True Audio's Linkwitz Transform Circuit Design Spreadsheet

Revised: 18-Jun-09
Enter the values in bold (non bold values are calculated). See notes below for explanation of parameters.
Enter the following:

Amplitude Responses

f(0) = 35.0
Q(0) = 0.7071

Hz

f(p) = 17.0
Q(p) = 0.7071

Hz

20 dB
15 dB

10 dB

f(hpf) = 10.000000

Hz
5 dB

k = 2.06

(k>0 required)
0 dB

Choose C2:
C2 = 0.047

The component values are:

R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
C1 =
C3 =

22.37
92.09
94.80
0.8795
0.2075

DC gain = 12.54

-5 dB
-10 dB

kOhms
kOhms
kOhms
F
F
dB

-15 dB
-20 dB
-25 dB

Linkwitz Transform Correction

Speaker

-30 dB

High-Pass Filter
Total

-35 dB

LTC + HPF
-40 dB
1 Hz

10 Hz

Notes: 1. F(0) and Q(0) are the F(sc) and Q(tc) of the existing closed box speaker.
2. F(p) and Q(p) are the target F(sc) and Q(tc) of the "transformed" system.
3. F(hpf) is the 3 dB cut-off frequency of a 2nd-order Butterworth high-pass infrasonic "rumble" filter.
Set F(hpf) equal to 0.00001 Hz to remove the effects of the high-pass filter.
4. If F(hpf) is about a decade below F(p), then the effect of the high-pass filter on the
the Linkwitz Transform Circuit will be minimal.
5. Increase C2 to lower R1, R2, and R3.
7. The frequency ratio sets the DC gain. Caution against using DC gains over about 20 dB!
8. See the Linkwitz article in Speaker Builder, Issue 4/1980 (http://www.linkwitzlab.com/x-sb80-3wy.htm).
Revision History:
circa 1987 Original "Linkwitz Transform" spreadsheet created by John L. Murphy for Excel on the Macintosh.
9-Sep-99 Luc Henderieckx (luc.henderieckx@pandora.be) added additional analysis and the response plots!
22-Feb-02 Peter Rettweiler added an improved ARCTAN function to correct the discontinuities in the Phase Response
23-Feb-02 John L. Murphy revised the frequency scale, plot scales, colors and did other cleanup.
11-Jul-02 John L. Murphy and Peter Rettweiler revised the Phase Response to correctly reflect the inverting amplifier.
18-Jun-09 Witold Waldman added response of 2nd-order high-pass filter for reducing boost at infrasonic frequencies.

True Audio
387 Duncan Lane
Andersonville, TN 37705, USA

Visit True Audio on the web at: www.trueaudio.com

100 Hz

Amplitude Respons
20 dB

15 dB

10 dB

5 dB

0 dB

-5 dB

-10 dB

-15 dB

-20 dB

-25 dB

-30 dB

-35 dB

-40 dB
1 Hz

Amplitude Responses

Linkwitz Transform Correction

Speaker
High-Pass Filter
Total
LTC + HPF

10 Hz

form Correction

100 Hz

Phase Responses
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
1 Hz

10 Hz

Phase Responses
Linkwitz Transform Correction
Speaker
High-Pass Filter
Total

100 Hz

Correction

1000 Hz

Calculation of response of Linkwitz Transform Circuit

B
R1= 22366
Speaker
freq (Hz)
1.00
1.07
1.15
1.23
1.32
1.41
1.52
1.62
1.74
1.87
2.00
2.14
2.30
2.46
2.64
2.83
3.03
3.25
3.48
3.73
4.00
4.29
4.59
4.92
5.28
5.66
6.06
6.50
6.96
7.46
8.00
8.57
9.19
9.85
10.56
11.31
12.13
13.00
13.93
14.93
16.00
17.15
18.38
19.70
21.11
22.63
24.25
25.99
27.86
29.86
32.00
34.30
36.76

D
R2= 92094
f0= 35.00

w (rad/s)
6.3
6.7
7.2
7.7
8.3
8.9
9.5
10.2
10.9
11.7
12.6
13.5
14.4
15.5
16.6
17.8
19.0
20.4
21.9
23.4
25.1
26.9
28.9
30.9
33.2
35.5
38.1
40.8
43.8
46.9
50.3
53.9
57.7
61.9
66.3
71.1
76.2
81.7
87.5
93.8
100.5
107.7
115.5
123.8
132.7
142.2
152.4
163.3
175.0
187.6
201.1
215.5
231.0

F
R3= 94805

beta= 0.707
w^2
39.5
45.3
52.1
59.8
68.7
79.0
90.7
104.2
119.7
137.5
157.9
181.4
208.4
239.4
274.9
315.8
362.8
416.7
478.7
549.9
631.7
725.6
833.5
957.4
1099.8
1263.3
1451.2
1666.9
1914.8
2199.5
2526.6
2902.3
3333.9
3829.6
4399.1
5053.2
5804.6
6667.8
7659.3
8798.2
10106.5
11609.3
13335.6
15318.6
17596.4
20212.9
23218.6
26671.1
30637.1
35192.8
40425.9
46437.2
53342.3

Hltc 20log(Hltc)
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.24
12.54
4.23
12.54
4.23
12.53
4.23
12.53
4.23
12.52
4.22
12.52
4.22
12.51
4.21
12.49
4.21
12.48
4.20
12.46
4.18
12.43
4.17
12.40
4.14
12.35
4.12
12.29
4.08
12.21
4.03
12.11
3.97
11.98
3.90
11.81
3.81
11.61
3.69
11.35
3.56
11.04
3.41
10.66
3.24
10.21
3.06
9.70
2.86
9.12
2.66
8.48
2.45
7.80
2.26
7.08
2.07
6.33
1.90
5.59
1.75
4.87
1.62
4.17
1.50
3.53
1.40
2.94
1.32
2.41

Luc Henderieckx, September 8, 1999, correct

H
C1= 8.79E-07
HPF

phi (Hltc) speaker Hs

177.54
0.00082
177.37
0.00094
177.18
0.00108
176.97
0.00124
176.75
0.00142
176.52
0.00163
176.27
0.00188
176.00
0.00215
175.71
0.00247
175.39
0.00284
175.06
0.00327
174.70
0.00375
174.31
0.00431
173.89
0.00495
173.44
0.00569
172.96
0.00653
172.44
0.00750
171.87
0.00862
171.26
0.00990
170.61
0.01137
169.90
0.01306
169.12
0.01500
168.29
0.01723
167.38
0.01979
166.39
0.02274
165.32
0.02611
164.15
0.02999
162.88
0.03445
161.48
0.03956
159.97
0.04543
158.31
0.05217
156.50
0.05991
154.54
0.06877
152.41
0.07894
150.12
0.09059
147.67
0.10392
145.07
0.11917
142.37
0.13658
139.61
0.15643
136.84
0.17899
134.16
0.20456
131.65
0.23342
129.42
0.26583
127.55
0.30197
126.13
0.34192
125.23
0.38563
124.89
0.43281
125.13
0.48293
125.94
0.53516
127.28
0.58840
129.08
0.64135
131.26
0.69261
133.73
0.74085

f0=
20log(Hs)
-61.76
-60.56
-59.35
-58.15
-56.95
-55.74
-54.54
-53.33
-52.13
-50.93
-49.72
-48.52
-47.31
-46.11
-44.91
-43.70
-42.50
-41.29
-40.09
-38.89
-37.68
-36.48
-35.27
-34.07
-32.87
-31.66
-30.46
-29.26
-28.05
-26.85
-25.65
-24.45
-23.25
-22.05
-20.86
-19.67
-18.48
-17.29
-16.11
-14.94
-13.78
-12.64
-11.51
-10.40
-9.32
-8.28
-7.27
-6.32
-5.43
-4.61
-3.86
-3.19
-2.61

39.40
42.22
45.25
48.50
51.98
55.72
59.71
64.00
68.59
73.52
78.79
84.45
90.51
97.01
103.97
111.43
119.43
128.00
137.19
147.03
157.59
168.90
181.02
194.01
207.94
222.86
238.86
256.00
274.37
294.07
315.17
337.79
362.04
388.02
415.87
445.72
477.71
512.00
548.75
588.13
630.35
675.59
724.08
776.05
831.75
891.44
955.43

247.5
265.3
284.3
304.8
326.6
350.1
375.2
402.1
431.0
461.9
495.1
530.6
568.7
609.5
653.3
700.1
750.4
804.2
862.0
923.8
990.1
1061.2
1137.4
1219.0
1306.5
1400.3
1500.8
1608.5
1723.9
1847.7
1980.3
2122.4
2274.8
2438.0
2613.0
2800.6
3001.6
3217.0
3447.9
3695.4
3960.6
4244.8
4549.5
4876.0
5226.0
5601.1
6003.1

61274.2
70385.6
80851.8
92874.3
106684.6
122548.4
140771.2
161703.6
185748.7
213369.2
245096.8
281542.3
323407.2
371497.3
426738.4
490193.6
563084.6
646814.4
742994.6
853476.7
980387.3
1126169.3
1293628.8
1485989.3
1706953.4
1960774.6
2252338.5
2587257.6
2971978.5
3413906.8
3921549.2
4504677.1
5174515.2
5943957.0
6827813.7
7843098.3
9009354.2
10349030.3
11887914.1
13655627.4
15686196.7
18018708.3
20698060.6
23775828.2
27311254.7
31372393.4
36037416.6

1.25
1.20
1.15
1.12
1.09
1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.95
1.57
1.24
0.98
0.76
0.59
0.46
0.35
0.27
0.21
0.16
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

136.39
139.14
141.91
144.63
147.24
149.72
152.04
154.19
156.18
158.02
159.70
161.24
162.65
163.95
165.13
166.22
167.22
168.14
168.99
169.77
170.49
171.16
171.77
172.35
172.87
173.36
173.82
174.24
174.64
175.00
175.34
175.66
175.95
176.22
176.48
176.72
176.94
177.14
177.34
177.52
177.68
177.84
177.98
178.12
178.24
178.36
178.47

0.78497
0.82420
0.85819
0.88696
0.91079
0.93019
0.94575
0.95807
0.96774
0.97526
0.98108
0.98557
0.98900
0.99163
0.99364
0.99517
0.99633
0.99722
0.99789
0.99840
0.99879
0.99908
0.99930
0.99947
0.99960
0.99970
0.99977
0.99983
0.99987
0.99990
0.99992
0.99994
0.99996
0.99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

-2.10
-1.68
-1.33
-1.04
-0.81
-0.63
-0.48
-0.37
-0.28
-0.22
-0.17
-0.13
-0.10
-0.07
-0.06
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Some remarks:
The first line just takes over the figures from the first sheet, calculated by the spreadsheet made by John Murphy.
The speaker line contains the corner frequency and the damping factor of a closed box speaker (second order highpass filter).
One can experiment with it to see which Linkwitz transform parameters work best for a certain (ideal) speaker.

enderieckx, September 8, 1999, corrected September 9, 1999

J
L
C2= 4.70E-08
C3= 2.07E-07
10.000000
phi(Hs)
177.68
177.52
177.34
177.15
176.94
176.72
176.49
176.24
175.97
175.68
175.36
175.03
174.67
174.29
173.88
173.44
172.96
172.46
171.91
171.33
170.70
170.03
169.30
168.52
167.69
166.79
165.83
164.79
163.67
162.46
161.17
159.77
158.26
156.63
154.86
152.96
150.89
148.65
146.23
143.60
140.74
137.64
134.28
130.64
126.71
122.48
117.95
113.12
108.03
102.72
97.23
91.64
86.03

beta= 0.707107
Hhpf 20log(Hhpf)
0.01000
-40.00
0.01149
-38.80
0.01319
-37.59
0.01516
-36.39
0.01741
-35.18
0.02000
-33.98
0.02297
-32.78
0.02638
-31.57
0.03030
-30.37
0.03480
-29.17
0.03997
-27.97
0.04590
-26.76
0.05271
-25.56
0.06052
-24.36
0.06948
-23.16
0.07975
-21.97
0.09151
-20.77
0.10498
-19.58
0.12038
-18.39
0.13796
-17.21
0.15799
-16.03
0.18076
-14.86
0.20657
-13.70
0.23568
-12.55
0.26836
-11.43
0.30478
-10.32
0.34501
-9.24
0.38899
-8.20
0.43641
-7.20
0.48671
-6.25
0.53905
-5.37
0.59232
-4.55
0.64520
-3.81
0.69628
-3.14
0.74425
-2.57
0.78802
-2.07
0.82688
-1.65
0.86049
-1.31
0.88887
-1.02
0.91236
-0.80
0.93146
-0.62
0.94676
-0.48
0.95887
-0.36
0.96836
-0.28
0.97574
-0.21
0.98146
-0.16
0.98585
-0.12
0.98922
-0.09
0.99180
-0.07
0.99377
-0.05
0.99527
-0.04
0.99641
-0.03
0.99727
-0.02

phi(Hhpf)
171.87
171.28
170.65
169.97
169.25
168.47
167.63
166.72
165.75
164.71
163.58
162.37
161.07
159.66
158.14
156.50
154.73
152.81
150.73
148.48
146.04
143.39
140.52
137.40
134.02
130.36
126.41
122.16
117.60
112.76
107.65
102.32
96.82
91.23
85.62
80.07
74.66
69.45
64.49
59.80
55.42
51.33
47.55
44.04
40.81
37.84
35.09
32.56
30.23
28.08
26.09
24.26
22.56

total 20log(total) phi(total) LTC*HPF

0.000035
-89.22
527.10
-27.46
0.000046
-86.81
526.17
-26.25
0.000060
-84.40
525.17
-25.05
0.000079
-81.99
524.10
-23.84
0.000105
-79.59
522.94
-22.64
0.000138
-77.18
521.71
-21.44
0.000183
-74.77
520.38
-20.23
0.000241
-72.36
518.96
-19.03
0.000318
-69.96
517.42
-17.83
0.000419
-67.55
515.78
-16.62
0.000553
-65.14
514.01
-15.42
0.000730
-62.74
512.10
-14.22
0.000962
-60.33
510.05
-13.02
0.001269
-57.93
507.84
-11.82
0.001674
-55.53
505.46
-10.62
0.002207
-53.13
502.90
-9.42
0.002908
-50.73
500.13
-8.23
0.003832
-48.33
497.14
-7.04
0.005046
-45.94
493.91
-5.85
0.006641
-43.55
490.42
-4.67
0.008733
-41.18
486.64
-3.50
0.011473
-38.81
482.54
-2.33
0.015050
-36.45
478.11
-1.18
0.019708
-34.11
473.31
-0.04
0.025748
-31.78
468.11
1.08
0.033542
-29.49
462.48
2.17
0.043532
-27.22
456.39
3.24
0.056236
-25.00
449.82
4.26
0.072232
-22.83
442.76
5.23
0.092134
-20.71
435.19
6.14
0.116551
-18.67
427.13
6.98
0.146026
-16.71
418.59
7.74
0.180965
-14.85
409.62
8.40
0.221564
-13.09
400.27
8.96
0.267747
-11.45
390.60
9.41
0.319119
-9.92
380.70
9.74
0.374949
-8.52
370.63
9.96
0.434172
-7.25
360.48
10.05
0.495430
-6.10
350.32
10.01
0.557141
-5.08
340.24
9.86
0.617623
-4.19
330.32
9.60
0.675244
-3.41
320.63
9.23
0.728593
-2.75
311.24
8.76
0.776616
-2.20
302.23
8.20
0.818705
-1.74
293.66
7.58
0.854694
-1.36
285.55
6.91
0.884796
-1.06
277.93
6.21
0.909497
-0.82
270.82
5.50
0.929440
-0.64
264.21
4.79
0.945327
-0.49
258.07
4.12
0.957847
-0.37
252.40
3.48
0.967626
-0.29
247.16
2.90
0.975213
-0.22
242.32
2.39

80.48
75.05
69.83
64.84
60.14
55.73
51.62
47.81
44.29
41.04
38.05
35.29
32.74
30.40
28.23
26.24
24.39
22.68
21.10
19.64
18.28
17.03
15.86
14.77
13.77
12.83
11.96
11.15
10.39
9.69
9.03
8.43
7.86
7.33
6.84
6.38
5.95
5.55
5.18
4.83
4.50
4.20
3.92
3.66
3.41
3.18
2.97

made by John Murphy.

eaker (second order highpass filter).
tain (ideal) speaker.

0.99793
0.99843
0.99881
0.99910
0.99932
0.99948
0.99961
0.99970
0.99977
0.99983
0.99987
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20.99
19.54
18.19
16.94
15.78
14.70
13.69
12.76
11.90
11.09
10.34
9.64
8.99
8.38
7.82
7.29
6.80
6.34
5.92
5.52
5.15
4.80
4.48
4.18
3.90
3.64
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2.95
2.76
2.57
2.40
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1.95
1.82
1.70
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1.38
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1.20
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1.04
0.97
0.91
0.85

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1.000000
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-0.17
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237.86
233.73
229.93
226.41
223.15
220.14
217.35
214.77
212.37
210.15
208.08
206.17
204.38
202.73
201.18
199.75
198.41
197.17
196.01
194.93
193.92
192.99
192.11
191.30
190.54
189.83
189.17
188.56
187.98
187.45
186.95
186.48
186.05
185.64
185.26
184.91
184.58
184.27
183.99
183.72
183.47
183.24
183.02
182.82
182.63
182.45
182.29

1.94
1.55
1.23
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