Formula Booklet Physics Xii

Formula Booklet Physics XII
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2

CONTENTS
Description Page Number
1. Elecrotstatics and Capacitance 03
2. Current Electricity 12
3. Magnetic Effects of Current 15
4. Magnetic Properties of Current 18
5. Electromagnetic Induction 20
6. Alternating Current 22
7. Light 26
8. Modern Physics 35
9. Some Study Tips 43



3
ELECTROSTATICS & CAPACITANCE

ELECTROSTATICS
1. Coulombs Law
(a) F
m
= K ,
r
q q

K 4
1
2
2 1
0
= Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the medium

(b) F
m
=
K
F
0
[F
0
Force between point charges placed in vacuum]
(c) [
0
] = [M
1
L
3
T
4
A
2
]
(d)
g
e
F
F
=2.4 x 10
39
[For electronproton pair)
=1.2 x 10
36
(For protonproton pair)

2. Electric field
(a)
0
q
F
E

=
(b) Electric field due to a point charge: (i)
^
2
r .
r
q

4
1
E
0
= (if charge q is placed at the origin)

(ii)
3
0
0
| r r |
) r r ( q

4
1
E

0
= (if charge q is placed at some point having position vector 0 r
)
(c) [E] = [M
1
L
1
T
3
A
1
]

3. Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring
(a) E
axial
=
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx

4
1
+
0
(R = radius of the ring)
(b) E
centre
= 0

4. Electric dipole
(a) dipole moment p = q(2!) (where 2! = length of the dipole)
(b) E
axial
=
[ ]
2
2 2
r
2pr

4
1
!
0
(r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
3
r
2p

4
1

0
(if r >>!)
(c) E
equat
. =
[ ]
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
p

4
1

r
p

4
1
0 0

!
(if r >>!)

(d) (E
axial
/E
equat.
) = 2/1
(e) Dipole field at an arbitrary point (r, )
(i) E
r
= ;
r
cos 2p

4
1
3
0
(ii) E
=
3
r
sin p

4
1
0

(iii) E =
2 2
r
E E

+ = +
0
cos 3 1
r
p

4
1
2
3

(f) Dipole field component at (x, y, z) point
(i) E
x
= ;
r
p 3xz

4
1
s
0
(ii) E
y
= ;
r
p 3yz

4
1
5
0



4
(iii) E
z
=
( )
5
2 2
r
r 3z p

4
1
0

(g) Torque on a dipole : (i) ; E x p

= (ii) = pE sin
(h) Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = =

cos pE E . p
(ii) Work done in rotating a dipole from angle
1
to angle
2

W = U
2
U
1
= pE (cos
1
cos
2
)

5. Electric flux
(a) d =

dS . E
(b)

! dS . E = EA cos (If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
(c) Unit of = (Nm
2
/Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb
(d) []= [M
1
L
3
T
3
A
1
]

6. Gausss Law: !
0

=
q
dS . E
7. Electric field due to various systems of charges

(a) Isolated Charge:
2
r
q

4
1
E
0

=

(b) Electric dipole: (i)
3
||
x
p 2

4
1
E

0

=

(ii)
3
y
p

4
1
E

0

=

(iii)

(c) A ring of charge: E =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
x R
qx

4
1
+

0

Fig. 1
r
q
P

P
+q
q
E

y
x
E
||

Fig. 2
2a

q
p
+q
r
Fig. 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

R
q
x
P
Fig. 4
+

=
0
cos 3 1
r
p

4
1
E
2
3


5

(d) A disc of charge: E =
"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
+
0
2 2
R x
x
1
2

(e) Infinite sheet of charge: E =
0
2

(f) Infinitely long line of charge: E =
x
0
2

(g) Finite line of charge: E
=
x
0
4
(sin + sin )

E
||
=
0
4
(cos +cos )

(h) Charged spherical shell: (i) Inside: 0 r R
E = 0
(ii) Outside: r R

2
r 4
q
E
0

=

(i) Solid sphere of charge: (i) Inside: 0 r r
E = r/3
0

(ii) Outside : r R

2
r
R

3
R
E (
)
*
+
,
-
=
0

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

R
q
x
P
Fig. 5
+
+
+
+
+
+

Fig. 6
+
+
+
+
P

x
Fig. 7
P

+
+
+
+
+
+
x
Fig. 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R q
Fig. 9
R
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fig. 10


6

8. Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
0
2
= =
2 dA
dF
P
. elec

9. Charged soap bubble: (a) P
in
P
out
=
0
2 r
T 4
2

(b) If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: P
in
= P
out
and
0
2
=
2 r
T 4

or
2
0
=
T 8
r or
0
2
=
8
r
T or = (8
0
T/r) or Q = 8r(2
0
rT)

or r = [Q
2
/128
2
0
T]
1/3

10. Electric potential:
(a) V = (W/q)
(b) Unit of V = Volt
(c) [V] = [ML
2
T
3
A
1
]
(d) V V E

=
(e) Potential due to a point charge, V =
r
q

4
1
0

(f) Potential due to a group of charges, V =
"
#
$
%
&
'
+ +

0 3
3
2
2
1
1
r
q
r
q
r
q

4
1

(g) Potential due to a dipole:
(i) Axial point, V =
2
r
p

4
1
0

; (ii) equatorial point, V = 0;
(iii) V (r, ) =
2
0

cos p

4
1

(h) Potential due to a charged spherical shell
(i) outside: V =
r
q

4
1
0

(ii) surface: V =
R
q

4
1
0

;
(iii) inside : V = V
surface
=
R
q

4
1
0

(i) Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
(j) Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
(i) outside: V= ;
r
q

4
1
0

(ii) surface: V =
R
q

4
1
0

(iii) inside: V=
( )
3
2 2
R 2
r R 3 q

4
1
0
; (iv) centre: V = 5 . 1
R
q

4
1
x
2
3
=

0
V
surface

(k) Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)
(i) common potential V=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+
+

0 2 1
2 1
r r
Q Q

4
1

(ii)
( )
( )
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1 1
1
r r
Q r
q ;
r r
Q r
r r
Q Q r
q
+
=
+
=
+
+
=


7
(iii)
1
2
2
1
2
1
r
r
or
r
r
q
q
=
=
2
1

11. Potential energy
(a) U =
1 1
2 1
V q
r
q q

4
1
=
0
(For a system of two charges)
(b) U=
23
3 2
13
3 1
12
2 1
r
q q

4
1
r
q q

4
1
r
q q

4
1
0 0 0

+

+

(For a system of three charges)
(c)

= E . p U (For an electric dipole)

12. If n drops coalesce to form one drop, then
(a) Q = nq; (b) R=n
1/3
r ; (c) V = n
2/3
V
small
;
(d) = n
1/3

small
(e) E=n
1/3
E
small

13. Energy density of electrostatic field:
2
E
2
1
u
0
=

CAPACITANCE

14. Capacitance:
(a) C = (q/V)
(b) Unit of C = farad (F)
(c) Dimensions of C = [M
1
L
2
T
4
A
2
]

15. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
(a) U=
2
1
CV
2
; (b) U= ; QV
2
1
(c)
C
Q
2
1
U
2
=
16. Energy density: (a) u =
2
1
0
E
2
; (b) u =
0
2
2
1

17. Force of attraction between plates of a charged capacitor
(a) F=
2
1
0
E
2
A; (b) F =
0
2
2
A
; (c) F=
A 2
Q
2
0

18. Capacitance formulae
(a) Sphere: (i) C
air
= 4
0
R; (ii) C
med
= K (4
0
R)
(b) Spherical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
a b
b a
r r
r r 4

0
; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b
b a
r r
r r K 4

0

(c) Parallel plate capacitor: (i) C
air
= ;
d
A
0
(ii) C
med
=
d
A K
0

(d) Cylindrical capacitor: (i) C
air
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
2 !
0

; (ii) C
med
=
( )
a b e
r / r log
K 2 !
0

(e) Two long parallel wires: C=
( ) d/a log
e
!
0
where d is the separation between wires and a radius of

each wire (d>>a)

19. Series Combination of Capacitors
(a) q
1
= q
2
= q
3
= q (Charge remains same)
(b) V
1
=
3
3
2
2
1
C
q
V ,
C
q
V ,
C
q
= = (Potential difference is different)


8
(c)
3 2 1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + =
(d) For two capacitors in series: C = C
1
C
2
/(C
1
+ C
2
)
(e) Energy stored: U = U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3

20. Parallel Combination of Capacitors
(a) V
1
= V
2
= V
3
= V (Potential difference remains same)
(b) q
1
= C
1
V, q
2
= C
2
V, q
3
= C
3
V (Charges are different)
(c) C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3

(d) U = U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3

21. Effect of dielectric
(a) Field inside dielectric, E
d
= E
0
/K
(b) Polarization charges on surface of dielectric:
(i) Q
p
= Q (
)
*
+
,
-

K
1
1 ; (ii)
p
=
A
Q
p
= (
)
*
+
,
-

K
1
1
(c) Polarization vector: (i) | P |

=Q
p
/A ; (ii) | P |

=
0
E
d

22. Capacitance formulae with dielectric
(a)
1) (K t d K
A K
K
1
1 t d
A
C

=
(
)
*
+
,
-

0 0
(For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
(b)
t d
A
C
=
0
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)

(c) (
)
*
+
,
- +
=
0
2
K K

d
A
C
2 1

(d)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+
=
0
2 1
2 1
K K
K K

d
A 2
C

(e)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+
+
=
0
3 2
3 2
1
K K
K K 2
K
d 4
A
C

K
2
K
1
d
A/2 A/1
Fig. 11
K
2
K
1
A/2 A/2
Fig. 12
d/2
d/2
K
2
Fig. 13
d
d
K
3
K
1


9

(f) For n plates with alternate plates connected: C = (n1)
0
A/d

(g)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+ +
=
0
3
3
2
2
1
1
K
t
K
t
K
t
A
C

23. Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
(a)
( )
2
1 2
2 1
r 4
r r
r r 4
C
0
0
+

=
(b) Charge on inner sphere = q
1
, while charge on outer sphere = +q
2

(c) Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q
1
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
2
1
r
r
q
2

24. Insertion of dielectric slab
(a) Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i) V = V; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) Q = KQ ; (iv) E = E; (v) U = KU

(b) Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced
(i) Q = Q; (ii) C = KC ; (iii) E = E/K; (iv) V = V/K; (v) U = U/K

25. Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
(a) Common potential:
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
C C
q q

C C
V C V C
V
+
+
=
+
+
=
(b) Charge transfer: q = ( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C
+

(c) Energy loss: U = ( )
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
V V
C C
C C

2
1
+

26. Charging and discharging of a capacitor
(a) Charging: (i) q = q
0
(1e
t/RC
) ; (ii) V = V
0
(1e
t/RC
); (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
;
(iv) I
0
= V
0
/R
(b) Discharge: (i) q = q
0
e
t/RC
; (ii) V = V
0
e
t/RC
; (iii) I = I
0
e
t/RC
(b) Time constant: = RC

Whether you think you can

or you think you cant

either ways you are right!
K
1
K
2
K
3
t
1
t
2
t
3
Fig. 14


10
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Electric Current
(a) I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = IdT

2. Ohms law, Resistivity and Conductivity
(a) V = IR ; (b) R= (!/A) ; (c) = (1/) (d) v
d
= (eE/m); (e) I = neAv
d
;
(f) ;
A ne
m
R
2
(
)
*
+
,
-
(
)
*
+
,
-
=
!
(g) =
2
ne
m
; (h) =
m
ne
2

3. Current density
(a) J = (I/A); (b) J = nev
d
; (c) J = E; (d) = (v
d
/E); (e) =ne

4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
(a) R = R
0
[1 + (TT
0
)] ; (b) =
( )
0 0
0
T T R
R R
; (c) =
0
[1+(TT
0
)] ;
(d) =
( )
0
T T

0
0

5. Cell: (a) ;
Q
W
E = (b) I =
R r
E
+
; (c) V = E Ir (where V = IR)

6. Series Combination of Resistances
(a) R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
; (b) V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
;
(c) I = constant = I
1
= I
2
= I
3
; (d) V
1
= IR
1
, V
2
= IR
2
, V
3
= IR
3

7. Parallel Combination of resistances
(a) ;
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
3 2 1
+ + =
(b) I= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
;
(c) V = constant = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
;
(d)
3
3
2
2
1
1
R
V
I ,
R
V
I ,
R
V
I = = =
(e) For a parallel combination of two resistances:
(i) ;
R R
R R
R
2 1
2 1
+
= (ii) I
1
= ; I
R R
R
2 1
2
+
(iii) I
2
= I
R R
R
2 1
1
+

8. Heating effect of current
(a) W = VI t;
(b) P = VI ;
(c) P = I
2
R = V
2
/R;
(d) H = I
2
Rt Joule =
J
Rt I
2
Calorie

9. Electric bulb: (a) Resistance of filament R = V
2
/P;
(b) Maximum current that can be allowed to pass through
bulb, I
max
= (P/V)

10. Total Power Consumed
(a) Parallel combination: P = P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3

(b) Series combination:
3 2 1
P
1
P
1
P
1
P
1
+ + =
!


11

11. Effect of stretching a resistance wire

4
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
r
r
A
A

A
A
x
R
R
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
= =
!
!
!
!
[" !
1
A
1
= !
2
A
2
]

12. Cells in series: I =
R
E
R nr
nE
=
+
(if n r <<R)

13. Cells in parallel:
( ) R
E
R n / r
E
I =
+
= (if r << R)

r
nE
= (if r >>R)
14. Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
(a)
( )
;
R m nr
E n m
R m / nr
nE
I
+
=
+
=
(b) I is maximum when n r = m R ;
(c) I
max
=
R r n m 2
E n m

15. Chemical effect of current:
(a) Faradays first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt
(b) Faradays second law of electrolysis:
(i) m W (W = ECE) or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)

(ii) As
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
W
W
Z
Z
so ;
W
W

m
m
and
Z
Z
m
m
= = =

(c) Faraday : 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulomb
(d) = = F
Z
W
Faradays constant

16. Thermo e.m.f. : e = +
2
2
(where =
H
=
C
)
17. Neutral temperature:
N
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
= (
)
*
+
,
-
0
d
de

18. Temperature of inversion:
2
C
+
=
1
["
I

N
=
N

C
]

19. Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S =
d
de
= +

20. Peltier effect:
(i) Heat absorbed per second at a junction when a current I flows = I (where = Peltier coefficient)
(ii) Peltier coefficient, = S
H

21. Thomson Coefficient:
(i) Heat absorbed/ sec = I d !



12
(ii) Thomson coefficient, =

I
Q/time



13
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

22. BiotSavart law : dB =
2
0

4
r
sin d I

!

23. Field due to a long straight wire:
r 2
I
B
=
0

24. Field due to a circular coil:
(a) at centre: B =
a 2
I N
0
;
(b) at an axial point: B =
( )
2 / 3
2 2
2
x a 2
a I N
+
0

(c) on axis when x >> a : B =
3
2
0
x 2
a I N

(d) point of inflexion: It occurs at x = a/2
Field at the point of inflexion: B =
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
0
a 5 5
I N 4
= 0.716 B
centre

25. Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=
3
x
2M

4
0

26. Field due to an arc of current:
(a) B = (
0
I!/4R
2
) ;
(b) B = (
0
I/4R)
(c) At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (
0
I/4R)

27. Field due to finite length of wire: B =
a 4
I
0
(sin
1
+ sin
2
)
28. Field at the centre of a square loop: B =
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
0
!
I 2 2

29. Amperes law: 1 d . H (b) ; I d . B ) a ( = =

0

! !

30. Field due to a current in cylindrical rod:
(a) outside: B = (
0
I/2r) ; (b) surface: B = (
0
I/2R); (c) inside: B=
2
R 2
r I

0

31. Field due to a current carrying solenoid:
(a) inside: B =
0
n I ; (b) at one end : B = (
0
n I/2)
(c) at an axial point: B =
2
I n
0
(cos
2
cos
1
)

32. Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=
0
nI
0
NI/2R ; (b) outside: B = 0

33. Force on electric current:

= B x H F

34. Force between two parallel conductors:
d 2
I I F
2 1
=
0
!

35. Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (F
magnetic
/F
electric
) =
(v
2
/c
2
)
! !


14
36. Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: 0 F =
(any shape)
37. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field:

= B x M or M B sin

38. Moving coil galvanometer:
(a) N I A B ;
(b) =K ;
(c) I= ;
AB N
K
(
)
*
+
,
-

(d) Current sensitivity = (/I) = (NaB/K) ; (e) Voltage sensitivity = (/V) = (/IR) = (NAB/KR)

39. Ammeter:
(a) Shunt resistance S = (I
g
G/ I I
g
);
(b) Length of shunt wire, ! = S r
2
/;
(c) Effective resistance of ammeter, R
A
= GS/(G+S);
(d) For an ideal ammeter, R
A
= 0

40. Voltmeter:
(a) High resistance in series, R = ; G
I
V
g
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

(b) For converted Voltmeter, R
V
= R + G;
(c) For an ideal Voltmeter, R
V
=

41. Force on a moving charge:
(a)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=

B x v q F ; (b) F = q v B sin

42. Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field
(a) When
v is to
B :
(i) path = circular; (ii) r = (mv/qB) ; (iii) = (qB/2m);
(iv) T = (2m/qB) ; (v) = qB/m)

(b) When angle between
v and
B is :
(i) path=helical ; (ii) r = (mv
/qB) = (mv sin /qB);

(iii) = (qB/2m); (iv) T = ;
B q
m 2
(v) = (qB/m);
(vi) pitch p = 2r/tan (where tan = (v
/v
||
)

43. Cyclotron:
(i) T = (2m/qB) ;
(ii) = (qB/2m) ;
(iii) = (B/m) ;
(iv) radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [(2mE)/qB];
(v) velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
(vi) the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)

m
R B q

2
1
K
2 2 2
max
=



15
44. Magnetic field produced by a moving charge:
(a) ;
r
) r x v ( q

4
B
3

0
=

(b)
2
0

4
=
r
sin v q
B



16
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CURRENT

45. Magnetic field:
(a) ;
v q
F
B
max
= (b)
max
d
dF

I
1
B (
)
*
+
,
-
=
!

46. Atomic magnetic moments:
(a)
L
= ;
m 2
eL
(b)
S
= ;
m
eS

(c)
J
= g ;
m 2
eJ
(d)
B
=
m 4
h e

= 0.927 x 10
23
J/T

47. Intensity of magnetization: I = (M/V)

48. Magnetizing field:
(a) H = I
B
0
;
(b) For vacuum, H =
0
B
;
(c) For medium, h = B/;
(d) H =nI (solenoid);
(e) H = I/2 r (straight wire);
(f)
2
=
r
sin d I
H
!
(Biot-Savart law) ;
(g)
free
I d . H =

!

49. Magnetic susceptibility: = (I/H)

50. Magnetic permeability:

(a) = (B/H) ; (b)
r
= (/
0
) ; (c)
r
= (B/B
0
)

51. Other relations:
(a) =
0
(1+) ; (b)
r
= 1 + or =
r
1;
(c) B = B
0
(1+ ) : (d) B =
0
(H + I)

52. Pole strength: m = F/B
53. Magnetic moment of dipole : M = m x 2!

54. Field due to a pole: (
)
*
+
,
-
4
=
0
2
r
m
B
55. Field due to a bar magnet:
(a) Axial point:
( )
(
)
*
+
,
-
4
=
0 0
3 2
2 2
r
2M

r
Mr 2
B
!
(if r > > !)
(b) Equatorial point:
( )
(
)
*
+
,
-
4
=
+
4
=
0 0
3 2 / 3
2 2
r
M

r
M
B
!

(c) At arbitrary point: +
4
=
0
cos 3 1
r
M
B
2
3

!


17
56. Force and torque on a dipole in uniform magnetic field
(a) ; 0 F =
(b)

= B x M ; (c) MB sin

57. Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field:

= B . M U = MB cos

58. Tangent galvanometer:

(a) B = B
H
tan ;
(b) I = K tan , where K =
n
B r 2
0
H

59. Vibration magnetometer: T = 2
H
B M
I

Nothing will happen
until
you generate the will to
make it happen!

The most powerful weapon on earth is
human soul on fire!


18
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

60. Magnetic flux:
(a) d = ; =

cos BdA A d . B (b) = ; A d . B

(c) = BA cos ; (d) ; 0 S d . B =

(e) 0 B . V =

61. Faradays laws of e.m. induction:
(a) Induced e.m.f., e = (d/dt);
(b) Induced current, I = ;
dt
d

R
1
R
e
=
(c) Induced charge, q = (
1

2
)/R

62. Motion of a conducting rod:
(a) ; ) B x v ( e F

=
(b) Induced e.m.f., e = B/v
(c) For a rod rotating with angular frequency or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,
f B
2
1
e
2 2
= = = ! ! Ba

63. Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:
(a) Induced e.m.f. e = B!v ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (B!v/R)
(c) F = I!B = B
2
!
2
v/R ; (d) P = Fv = I!Bv = B
2
!
2
v
2
R;
(e) H = I
2
R = (B
2
!
2
v
2
/R);
(f) In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B
1
B
2
) !v and I = (B
1
B
2
)!v/R

64. Rotating loop:
(a) = NAB cos t =
0
cos t, with
0
= NAB;
(b) e = e
0
sin t, where e
0
= NaB; (c) I = (e
0
sin t/R) = I
0
sin t, with I
0
= e
0
/R
65. Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. = !

! d . E
66. Self Inductance:
(a) L = / I ;
(b) e = (LdI/dt);
(c) L =
0
N
2
A/! =
0
n
2
A! (For a solenoid with air core);
(d) L =
r
0
N
2
A/! (For a solenoid with a material core);
(e) L =
0
N
2
R/2 (For a plane circular coil)

67. Mutual inductance:
(a) M = (
2
/ I
1
) ; (b) e
2
= M(dI
1
/dt); (c) M =
0
N
s
N
p
A/!p

68. Series and parallel combination
(a) L = L
1
+ L
2
(if inductors are kept far apart and joined in series)
(b) L = L
1
+ L
2
2M (if inductors are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M)
(c)
2 1 2 1
2 1
L
1
L
1
L
1
or
L L
L L
L + =
+
=
(if two inductors are connected in parallel and are kept for apart)

!
!


19
(d) M = K(L
1
L
2
)
(if two coils of self inductances, L
1
and L
2
are over each other)

69. Energy stored in an inductor:
(a)
2
LI
2
1
U = ; (b) u
B
= (B
2
/2
0
)

70. Growth and decay of current in LR circuit
(a) I = I
0
(1e
t/
) (for growth), where = L/R
(b) I = I
0
e
t/
(for decay), where = L/R

The heights by great men reached and kept
were not attained by sudden flight,

but they, while their companions slept
were toiling upwards in the night.



20
ALTERNATING CURRENT

71. A.C. Currrent and e.m.f. :
(a) I = I
0
sin (t ) ;
(b) e= e
0
sin (t );
(c) < I > = 0, < I >
1/2
=
0
I 2
=0.637 I
0
;
(d) ; 2 / I I
2
0
2
> <
(e) I
rms
= (I0/2) = 0.707 I
0
;
(f) form factor = /22

72. A.C. response of R, L, C and their series combinations
(a) Resistance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin t ;
(iii) phase difference = 0;
(iv) e
0
= I
0
R;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
R

(b) Inductance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t/2) ;
(iii) current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase /2; (iv) e
0
=
I
0
X
L
;
(iv) e
rms
= I
rms
X
L
; (vi) X
L
= L

(c) Capacitance only:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + /2);
(iii) current leads the voltage or voltage lags the current by a phase /2 ; (iv) e
0
= I
0
X
C
;
(v) e
rms
= I
rms
X
C
;
(vi) X
C
= (1/C)

(d) Series LR circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) the current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
L
/R);
(iv) cos = (R/Z) and sin = (XL/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+(L)
2
)] ;
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z

(e) Series RC circuit:
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t + );
(iii) The current leads the voltage or voltage lags behind the current by a phase = tan
1
(X
C
/R)
(iv) cos = (R/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (1+C)
2
)];
(vi) e
0
= I
0
Z ;
(vii) e
rms
= I
rms
Z

(f) Series LCR circuit:


21
(i) e = e
0
sin t ;
(ii) I = I
0
sin (t );
(iii) =tan
1

(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
R
X X
C L
, is positive for X
L
> X
C
, is negative for X
L
<X
C
;
(iv) current lags and circuit is inductive if X
L
< X
C
;
(v) current leads and circuit is capacitive if X
L
< X
C
; (vi) e
0
= I
0
Z;
(vi) Impedance, Z = [R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
];
(viii) cos = (R/Z) and sin =
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
Z
X X
C L

73. Resonance
(a) Resonance frequency,
r
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
LC 2
1

(b) At resonance, X
L
= X
C
, = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos = 1, sin = 0 and
current is maximum (=E
0
/R)

74. Half power frequencies
(a) lower,
1
=
r

L 4
R
or
1
=
r

L 2
R

(b) upper,
2
=
r
+
L 4
R
or
2
=
r
+
L 2
R

75. Band width: =
L 2
R
or =
L
R

76. Quality factor
(a) ;
R
L
Q
r r

=

=
(b) As
r
=
LC
1
, hence QL, Q
R
1
and Q ;
C
1

(c) ;
CR
1
Q
r
=
(d)
( )
R
X
Q
res L
= or
( )
R
X
res C
;
(e)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

=
r
Q or f =
Q
r

77. At resonance, peak voltages are
(a) (V
L
)
res
= e
0
Q; (b) (V
C
)
res
= e
0
Q ; (c) (V
R
)
res
= e
0

78. Conductance, susceptance and admittance
(a) Conductance, G= (1/R);
(b) Susceptance, S = (1/X);
(c) S
L
= (1/X
L
) and S
C
=(1/X
C
) =C;
(d) admittance Y = (1/Z);
(e) Impedance add in series while admittance add in parallel

79. Power in AC circuits
(a) P
av
=
2
1
E
0
I
0
cos = E
rms
I
rms
cos ;
(b) Power factor, cos =
rms rms
av
I E
P
power Virtual
power al Re
=


22
(c) Cos = (R/Z)
(d) (i) R only : = 0, cos = 1, P
av
= I
2
rms
R =
R
e
2
rms

(ii) C only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iii) L only : = 90
0
= /2, cos = 0, P
av
= 0
(iv) Series RL or RC: = tan
1
(
)
*
+
,
-
R
X
L
or = tan
1
(
)
*
+
,
-
R
X
C

P
av
= E
rms
I
rms
cos = R I
Z
R E
2
rms
2
2
rms
=
(iv) Series LCR: = tan
1
= tan
1
(
)
*
+
,
-
R
X X
C L
, P
AV
= R, I
Z
R E
rms
2
2
2
rms
=
At resonance, = 0, cos = 1 and P
av
= I
2
rms
R = E
2
rms
/R

80. Parallel LCR circuit
(a) ;
X
1
X
1
R
1
Z
1
2
C L
2 (
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+ =
(b) ( ) ; S S G Y
2
C L
2
+ =
(c) I
0
= E
0
Y;
(d) tan = ;
G
S S
C L

(e)
r
=
LC
1
or
r
= ;
L
R
LC
1
2
2
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

(f) in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is
minimum.

81. Transformer:
(a) C
p
= N
p
(
)
*
+
,
-
dt
d
and e
s
= N
s
(
)
*
+
,
-
dt
d

(b)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
s
p
s
p
N
N

e
e

(c) " e
p
I
p
= e
s
I
s
, so
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
s
p
s
p
p
s
N
N
e
e

I
I

(d) Step down: e
s
< e
p
, N
s
< N
p
and I
s
> I
p

(e) Step up : e
s
> e
p
, N
s
> N
p
and I
s
< I
p

(f) Efficiency, =
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
p p
s s
I e
I e

82. AC generator: e = e
0
sin (2t), (where e
0
= NBA)

83. DC motor:
(a) (
)
*
+
,
-
=
R
e E
I
(b) IE = Ie = I
2
R
(c) efficiency,
emf Applied
emf Back

E
e
= (
)
*
+
,
-



23
LIGHT
1. Intensity of light
(a) Spherical wave front: (i) I = ,
r 4
P
2
(ii) amplitude
r
1

(b) Cylindrical wave front: (i) I
r
1
, (ii) amplitude
r
1

(c) Plane wave front: (i) I r
0
, (i) A r
0
(i.e. I and A are both constants)

2. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
3. Law of reflection: Snells law: =
r sin
i sin

4. Other relations
(a) 2
1
=
v
c
and
v
v
2
1
=
(b)
medium
=
air
or v
medium
=
air
v
("
medium
=
air
)
(c)
1
sin i =
2
sin r

5. Electromagnetic nature of light
(a) The magnitude of

B and E are related in vacuum by: B=
C
E

(b)

B and E are such that

B x E is always in the direction of propagation of wave
(c) c=
0

0
1
and v=
1

(d) Refractive index, = (
r

r
) (
r
= /
0
and
r
= /
0
)
For nonmagnetic material,
r
1 and = (
r
)

(e) The EM wave propagating in the positive xdirection may be represented by:
E
y
= E
0
sin (kx t) and B
z
= B
0
sin (kx t)

6. Energy transmitted by an electromagnetic wave
(a) Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = u
e
+ u
m
=
2
1
0
E
2
+
2
1

0
2
B

(b) As for EM wave, B =
C
E
and
c
1
= (
0

0
), hence

2 2 2
2
2
0
2
E E
2
1
E
2
1
c
E

2
1
E
2
1
u
0 0 0 0
= + =
+ =
(c) Time averaged value of energy density is:
2
0
E
2
1
u
0
=

7. Intensity of an electromagnetic wave
(a) In a medium: I = v E
2
1
2
0
(
)
*
+
,
-

0

(b) In free space: I = c E
2
1
2
0
(
)
*
+
,
-

0

8. Pointing vector


24
(a) ) B x E ( c ) B x E (
1
H x E S
2

0

0

=
= =
(b) S = c
0
E
2
= (
0
/
0
)E
2

(c) S I = and u c S =
(d) Impedance of free space, Z = (
0
/
0
) 377 ohm

9. Pressure of EM Radiation
(a) Change in momentum (normal incidence)

c
t A S

c
U
p

= = (absorber)

c
t A S

c
U 2
p

= = (reflector)

(b) Pressure (normal incidence)

u
c
S
P = = (absorber)

u 2
c
S 2
P = = (reflector)

(c) Pressure for diffused radiation

u
3
1
c
S

3
1
P = = (absorber)

u
3
2

c
S

3
2
P = = (reflector)
10. Quantum theory of light:
(a) Energy of photon, E = h = hc/
(b) Momentum, p =
=
h
c
E

(c) Rest mass of photon = 0
(d) Mass equivalent of energy, m = (E/c
2
)

11. Inclined mirrors: number of images
(a) When 360
0
is exactly divisible by
0
and 360
0
/
0
is an even integer then the number of images
formed is

1
360
n
= (whatever may be location of the object)

(b) When 360
0
is exactly divisible by
0
and 360/) is an odd integer, then the number of images
formed is

1
360
n
= (for symmetrical placement)

=
360
(for unsymmetrical placement)


25

(c) When 360
0
is not exactly divisible by , then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n (where n = 360/)

12. Reflection amplitude and intensity
(a) When a ray of light is incident (with angle of incidence i 0) from a medium 1 of refractive index
1

to the plane surface of medium 2 of refractive index
2
, then reflection amplitude is
2 1
2 1
+

= R
(b) The ratio of the reflected intensity and the incident intensity is:
2
i
r
I
I
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+

=
2 1
2 1
.

13. Refraction of light
(a) ;
r sin
i in s
= (b)
1
2
= ;
sin
sin
2
1

(c)
1
2
=
1
2
1
; (d) Cauchys relation: = A +
2
B

14. Parallel slab
(a) Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e
(b) Lateral shift = [t sin (i r)/cos r]

15. Composite block:
1
sin
1
=
2
sin
2
=
3
sin
3
= constant

16. Apparent depth
(a) a =
t R
(where R = Real depth)
(b) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
x = t a = t
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
1
1 t
t
, where t is the thickness of the glass slab
(c) If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices
1
,
2
,
3
and individual
depths t
1
, t
2
, t
3
respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:

3 2 1

+
=
3 2 1
t t t
a
17. Total internal reflection: Critical angle i
C
is given by: sin i
C
=
1

18. For a luminous body at a depth d inside a liquid: Radius of bright circular patch at the surface
r = d tan i
C
=
1
d

2

19. For optical fibre: sin i ( ) [ ] 1 n / n
2
1 2

20. Prism:
(a) i + e = A +
(b) r
1
+ r
2
= A;
(c) At minimum deviation: i = e and r
1
= r
2
. Hence, =
(
)
*
+
,
-
(
)
*
+
,
- +
2
A
sin
2
A
sin
m

(d) For small angle prism: = (1) A


26

21. Dispersion:
(a)
red
<
violet
because
red
<
violet

(b) Angular dispersion: =
V

R
= (
V
R
)A
(c) Dispersive power: =
1 1
Y
R B
Y
R V
Y
R V

=

=

(In practice)
(d) Dispersion without deviation: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or
( )
( ) 1
1
A
A
F
C
C
F

=
(ii) Also, angular dispersion, =A
C
(
C
1) (
C
F
)

(e) Deviation without dispersion: (i)
C
+
F
= 0 or,
FR FV
CR CV
C
F
A
A

=
(ii) Also,
FY
CY
C
F

22. Principle of superposition: y = y
1
+ y
2

23. Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference
(a) Resultant wave amplitude, a = (a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ 2a
1
a
2
cos )
(b) Resultant wave intensity, I = I
1
+ I
2
+ 2(I
1
I
2
) cos
(c) If a
1
= a
2
= a
0
, and I
1
= I
2
= I
0
, then a = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I = 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)

24. Constructive interference
(a) conditions: = 2n 0, 2, 4, 6,..
or, = n 0, , 2, 3,

(b) a
max
= a
1
+ a
2

(c) I
max
(a
1
+ a
2
)
2

(d) I
max
= I
1
+ I
2
+ 2 (I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
+ I
2
)
2

(e) I
max
= 4I
0
; If I
1
= I
2
= I
0

25. Destructive interference
(a) conditions: = (2n 1) , 3, 5, or, = (2n1) ,.........
5
,
2
3
,
2

2
=
2

(b) a
min
= a
1
a
2

(c) I
min
(a
1
a
2
)
2

(d) I
min
= I
1
+ I
2
2(I
1
I
2
) = (I
1
I
2
)
2

(e) I
min
= 0 if I
1
I
2
= I
0

26. Youngs double slit experiment
(a) Phase difference, =
2
(S
2
P S
1
P) =
2
x path difference
(b) A = 2a
0
cos (/2) and I 4I
0
cos
2
(/2)
(c) Position of nth fringe on the screen:
(i) for bright fringe,
d
nD
x
n

=
(ii) for dark fringe,
( )
d 2
D 1 n 2
x
n

=

27. Fringe width:
(a) Linear fringe width, =
d
D



27
(b) Angular fringe width, =
d

(c)
liquid
=
liquid
air
air
or
liquid
=
liquid
air
air

(d)
water
=
4
3
air

28. When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(a) (1) t = n
(b) Shift of the central fringe =
( )
1 t

29. Fringe visibility: V =
min max
min max
I I
I I

30. Frensels biprism:
(a) d = 2a (1) ; (b) d = (d
1
d
2
)
(c) = (D/d); (d) d
liquid
< d
air
, for example, d
water
= d
air
/4
(e)
liquid
>
air
;
liquid
=
air

(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

t
1
g
g

31. Newtons rings:
(a) Diameter of nth dark fringe, D
n
= (4nR)
(b) =
pR 4
D D
2
n
2
p n

+
and
2
n
2
p n
2
n
2
p n
' D ' D
D D
=
+
+

32. Thin films: For reflected light

2t cos r = n (Dark fringe)
2t cos r = (n
2
1
) (Bright fringe)

33. Diffraction:
(a) a sin = n (a = width of slit)
(b) Half angular width of central maxima, = sin
1
(/a)
(c) Intensity distribution of the screen I = I
0

2
sin
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

where, =
D
y a
and I
0
= Intensity at central point of screen
(d) Limit of resolution of telescope: =
a
22 . 1

(e) Resolving power of telescope =
=
22 . 1
a 1

34. Spherical mirrors:
(a) Focal length: = (R/2)
(b) Mirror formula:
u
1
v
1 1
+ =

(c) Newtons formula:
2
= xy (x and y are the distances of the object and image from the principal
focus respectively)


28
(d) Linear magnification:
= = =
v
u u
v
o
I
m
(e) Longitudinal magnification:
2
2
u
v
m =

35. Spherical lenses:
(c) A single spherical surface:
(i)
( )
R u v
1 2 1 2

=
[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index

1
]
(ii)
( )
R u v
2 1 2 1

=
[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index

2
]
(iii) First principal focus:
1
=
( ) 1
R
where =
2
/
1
(iv) Second principal focus:
2
=
( ) 1
R

(v) Magnification: m =
1
u/
/ v
2

(d) Lens Makers formula:
(i) ( )
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
1 2
1
1 2 1
1
2 1
2
R
1
R
1

u v
or,
R
1
R
1
1
1

[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]
(ii)
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
2 3
1
1 2 1
2
3
R R u v

[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]

(e) Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces:
( )
R
2

1 1
=

(f) Linear magnification:
u
v
u
v

O
I
m
+

= = =
(g) Power of lens: P=
1

(h) Lenses in contact:
(i) ;
1 1 1
2 1

+
(ii) P = P
1
+ P
2

(iii) For lenses separated by a distance d =
2 1 2 1
d 1 1 1

(i) Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism,
y y
'
'

36. Silvering at one surface:

(a)
( )
R
1 - 2

2 1 1 1
F
1
m
=
! ! !

R
Fig. 1


29

(b)
( )
R
n 2
R
2

R
2
1 2

F
1
m
= +
"
#
$
%
&
' 1
=
=
!

(c) ( )
2 2 1 m
R
2
R
1
R
1
2
1 2

F
1
+
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+ 1 =
=
!

37. Optical Instruments
(a) Astronomical Telescope:
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
e
0

(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m = (
)
*
+
,
-
+
D
1
e
e
0

(b) Simple Microscope:
D

(ii) For nearpoint adjustment = m = 1+
D

(c) Compound Microscope:
"
#
$
%
&
'
e 0
0
D

u
v

(ii) For nearpoint adjustment: m =
"
#
$
%
&
'
+
e 0
0
D
1
u
v

I do not ask to walk smooth paths, nor bear an easy load.
I pray for strength and fortitude to climb rock-strewn road.
Give me such courage I can scale the hardest peaks alone,
And transform every stumbling block into a stepping-stone.
Gail Brook Burkett

R
Fig. 2

R
2
Fig. 3
R
1


30
MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS

1. Cathode rays
(a) Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
(b) Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10
11
Coulomb/Kg

2. Positive rays
(a) Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(b) (q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.

3. Motion of charge particle through electric field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is parabolic: y = (qE/2mu
2
)x
2

(b) The time spent in the electric field: t = (L/u)
(c) The ycomponent of velocity acquired: v
y
= (qEL/mu)
(d) The angle at which particle emerges out tan = qEL/mu
2

(e) The displacement in y-direction, when the particle emerges out of the field: y
1
=(qEL
2
/2mu
2
)
(f) The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu
2
)

4. Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field to initial velocity)
(a) The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
(b) Momentum of the particle: p = qBr
(c) The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)

5. Mass spectrographs
(a) Thomsons mass spectrograph
(i) Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
(ii) Inner parabola corresponding to heavy M white outer parabola to light M.
(iii) The upper portion of parabola is due to small v ions, while lower portion is due to high v ions.
(iv) Only v = ions can reach vertex of parabola.
(v) Equation of parabola: X
2
= (B
2
LD/E) (q/M) Y = K (q/M) Y

(b) Brain bridge mass spectrograph
(i) Velocity selector: v = (E/B)
(ii) Other relations: r = (Mv/qB) = (ME/qBB) (whre B is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d
2
d
1
) (M
2
M
1
) ; M
1
: M
2
= d
1
: d
2
[where d
1
and d
2
are the
distances of traces 1 and 2 from the slit S
2
of velocity selector].



31
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

6. Threshold frequency: v
0
=
h
W
h
function Work
=
7. Threshold wavelength:
0
=
W
hc
hv
hc
v
c
0 0
= =
(To calculate
0
, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 10
6
eV) (m)

8. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
(a) K
max
=
2
1
mv
2
max
= eV
0

(b) K
max
= hv W = h (v v
0
) = hc
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
0
1 1

9. Slope of (V
0
v) graph =
e
h

10. Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
(a) Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =
hc

(c) p =
=
h
c
E
(d) m =
=
c
h
c
E
2

11. Number of photons:
(a) number of photons per sec per m
2
, n
p
=
( )
v h
Watt/m Intensity
2

(b) number of photons incident per second, n
p
=
( )
hv
Watt Power

(c) number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.

12. Compton wavelength:
(a)
c
=
C m
h
0
=2.426 pm
(b) Change in wavelenth, ( ) =
c
(1 cos )



32
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

13. Rutherfords particle scattering
(a) N() cosec
4
(/2)
(b) Impact parameter, b =
( ) ( )
( ) E 4
2 cot Ze
2
0

/
, (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the particle)

14. Distance of closest approach: r
0
( )E 4
Ze 2
2
0

= (where E =
2
1
mu
2
= KE of the
particle)
15. Bohrs atomic model
(a) L = mvr =
2
nh

(b) hv = E
i
= E
f
=
hc

(c) Radius of nth orbit:
(i) r
n
,
Z
n
2
(ii) r
n
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
2 2
2 2
ke m 4
h

Z
n

(iii) Bohrs radius: a
0
= (h
2
/4
2
mke
2
) = 0.529
(iv) Ratio of radii: r
1
:r
2
: r
3
= 1 : 4 : 9 ; r
N
:
r
He
+
:
r
Li
++
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 1

(d) Velcotiy of electron in nth orbit:
(i) v
n
= c
n
Z
137
c

n
Z
= (
)
*
+
,
-
(where = = =
137
1
h c
Ke 2
2
fine structures constant)
(ii) v
1
: v
2
; v
3
= 1 :
3
1
:
2
1
= 6 : 3 : 2
(iii) v
1
= velocity of electron is 1
st
orbit of Hatom = (c/137)

(e) Total energy of electron:
(i) Potential energy, U = (kZe
2
/r)
(ii) K =
2
1
mv
2
= (kZe
2
/2r)
(iii) E = K + U = (kZe
2
/2r) = (U/2) = K
(iv) K = (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
(v) E
n
=
2
2
n
Z 6 . 13
eV =
2
2
n
Z
J
n
Z 10 x 2.18

h
e k m 2
2
2 -18
2
4 2
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

2

(f) Ionization energy = E
1
= + (13.6Z
2
)eV
(i) For Hatom, I.E. = 13.6 eV
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.E = 54.4 eV
(iii) For Li
++
ion, I.E. = 122.4 eV

(g) Ionization potential:
(i) For Hatom, I.P. = 13.6 V
(ii) For He
+
ion, I.P. = 54.42

(h) Series formula (wave number 1/ = v



33

n
1
n
1
RZ
1
2
2
2
1
2
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
=
where
1 - 7
3
4 2
m 10 x 097 . 1
h c
e k m 2
R =
=
2

(i) Series formula for Hatom
(i) Lyman series: = (
)
*
+
,
-
=
...... 4, 3, 2, n ,
n
1
1 R
1
2

(ii) Balmer series: = (
)
*
+
,
-
=
5.... 4, 3, n ,
n
1
2
1
R
1
2 2

(iii) Paschen series: = (
)
*
+
,
-
=
6.... 5, 4, n ,
n
1
3
1
R
1
2 2

(iv) Brackett series: ,
n
1
4
1
R
1
2 2
(
)
*
+
,
-
=
n = 5, 6, 7.
(v) Pfund series: 8 7, 6, n ,
n
1
5
1
R
1
2 2
= (
)
*
+
,
-
=
.
(j) Series limits (
min
)
(i) Lyman:
min
= 912
(ii) Balmer:
min
= 3645
(iii) Paschen:
min
= 8201

16. Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n1)/2

17. Time period of revolution
(a) T
n
(n
3
/Z
2
) ; (b) T
1
= 1.5 x 10
16
sec ; (c) T
1
: T
2
: T
3
= 1 : 8 : 27

18. Frequency of revolution
(a) v
n
(Z
2
/n
3
); (b) v
1
= 6.6 x 10
15
Hz ; (c) v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 :
27
1
:
8
1

19. Current due to orbital motion
(a) I
n
(Z
2
/n
3
) ; (b) I
1
= 1 mA

20. Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron
(a) B
n
(Z
3
/n
5
) ; (b) B
1
= 12.5 Tesla

21. Magnetic moment:
(a) M
n
= (eL/2m) = (nhe/4m);
(b) M
1
= (eh/4m) =
B
= Bohr Magneton = 9.27 x 10
24
Am
2

22. Magnitude of angular momentum: L = [!(!+1)] (h/2)

23. Angle of angular momentum vector from zaxis
(a) cos = [m
!
{!(!+1)}]; (b) the least angle is for m! = ! i.e. cos min = [!/{!(!+1})]

24. Magnitude of spin angular momentum
S = [s (s+1)] (h/2) =
2
3
(h/2)
XRAYS

25. Continuous Xrays:
(a) v
max
= (eV/h) ; (b)
min
= (hc/eV) = (12400/V)



34
26. Characterictic Xrays:
(a)
K
<
L
<
M
; (b) v
K
> v
L
> v
M

27. Frequency of K
line : v (K
) =
4
cR 3
(Z1)
2
= 2.47 x 10
15
(Z1)
2

28. Wavelength of K
line: (K
) = [4/3R(Z1)
2
] = [1216/(Z1)
2
]

29. Energy of K
Xray photon: E(K
) = 10.2 (Z1)
2
eV

30. Mosleys law:
(a) v = a (Zb)
2
, where a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 x 10
5
Hz
(b) For K
line, b = 1; (c) v Z

31. Braggs law: 2d sin = n

32. Absorption formula: I = I
0
e
x

33. Halfvalue thickness: x
1/2
= (0.693/)

MATTER WAVES
34. For photons:
(a) E = hv = (hc/) ;
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/) ;
(c) m = (E/c
2
) = (hv/c
2
) = h/c
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2)

35. Matter waves:
(a) de Broglie wavelength,
V q m 2
h
E m 2
h
mv
h
p
h
= = = = ] qV mv E [
2
2
1
= = "
(b) (i) For electron
e
=
V
27 . 12

(ii) For proton,
p
=
V
286 . 0

(iii) For alpha particle
=
V
101 . 0

(c) For particle at temperature T : (
)
*
+
,
-
=
3
= kT
2
3
E
KT m
h

(i) For neutron or proton: = (25.2/T) [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]
but =
T
8 . 30
[if E = kT, most probable energy]
(d) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is:
e
=
v
27 . 12

Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:

volt
6 . 150
V
2
e
=
(e) Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2r
n
= n
(f) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength and frequency v is
. c v i.e.
v
c
v m
h
x
h
mc
mv
h
x
h
v v
p
2 2
p
> = =
= =
(g) Group velocity, v
g
= (d/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v
g
= v



35
RADIOACTIVITY

36. Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = N ; (b) N = N
0
e
t
; (c) (N/N
0
) = (1/2)
t/T

37. Half life and decay constant:
(a)
( )
;
N
dN/dt
= (b) T = log
e
2 or T = (0.693/) or = (0.693/T)

38. Mean life:
(a) = (1/) or =(1/); (b) T = 0.693 or = 1.443 T

39. Activity:
(a) R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = N ; (c) R = R
0
e
t
; (d) (R/R
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
;
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10
10
dps;
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10
6
Rd = 10
6
dps

40. Decay of active mass:
(a) m = m
0
e
t
; (b) (m/m
0
) = (1/2)
t/T
; (c) N =
A
m x 10 x 023 . 6
23

41. Radioactive equilibrium: N
A
A
= N
B
B

42. Decay constant for two channels: (a) =
1
+
2
; (b) T =
2 1
2 1
T T
T T
+

43. Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I
0
e
x
; (b) Half value thickness, x
1/2
= (0.693/)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

44. Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10
27
kg ; (b) 1 amu 1u 931.5 MeV

45. Properties of nucleus
(a) Radius: R = R
0
A
1/3
where R
0
= 1.2 fermi
(b) Volume: V A
"
#
$
%
&
'
= = A R
3
4
R
3
4
V
3
0
3
"
(c) Density: = 2.4 x 10
17
Kg/m
3
( is independent of A)

46. Mass defect: M = Zm
p
+ (AZ) m
n
M

47. Packing fraction: = /A = mass excess per nucleon [ = M = mass excess]
48. Binding energy: E = BE = (M)c
2

49. Binding energy per ncuelon:
(a) BEN = (BE/A);
(b) BEN for Helium = 7.1 MeV/nucleon
(c) BEN for Deuterium = 1.1 MeV/nucleon

ELECTRONICS

50. Richarson equation
(a) J = AT
2
e
W/KT
where A = 60 x 10
4
A/K
2
m
2

(b) J = AT
2
e
11600 W/T
[ K = Boltzmanns constant = 1.38 x 10
23
J/K = 8.62 x 10
5
eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
(c) I = AT
2
Se
W/KT


36

51. Childs law: I
p
= KV
p
3/2
[K = constant of proportionality]

52. Diode resistance
(a) Static plate resistance: (i) R
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) R
p
V
p
1/2
(iii) R
p
I
3 / 1
p

(b) Dynamic plate resistance: (i) r
p
= (V
p
/ I
p
); (ii) r
p
v
2 / 1
p
; (iii) r
p
I .
3 / 1
p

53. Triode Constants:
(a) r
p
=
constant V
p
p
g
I
V
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
; (b) g
m
= ;
V
I
t tan cons V
g
p
p
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-

(c) =
consant I
g
p
p
V
V
=
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
; (d) = r
p
x g
m
; (e) r
p
I
p
1/3
; (f) g
m
I
p
1/3

54. Plate current equation: I
p
= K
2 / 3
p
g
V
V
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+
55. Cut off voltage: V
g
= (V
p
/)

56. Triode as an amplifier:

(a) I
p
= (V
g
/R
L
+ r
p
); (b) A = (R
L
/R
L
+ r
p
)
(c) A
max
= ; (d) = A ;
R
r
1
L
p
(
(
)
*
+
+
,
-
+ (e) A = /2 if R
L
= r
p

57. Conductivity of semi conductors
(a) Intrinsic: (i) = e (n
e
e
+ n
h

h
) ; (ii)
KT 2 / E
g
e
0
=
(b) Extrinsic: (i) ntype : = en
e
e
; (ii) ptype : = en
h
h

58. Transistor:
(a) I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
(I
B
<< I
E
, I
B
<< I
C
)

(b) Current gains:

(c) Relation between and : =

=
+ 1
1
or
( )
( )
B
C
ac
B
C
C
ac
E
C
I
I
,
I
ii
I
, i


37
STUDY TIPS
Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i. e. after studying 23 hrs of mathematics shift to
any theoretical subject for 2 horrs. When we study a subject like math, a particular part of the
brain is working more than rest of the brain. When we shift to a theoretical subject, practically the
other part of the brain would become active and the part studying maths will go for rest.

Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of the day you must revise
whatever youve learnt during that day (or revise the previous days work before starting studies
the next day). On an average brain is able to retain the newly learned information 80% only for 12
hours, after that the forgetting cycle begins. After this revision, now the brain is able to hold the
matter for 7 days. So next revision should be after 7 days (sundays could be kept for just
revision). This ways you will get rid of the problem of forgetting what you study and save a lot of
time in restudying that topic.

Use All Your Senses
Whatever you read, try to convert that into picture and visualize it. Our eye memory is many times
stronger than our ear memory since the nerves connecting brain to eye are many times stronger
than nerves connecting brain to ear. So instead of trying to mug up by repeating it loudly try to
see it while reapeating (loudly or in your mind). This is applicable in theoritical subjects. Try to use
all your senses while learning a subject matter. On an average we remember 25% of what we
read, 35% of what we hear, 50% of what we say, 75% of what we see, 95% of what we read,
hear, say and see.

Breathing and Relaxation
Take special care of your breathing. Deep breaths are very important for relaxing your mind and
hence in your concentration. Pranayam can do wonders to your concentration, relaxation and
sharpening your mined (by supplying oxygen to it). Aerobic exercises like skipping, jogging,
swimming and cycling are also very helpful.

The most powerful weapon on earth is
human soul on fire!



38

Never say Quit!
When things go wrong, as they sometimes will,
When the road you are trudging seems all uphill.

When the funds are low and debts are high,
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh.

When care is pressing, youre down a bit.
Rest if you must, but never quit.

Life is queer, with its twists and turns,
As every one of us, sometimes learns.

And many a fellow turns about,
When he might have won, if he had stuck it out.

Stick to your task, though the pace seems slow,
You may succeed with just another blow.

Often the goal is nearer than,
It seems to a faint and faltering man.

Often the struggler has given up.
When he might have captured the victors cup.

And he learned too late, when the night slipped down,
How close he was to the golden crown.

Success is failure turned inside out,
The silver tints of the clouds of doubt.

And you never can tell how close you are,
It may be near when it seems afar.

So stick to the fight when you are hardest hit,
Its when things seem worst, that you must never quit!

Edwin Markham



39

Put Forth Your Best
And Youve Already Won!

The contest last for just moments,
though the trainings taken years.
It wasnt the winning alone
that was worth the work and tears.

The applause will be forgotten,
the prize will be misplaced.
But the long hours of practise
will never be a waste.

For in trying to win, you build a skill.
You learn that winning depends on will.

You never grow by how much you win,
you only grow by how much you put in.

So any new challenge youve just begun,
Put forth your best and youve already won!


40

You can
if you think
you can!

If you think you are beaten, you are;
If you think that you dare not, you dont;
If youd like to win, but think you cant,
Its almost certain you wont.
If you think youll lose, youve lost,
For out in the world you find,
Success begins with a fellows will,
Its all in the state of mind.

Often many a race is lost,
Before even a step is run,
And many a coward fails,
Before even his works begun.
Think big, and your deeds will grow
Think small, and youll fall behind.
Think that you can, and you will,
Its all in the state of mind.

If you think youre outclassed, you are;
Youve got to think high to rise;
Youve got to be sure of yourself,
Befoe you can ever win a prize.
Lifes battles dont always go,
To the stronger or faster man,
BUT SOONER OR LATER THE MAN WHO WINS,
IS THE ONE WHO THINKS HE CAN.
Edwin Markham

Formula Booklet Physics Xii

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Formula Booklet Physics XII

QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE

= Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the medium

= (if charge q is placed at the origin)

= (if charge q is placed at some point having position vector 0 r

where d is the separation between wires and a radius of

Formula Booklet Physics XII

/qB) = (mv sin /qB);

= (whatever may be location of the object)

= (for symmetrical placement)

[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index

[For an object placed in a medium of refractive index

Xray photon: E(K

Formula Booklet Physics XII

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