Example of a Newton

1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 N 1 N
1 m/s 2 m/s
One newton (N) is the force it takes to change
the speed of a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s in 1 second.
Time
Time
Equation for Newtons Second Law
a
=
F
m
Acceleration
(m/s
2
)
Force (N)
Mass (kg)
N
e
w
t
o
n

s

S
e
c
o
n
d

L
a
w
a
a
m
F
=
m
F
=
a
m
F
=
M
o
r
e

f
o
r
c
e
F
o
r
c
e
F
o
r
c
e
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
r
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
e
s
s
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
s
s
M
a
s
s
M
o
r
e

m
a
s
s
S
p
e
e
d

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
S
p
e
e
d

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
f
a
s
t
e
r
S
p
e
e
d

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
l
o
w
e
r
Object in Free Fall
9.8 m/s
0 m/s
19.6 m/s
29.4 m/s
After 1 second
Start
After 2 seconds
After 3 seconds
Newtons Third Law
Action force Reaction force
More
acceleration
Less
acceleration
Converting Energy
Heat energy
Electrical energy
0 volts 0 volts 0 volts
+
-
120 volts
+
-
120 volts
+
-
120 volts
Safety ground (0 volts)
CH + 2O
2H O + CO + energy
Chemical energy
2 2 2
4
Mechanical energy
Hot
steam
Time
S
p
e
e
d
Angle
Mass
Some Important Variables in the System
P
o
s
it
io
n
g
S
p
e
e
d
Angle
P
o
s
itio
n
Not included:
color, light, window,
floor or friction
(or anything else)
System includes:
car, ramp, angle,
speed, time, mass
Systems and Variables
W Fd
=
Work (joules) Force (newtons)
Distance (meters)
in the direction of the force
Work
Lifting the 1 newton
block 1 meter requires
1 joule of work.
1 meter
Block
1 N
P
=
W
t
Power (watts)
Work (joules)
Time (seconds)
seconds
2 m
100 N
Michael
seconds
2 m
100 N
Jim
Michael and Jim do the same amount of work
but do not have the same power.
Power
100 N
10 m
Start
10 seconds
60 seconds
1,000 J 100 W
1,000 J 16.7 W
Work Power
Power Example
Power = Amount of work done
time
Energy Flow
MA
lever
=
L
i
L
o
Mechanical
advantage
Length of
input arm (m)
Length of
output arm (m)
L
i
L
o
Input
arm
Output
arm
Fulcrum
Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
Output
force
Input
force
Output force
Input force
200 kg
A small input force can create a large output force
for simple machines with a mechanical advantage greater than one.
MA =
F
F
Mechanical
advantage
Output force (N)
Input force (N)
o
i
Mechanical Advantage
1st Class
Output force
Input force
The Three Classes of Levers
Output force
Input force
2nd Class
Output force
Input force
3rd Class
Output
force
Input
force
fulcrum
Output
force
Input
force
fulcrum
Output
force
fulcrum
Input force
Earth
Image: NASA
Forming a Planetary System
Jupiter
NASA photo
Mars
ESA photo
Mercury
Image from radar maps, NASA
Planet Overview
Property Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Diameter (km) 4,878 12,102 12,756 6,794 142,796 120,660 51,200 49,500 2,200
Mass (kg) 3.3 10
23
4.9 10
24
6.0 10
24
6.4 10
23
1.9 10
27
5.7 10
26
8.7 10
25
1.0 10
26
1.3 10
22
Density 5.44 5.25 5.52 3.91 1.31 0.69 1.21 1.67 1.75
(g/cm
3
)
Average 58 108 150 228 778 1430 2870 4500 5910
distance
from sun
(million km)
Major moons (#) 0 0 1 2 39 30 21 8 1
Strength 3.7 8.9 9.8 3.7 23.1 9.0 8.7 11.0 0.6
`of gravity (N/kg)
Surface -170 to +450 to -88 to -89 to -108 -139 -197 -201 -223
temperature (C) +400 +480 +48 -31
Rotation period 59 243 1 1.03 0.41 0.43 0.72 0.67 6.4
(Earth days)
Revolution 0.24 0.62 1 1.9 12 29 84 165 249
period
(Earth years)
Orbital speed 47.89 35.04 29.80 24.14 13.06 9.64 6.80 5.43 4.74
(km/sec)
Planet Size Relative to the Sun
Pluto
Image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
Pluto
Saturn
NASA photo
The Solar System
Uranus and Neptune
Uranus Neptune
Images: NASA Jet Propulsion Labratory
Venus
Image: NASA
Evolution of a Sun-like Star
Pluto
Bright
Dim
L
u
m
i
n
o
s
i
t
y
Temperature (C)
25,000 10,000 6,000 3,000
Stars, Color and Temperature
L
i
g
h
t

o
u
t
p
u
t
Color
Visible light
Infrared Ultraviolet
{
Sun Anatomy
Types of Galaxies
Spiral
Barred spiral
Elliptical
Lenticular