Chap 5 Amplitude Modulation

CHAP 5
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
MODULATION :
The process by which a property or a parameter of a signal is
varied in proportion to a second signal.

AM:
The amplitude of a sinusoidal signal is varied in proportion to
a given signal.(frequency and phase : fixed)

2

@2013 Communication systems
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Why Modulation?
The transmission of EM fields through space is accomplished
with the use of antennas.
=C/f , C= speed of light=3x10
5
m/sec
f = 3khz =100km /4 = 25km =25,000 m
f = 800Mhz =37.5cm /4 = 9.38 cm
f = 1.8Ghz =16.7cm /4 = 4.17 cm

If more than one signal utilizes a single channel, modulation
may be used to separate the different signals.
FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Modulation can be used to minimize the effects of interference
Spread Spectrum modulation (DSSS,FHSS)

Modulation can also be used to place a signal in a frequency
band where design requirements can be easily met.
filtering and amplification

4
Amplitude Modulation: Suppressed carrier
5
The equation of a general sinusoidal signal
(carrier signal)
(t)= a(t) cos(t)
a(t): time-varying amplitude
(t) : time-varying angle
(t)= a(t) cos[
c
t +(t)]
Amplitude Modulation: Suppressed
carrier(2)
(t)= a(t) cos[
c
t +(t)]

c :
carrier frequency
(t): phase of (t)

Amplitude modulation: the phase term (t) is zero( or
constant) and the envelope a(t) is made proportional
to the given signal f(t)
a(t)=k
a
f(t)
k
a
=1
6 @2013 Communication systems
7
(t)= f(t) cos
c
t
- Applying the modulation property of the FT

- AM translates the frequency spectrum of a signal by

c
rad/sec but leaves the spectral shape unaltered.

Double-sideband, Suppressed-
carrier(DSB-SC) modulation

8
DSB-SC
9
AM
band
FM
band
540K~
1600 KHz
88M~108
MHz
AM waveform
DSB-SC
Demodulation (or detection)
The process of retranslation of the spectrum to its original
position in frequency.
Transmitted signal : (t)= f(t) cos
c
t

c :
carrier frequency
(t): phase of (t)

(t) cos
c
t = f(t) cos
2
c
t

FT{(t) cos
c
t }=1/2F()+ 1/4{F(+2
c
) + F(-2
c
)}

Low-pass filter is required to separate out the double-
frequency terms from the original spectral components.
Obviously, we require
c
> W for proper signal recovery.
1
4

Generation of DSB-SC signals
Periodic signal with finite average power

P
T
(t)= P
n
e
jn
0
t
// Fourier series ; from infinite to infinite
Choosing

0
=

c
and multiplying this equation by f(t)
f(t)P
T
(t)= P
n
f(t)e
jn
c
t

Applying the frequency translation property of the FT
FT{f(t)P
T
(t)}= P
n
F(-n
c
)

16
17
Chopper modulator
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1
3

C
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s
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CHOPPER MODULATOR
Chopper modulator is widely used in practical DSB-SC
modulation systems.

Ring modulator : a typical circuit using four diodes

A popular configuration, known as the double-balanced
ring modulator is shown in Fig.5.7
1
8

2
0

Use of Nonlinear Devices
-AM can also arise in nonlinear systems
DEMODULATION(DETECTION) OF DSB-SC SIGNALS
The Chopper amplifier
- It allows one to build very stable high-gain
amplifiers. (Advantage)

21 @2 0 1 3 COMMUNI CA T I ON S Y S T E MS
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2

PILOT CARRIER SYSTEMS
In order to maintain synchronization between modulator and
demodulator, the common method in DSB-SC modulation is to
send a sinusoidal tone whose frequency and phase are related
to the carrier frequency.
A tuned circuit in the receiver detects the tone, translates
it to the proper frequency, and uses it to demodulate the
DSB-SC signal.
The stereo multiplexing used in commercial FM station is an
example of a pilot tone system.
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1
3

C
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s
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m
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Amplitude Modulation: Large Carrier(DSB-LC)
25
If we wish to use very inexpensive receivers,
some alternative must be found to the
synchronization problem even at the expense of a
less efficient transmitter.

The modulated waveform of a DSB-LC

AM
(t)= f(t)cos
c
t + A cos
c
t
26
@2 0 1 3 COMMUNI CA T I ON S Y S T E MS
ENVELOPE DETECTION(1)

If A is large enough, the envelope(magnitude) of
the modulated waveform will be proportional to
f(t)
Demodulation simply reduced to the detection of the
envelope of a sinusoid with no exact phase or
frequency of the sinusoid.( i.e., of the carrier)
If A is not large enough, the envelope of
AM
(t) is
not always proportional to f(t).
2
7

Envelope detection(2)
29
The carrier amplitude A must be made large
enough so that at all times or
--- (1)
If Eq. (1) is not satisfied, then f(t) can not be
recovered by the relatively simple process of
envelope detection.
Effect of the modulation index(m)
30
dimensionless scale factor(m) to control the ratio of
the sidebands to the carrier :

So that
AM
(t)= Acos
c
t + mAcos
m
t cos
c
t
= A(1+ mcos
m
t)cos
c
t
where,
3
1

% modulation index
m: modulation index of the AM waveform

Often it is convenient to define a percentage of
modulation for a DSB-LC signal

Carrier and sideband power in AM
A general AM signal waveform

The total average power (for a 1 load, assume )

Total power

Transmission efficiency

The special case :

Pc: carrier power, Ps: sideband power

34
Transmission efficiency

Because the transmission efficiency of an
AM(DSB-LC) system is at best 33%.

For example

35
3
6

40
Generation of DSB-LC signals
Conceptually, the easiest way to generate a DSB-
LC signal is to first generate a DSB-SC signal and
then add some carrier.
The Chopper(rectifier) Modulator Fig.5.21
@2 0 1 3 COMMUNI CA T I ON S Y S T E MS
41
4
2

RCA CA3080
: Operational
transconductance
amplifier(OTA)
Red line: the
original intelligence
signal
Center: AM output
Lower(Green): the
AM output with
the scopes vertical
sensitivity(99%)
4
3

LIC (Linear Integrated Circuit) modulator
In HA2735
programmable dual
OP amp(A1 and A2),
the set current
controls the
frequency
response and gain
of each amplifier.
Generate
carrier
freq
AM
generator
Demodulation of DSB-LC signals
44
In DSB-LC(AM) signals, the desired signal
waveform f(t) is available in the envelope of the
modulated signal.

Envelope Detector
Universal, simple, efficient, and cheap to build
The discharge time constant, RC, should be adjusted
so that the max negative rate of the envelope will
never exceed the exponential discharge rate.
Frequency-Division Multiplexing(FDM)
46
FDM is the transmission mode which is possible to
send several signals simultaneously by choosing a
different carrier frequency.

Each commercial AM broadcast transmitter sends
out a DSB-LC signal whose carrier frequency is
separated from the carrier frequencies of other
stations.

Carrier frequencies are assigned at 10KHz spacing
from 540KHz to 1600KHz
Receiver Characteristics
48
The logical step in receiver improvement is
TRF(tuned-radio-frequency) receiver.
Heterodyning means the translating or shifting in
frequency.
Sensitivity and selectivity
49
Sensitivity may be defined as the minimum input
RF signal to a receiver required to produce a
specified audio signal at output.

Selectivity may be defined as the extent to which
a receiver is capable of differentiating between
the desired signal and other signals (unwanted
radio signal and noise).

TRF Selectivity
Quality factor
Resonant
frequency
(X
L
=X
C
)
455KHz
52
Superheterodyne receiver
455KHz
53
RF Amplifier
54
Mixer
(referred to
converter) :
frequency
conversion
55
40673
dual-gate
MOSFET
56
AM broadcast superheterodyne receiver
Single-sideband (SSB) Modulation
57
SSB modulation
The original signal can be recovered again from
either the upper or lower pair of sidebands by an
appropriate frequency translation
58
Generation of SSB signals
59
The way is to first generate a DSB signal and then
suppress one of sidebands by filtering.

Complex function identities
60
SSB Modulator
61
To be specific, let the modulation signal be
and let the carrier signal be

SSB-usb signal :

SSB-lsb signal :

More general case
Balanced modulator
63
The SSB signals can be produced by balanced
modulators provided that both the modulating signal
and the carrier are shifted in phase by 90
o
to form
the second terms.
Demodulation of SSB signals
66
The synchronous detector can properly demodulate
SSB-SC signals. (coherent detection)

SSB-LC

The SSB-LC signal can be demodulated correctly
using an envelope detector.
Vestigial-sideband(VSB) Modulation
68
A compromise can be made between SSB and DSB.

In VSB modulation, only a portion of one sideband is
transmitted in such a way that the demodulation
process reproduces the original signal.

The filtering operation can be represented by a
filter, H
v
(), that passes some of the lower (or upper)
sideband and most of the upper (or lower) sideband.
VSB Modulation(1)
71
Vestigial-sideband(VSB) Modulation is used to
advantage in the video portion of public
television systems. (Quadrature modulation)

In a Television transmission, 525 lines of
video (picture) information are sent each 1/30
of a second (that is 15,750 lines per second -
the horizontal trace frequency)
VSB Modulation(2)
72
Allowing time for retrace and synchronization, the
minimum video bandwidth of 4 MHz is required to
transmit an array of picture element.

Use of DSB: 8 MHz per channel
Use of VSB: decrease the required video BW to
about 5 MHz
Comparison of various AM systems
74
LC(Large-carrier) versus SC(Suppressed carrier)
systems

LC systems
Simpler detectors at the receiver (inexpensive
receivers)
High-power modulators are easier to build for LC
systems
Carrier
signal added
SC systems
75
Require much less power to transmit the same
information. (lower power)

Receivers are more complicated because they must
generate a carrier of the correct frequency and
phase. (expensive receivers)

Less susceptible to the effects of selective fading.
(a fade of the carrier can result in severe
distortion in an enveloper detector)
a radio propagation anomaly caused by partial
cancellation of a radio signal by itself
DSB VS SSB
76
DSB systems
Ease of generation(adv)
It can be used to transmit information frequency
with good fidelity

SSB systems
Half the BW of DSB system (good spectrum efficiency)
more effective utilization of the available freq.
spectrum
Affected less by selective fading
Not good for high-power modulator the power saved
by not transmitting the carrier and one sideband
Noise advantage due to BW reduction(one-half)
10- to 12 dB advantage over AM
77
Band-limited white noise with power spectral density
f
m
: BW of input modulating signal
78

Chap 5 Amplitude Modulation

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