ekologi mangrove

kuliah - II
- definisi mangrove
- history
- distribusi
- status dan kondisi
status & condition distribution history
definisi
Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the
interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-
tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high
salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high
temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils (Kathiresan
& Bingham, 2001).
Mangroves are coastal forests found in sheltered
estuaries and along river banks and lagoons in the
tropics and subtropics. The term mangrove
describes both the ecosystem and the plant families
that have developed specialized adaptations to live in
this tidal environment (Tomlinson, 1986).
status & condition distribution history
definisi
status & condition distribution history
definisi
These plants, and the associated microbes, fungi,
plants, and animals, constitute the mangrove forest
community or mangal.
The term mangrove is also used as an adjective, as
in mangrove tree or mangrove fauna.
Mangrove forests are sometimes called tidal
forests, coastal woodlands, or oceanic rain
forests.
status & condition distribution history
definisi
The word mangrove is usually considered a compound of the
Portuguese word mangue and the English word grove.
French words are manglier and paletuvier (Macnae, 1968)
Spanish term is manglar.
The Dutch use vloedbosschen for the mangrove community
and mangrove for the individual trees.
German use follows the English.
The word mangro is a common name for Rhizophora in
Surinam (Chapman, 1976).
It is believed that all these words originated from the Malaysian
word, manggi-manggi meaning above the soil. This word is
no longer used in Malaysia, but is used in eastern Indonesia to
refer to Avicennia species.
??
status & condition distribution history
definisi
Mangrove-assosiated
Microbes, flora &
fauna
mangrove
mangal
Mangrove
microhabitat
Biological
microhabitat
Abiotic factors
Eco-
system
status & condition distribution
history
definisi
Descriptions by Nearchus (325 B.C.) and Theophrastus (305 B.C)
of Rhizophora trees in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are the
earliest known records.
Plutarch (70 A.D.) and Aboul Abass (1230) wrote about
Rhizophora and its seedlings
Kompilasi dari Rollet (1981):
14 references before 1600,
25 references from the 17th century,
48 references in the 18
th
century, and
427 in the 19th century.
4500 mangrove references between 1900 and 1975 and
+ 3000 between 1978 and 1997, illustrating the explosion of interest
in mangroves.
status & condition distribution
history
definisi
Secara historis telah berkaitan dengan kebudayaan
dan kultur manusia
Di kepulauan Solomon : ritual orang mati dimasukkan ke
air di mangrove
Menjadi relief di candi hindu : Excoecaria agallocha
Di kenya : tempat pemujaan di dalam mangrove membawa
kematian
Portugis pertama eropa yang datang ke mangrove di
Indian ocean
Rice-fish-farming ; dikenalkan ke afrika
status & condition distribution
history
definisi
Evolusi :
Lebih mengarah pada tumbuhan darat sebagai asal-usulnya
Fosil polen ditemukan di bawah lapisan foraminifera
indikasi berasal dari daratan
Menuju lingkungan payau
Diversitas di daerah indo-west pasific lebih tinggi dibanding
daerah Atlantik Timur dan Karibia
Ada diferensiasi genetik pada mangrove di daerah
Timur dengan Barat Atlantik
Mangrove muncul setelah angiospermae pertama, 114
jtl.
Avicennia dan Rhizophora diduga muncul pertama
pada jaman kretaseus
status & condition distribution
history
definisi
The origin of mangroves :
1. from the Malaysian peninsular and spread to a
region between Australia and Papua New Guinea,
and or
2. between Malaysia and Northern Australia.
These two theories were based on fossils
and pollen.
status & condition
distribution
history definisi
distributed circumtropically, occurring in 112
countries and territories
restricted to latitudes between 30 north and 30
south
Northern extensions of this limit occur in J apan (3122N)
and Bermuda (3220N);
Southern extensions are in New Zealand (3803S),
Australia (3845S) and on the east coast of South Africa
(3259S)
strongly affected by temperature and moisture
status & condition
distribution
history definisi
Large-scale currents may also influence distributions
by preventing propagules from reaching some areas
Individual mangrove species differ in the length of
time their propagules remain viable,
their establishment success,
their growth rate, and
their tolerance limits.
These factors, which appear quite consistent around the
world, interact to produce characteristic distributional ranges
for most species
status & condition
distribution
history definisi
Indo-west pacific (IWP) region
AtlanticCaribbeanEast
Pacific (ACEP) regions
status & condition
distribution
history definisi
status & condition
distribution
history definisi
Region Area (sq km) Percent
South and Southeast Asia 75,170 41.4
The Americas 49,096 27.1
West Africa 27,995 15.4
Australasia 18,788 10.4
East Africa and Middle East 10,348 5.7
status & condition
distribution history definisi
status & condition
distribution history definisi
status & condition
distribution history definisi
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1978 1987 1995 2003
mangrove area
lagoon
Reduction of mangrove area