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g
k
ro
B
g
!
"
#
#
#
#
#
$
%
&
&
&
&
&
Surface volume of water: = Q
oR
k
rw
w
k
ro
B
w
Question 6 (12 points)
a) List all steps and formulas/equations/definitions used in the derivation of a (one-phase) fluid
flow equation.
Continuity equation
Darcys equation (velocity as function of pressure)
Fluid description (density as function of pressure)
Pore description (porosity as function of pressure)
Which coordinate systems are used for the following flow equations?
b)
!
2
P
!x
2
= (
"c
k
)
!P
!t
Cartesian (linear)
c)
1
r
!
!r
r
!P
!r
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
= (
(c
k
)
!P
!t
Cylindrical (radial)
d)
1
r
2
!
!r
r
2
!P
!r
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
= (
(c
k
)
!P
!t
Spherical
e) Which two main types of boundary conditions are normally used to represent reservoir fluid
production and injection?
Bottom hole pressure specified
Production rate specified
f) Write the steady-state form of equation d) above, and solve for pressure as a function of
radius for boundary conditions
P(r = r
e
) = P
e
and
P( r = r
w
) = P
w
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 9 of 14
!
!r
r
2
!P
!r
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
= 0 ( r
2
!P
!r
= A (
!P
!r
=
A
r
2
( P = )
A
r
+ B
P(r = r
e
) = P
e
= )
A
r
e
+ B
P(r = r
w
) = P
w
= )
A
r
w
+ B
*
+
,
,
-
,
,
A =
P
e
) P
w
1
r
w
)
1
r
e
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
, B = P
e
)
P
e
) P
w
1
r
w
)
1
r
e
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
r
e
P = P
e
)
P
e
) P
w
1
r
w
)
1
r
e
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
1
r
)
1
r
e
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
Question 7 (22 points)
The general form of the Material Balance Equation may be written as (se attached definitions of the
symbols used):
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
+ W
p
B
w2
=
N B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
+ mB
o1
B
g2
B
g1
! 1
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
! 1+ m
( )
B
o1
C
r
+C
w
S
w1
1! S
w1
P
2
! P
1
( )
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
+ W
i
+ W
e
( )
B
w2
+G
i
B
g2
a) What is the primary assumption behind the use of the Material Balance Equation, and which
"driving mechanisms" or "energies" are included in the equation?
solution--- 4 p ---
Primary assumption: Zero-dimensional system
(homogeneous system/no flow inside reservoir)
Driving mechanisms: -Expansion/contraction of reservoir fluids (including gas cap)
-Expansion/contraction of reservoir rock
-Aquifer influx
-Gas/water injection
b) Reduce the equation and find the expression for oil recovery factor (
N
p
/ N ) for the following
reservoir system:
The reservoir is originally 100% saturated with oil at a pressure higher than the bubble point
pressure
The production stream consists of oil and gas
No injection of fluids
No aquifer
solution--- 4 p ---
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 10 of 14
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
+ W
p
B
w2
=
N B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
+ mB
o1
B
g2
B
g1
! 1
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
! 1+ m
( )
B
o1
C
r
+C
w
S
w1
1! S
w1
P
2
! P
1
( )
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
+ W
i
+ W
e
( )
B
w2
+G
i
B
g2
! N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
" R
so2
( )
B
g 2
[ ]
= N B
o2
" B
o1
( ) + R
so1
" R
so2
( )B
g2
" B
o1
C
r
P
2
" P
1
( )
[ ]
RF =
N
p
N
=
B
o2
" B
o1
( ) + R
so1
" R
so2
( )B
g2
" B
o1
C
r
P
2
" P
1
( )
B
o2
+ R
p
" R
so2
( )
B
g 2
c) Simplify the expression in b) for the following situations:
i) P
2
! P
bp
ii) P
2
< P
bp
, c
r
and c
w
may be neglected
solution--- 2 p ---
P
2
! P
bp
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
[ ]
= N B
o2
! B
o1
( ) + R
so1
! R
so2
( )B
g 2
! B
o1
C
r
P
2
! P
1
( )
[ ]
! RF =
N
p
N
=
B
o1
B
o2
B
o2
B
o1
"1
#
$
%
&
'
(
" C
r
P
2
" P
1
( )
)
*
+
,
-
.
solution--- 2 p ---
P
2
< P
bp
, c
r
and c
w
may be neglected
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
= N B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g 2
! B
o1
C
r
P
2
! P
1
( )
[ ]
" RF =
N
p
N
=
B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g 2
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
d) Make the following sketches for the reservoir in b):
A typical curve for GOR vs. time for the reservoir . Explain details of the curve.
solution--- 3 p ---
GOR
time
P > P
bp
S
g
= 0
R
so
(P > P
bp
)
S
g
< S
gc
P < P
bp
S
g
> 0
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 11 of 14
A typical curve for oil recovery factor,
N
p
/ N , vs. cumulative gas-oil ratio,
R
p
. Explain
details of the curve.
solution--- 4 p ---
RF =
N
p
N
=
B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
! B
o1
C
r
P
2
! P
1
( )
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g 2
" RF =
A
B + R
p
(for a given set of P
1
and P
2
)
e) Reduce the equation for the following reservoir system:
The reservoir is originally at bubble point pressure and has a gas cap
The production stream consists of oil and gas
No injection of fluids
No aquifer
solution--- 2 p ---
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
+ W
p
B
w2
=
N B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
+ mB
o1
B
g2
B
g1
! 1
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
! 1+ m
( )
B
o1
C
r
+C
w
S
w1
1! S
w1
P
2
! P
1
( )
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
+ W
i
+ W
e
( )
B
w2
+G
i
B
g2
! N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
" R
so2
( )
B
g 2 [ ]
=
N B
o2
" B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
" R
so2
( )
B
g2
+ mB
o1
B
g 2
B
g1
"1
#
$
%
&
'
(
" 1 + m ( )B
o1
C
r
+ C
w
S
w1
1" S
w1
P
2
" P
1
( )
)
*
+
,
-
.
RF
R
p
RF @ R
p
= R
so1
RF =
A
B + R
p
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 12 of 14
f) Make the following sketches:
A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a large gas cap.
A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a small gas cap.
solution--- 2 p ---
g) Reduce the equation for the following reservoir system:
The reservoir is originally at a pressure higher than the bubble point pressure and
contains oil and water
The production stream consists of oil, water and gas
No injection of fluids
Water flows into the reservoir from an aquifer.
solution--- 2 p ---
N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
! R
so2
( )
B
g2 [ ]
+ W
p
B
w2
=
N B
o2
! B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
! R
so2
( )
B
g2
+ mB
o1
B
g2
B
g1
! 1
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
! 1+ m
( )
B
o1
C
r
+C
w
S
w1
1! S
w1
P
2
! P
1
( )
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
+ W
i
+ W
e
( )
B
w2
+G
i
B
g2
! N
p
B
o2
+ R
p
" R
so2
( )
B
g2
#
$
%
&
'
(
+W
p
B
w2
= N B
o2
" B
o1
( )
+ R
so1
" R
so2
( )
B
g2
" B
o1
C
r
+C
w
S
w1
1"S
w1
P
2
" P
1
( )
+W
e
B
w2
#
$
%
%
%
&
'
(
(
(
P
time
Large gas cap
Small gas cap
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 13 of 14
h) Make the following sketches:
A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a reservoir with a strong aquifer.
A typical curve for reservoir pressure vs. time for a reservoir with a weak aquifer.
Please indicate a (relative) point where the bubble point pressure is crossed.
solution--- 2 p ---
Question 8 (6 points)
Applying Dietz' stability analysis to displacement of oil by water or by gas in an inclined layer
(angle !), we may derive the following formula for the angle (") between the fluid interface and the
layer:
tan(!) = tan(") +
1# M
e
M
e
N
ge
cos(")
where the gravity number is defined as
N
ge
=
( ! k
ro
/
o
)kA"#
q
inj
and
M
e
is the end-point mobility ratio, both computed using endpoint relative permeabilities.
a) What is the criterion for the stability of the fluid front?
solution
! > 0
b) When is the front completely stable (in the equation above)?
solution
M
e
! 1
c) When is the front conditionally stable?
solution
M
e
> 1
P
time
Strong aquifer
Weak aquifer
P=P
b
p
P=P
b
p
TPG4150 Reservoir Recovery Techniques
Final exam 12.12.11
Page 14 of 14
Attachment - Definition of symbols
B
g
Formation volume factor for gas (res.vol./st.vol.)
B
o
Formation volume factor for oil (res.vol./st.vol.)
B
w
Formation volume factor for water (res.vol./st.vol.)
C
r
Pore compressibility (pressure
-1
)
C
w
Water compressibility (pressure
-1
)
!P
P P
2 1
!
G
i
Cumulative gas injected (st.vol.)
GOR
Producing gas-oil ratio (st.vol./st.vol.)
G
p
Cumulative gas produced (st.vol.)
k Absolute permeability
k
ro
Relative permeability to oil
k
rw
Relative permeability to oil
k
rg
Relative permeability to oil
m
Initial gas cap size (res.vol. of gas cap)/(res.vol. of oil zone)
M
e
End point mobility ratio
N
Original oil in place (st.vol.)
N
ge
Gravity number
N
p
Cumulative oil produced (st.vol.)
P Pressure
P
cow
Capillary pressure between oil and water
P
cog
Capillary pressure between oil and gas
q
inj
Injection rate (res.vol./time)
R
p
Cumulative producing gas-oil ratio (st.vol./st.vol) = G N
p p
/
R
so
Solution gas-oil ratio (st.vol. gas/st.vol. oil)
S
g
Gas saturation
S
o
Oil saturation
S
w
Water saturation
T
Temperature
V
b
Bulk volume (res.vol.)
V
p
Pore volume (res.vol.)
WC
Producing water cut (st.vol./st.vol.)
W
e
Cumulative aquifer influx (st.vol.)
W
i
Cumulative water injected (st.vol.)
W
p
Cumulative water produced (st.vol.)
!
Density (mass/vol.)
!
Porosity
g
Gas viscosity
o
Oil viscosity
w
Water viscosity
!
Hydrostatic pressure gradient (pressure/distance)