?
4. Describe how they are placed in the stator slots of the motor.
5. Describe the sizes of the windings used.
6. What is the means of disconnecting the auxiliary winding from the power source after the motor had started?
7. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.


Variable
Power split-phase motor
Supply ac voltmeter
0 250V
Fig. 1
8. Turn on the power supply and gradually adjust the voltage until the motors centrifugal switch was opened.
9. Take the voltage reading when the centrifugal switch was opened.
10.Using the hand tachometer, determine the speed of the motor when the centrifugal switch was opened.
11.Using your digital camera, take the picture of the motor showing the centrifugal switch already opened.
12.Gradually decrease the voltage until the motor stopped.
13.While the voltage is reduced, take the voltage reading and the speed of the motor when the centrifugal switch
was closed.
14.Take the picture of the centrifugal switch when it was closed.




15.Turn off the power supply.
16.Repeat procedures 8 13 and tabulate your results.
17.Determine the average voltages and speeds for the opening and closing of centrifugal switch.
18.Explain how a standard split-phase motor operates.