SaintVenant'sPrinciple :

Thestrainandstresswillevenoutandbecomeuniformoverthecrosssectionlocatedatposition
beingatleastequaltothelargestdimensionofthecrosssection.
Stressandstrainproducedatpointsinabody
sufficientlyremovedfromtheregionofload
applicationwillbethesameasthestressandstrain
producedbyanyappliedloadingsthathavethe
samestaticallyequivalentresultant,andareapplied
tothebodywithinthesameregion.
ElasticDeformationofanAxiallyLoadedMember
Assumenegligiblelocalizeddeformation,calculatetherelativedisplacementbetweenthetwoends
Iftheexternalloadforce,crosssectionareaandEareconstant:
Ifthebarissubjectedtoseveraldifferentaxialforces:
Ingeneral,deformationofanaxiallyloadedbariso = ]
1
L
P(x)
A(x)
Jx
x=L
x=0
Chapter4AxialLoad
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 1
Example4.1
TheassemblyshownconsistsofanaluminumtubeABhavinga
crosssectionalareaof4uu mm
2
.Asteelrodhavingadiameterof
1u mm isattachedtoarigidcollarandpassesthroughthetube.If
atensileloadof8u kN isappliedtotherod,determinethe
displacementoftheendCoftherod.TakeE
st
= 2uu 0Po,
E
uI
= 7u 0Po.
Example4.2(Ex4.3)
Amemberismadefromamaterialthathasaspecificweighty and
modulusofelasticityE.ifitisintheformofaconehavingthedimensionas
shown,determinehowfaritsendisdisplacedduetogravitywhenitis
suspendedintheverticalposition.
Examples
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 2
Bysubdividingtheloadingintocomponents,theprincipleofsuperpositionstatesthattheresultantstressor
displacementatthepointcanbedeterminedbyalgebraicallysummingthestressordisplacementcausedbyeachload
componentappliedseparatelytothemember.
Twoconditions needtobesatisfiedforapplyingtheprinciple:
Theloadingmustbelinearlyrelatedtothestressordisplacementthatistobedetermined 1.
Theloadingmustnotsignificantlychangetheoriginalgeometryorconfigurationofthemember 2.
Superposition: Linearproblem Smalldeflections
PrincipleofSuperposition
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 3
Considerthebar
equilibriumequationisnotsufficienttodeterminethetworeactions staticallyindeterminate problem
Needtoconsiderhowpointsonthebardisplace.
Equationthatspecifiestheconditionsfordisplacement acompatibilityorkineticcondition
Theindeterminateproblemcanalsobesolvedbywritingthecompatibilityequationusingtheprinciple
ofsuperposition flexibilityorforcemethodofanalysis.
Example4.3(Ex4.6)
ThethreeA992barsarepinconnectedtoarigidmember.Iftheappliedloadonthememberis15kN,
determinetheforcedevelopedineachbar.BarsABandEFeachhaveacrosssectionalareaofSu mm
2
,
andbarCDhasacrosssectionalareaofSu mm
2
.
Staticallyindeterminateproblem
FBD Equationsofequilibrium
Equationsofcompatibility(usingdisplacementscausedbyloading)
StaticallyIndeterminateAxiallyLoadedMember
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 4
Formostofmaterials,temperatureincreases(decrease)cancauseabodyexpansion(contraction)indimension
thermalexpansion.
Inalargerangeoftemperature,thechangeindimensionsislinearlyrelatedtothechangeintemperature
o
1
= oII
Whenthechangeisconstrained(staticallyindeterminate),stresswillbegeneratedwithinthebody
Example4.4(ex4.9)
TheA36steelbarasshownisconstrainedtojustfitbetweentwofixedsupportswhenI
1
= 6uF,
determinetheaveragenormalthermalstressdevelopedinthebar.
ThermalStress
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 5
Themaximumnormalstressoccursatthesmallestcrosssectionalarea
Ifthedeformationislinearelastic:thestressdistributioncanbedeterminedbymathematicalanalysisor
experimentally

StressConcentrationFactor
ForceEquilibrium AverageStress
StressConcentrationFactorK =
c
mcx
c
min
StressConcentrations
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 6