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JUNE 20, 2014
What causes tsunamis?
tsunamia very long and/or high sea wave or coastal serge of water caused by an earthquake or
other disturbance.
Tsunamis are caused by displacement of the earth's crust under an ocean or body of water of any
size. They can be generated by earthquakes, volcanic explosions, or underwater landslides. When
the solid earth moves, the water above it also moves with it. Tsunamis are the result of both the
initial shock waves and the following motion of the water readjusting to a stable pool (sea level).
Tsunamis can travel great distances throughout the world's ocean. Their energy is dissipated when
they approach shorelines where they come onshore as a great surge of water, with or without a
massive "tidal wave" crashing onshore. Although most tsunamis are small (barely detectible), some
modern tsunamis have reached inland elevations many hundreds of feet above sea level.
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Showing posts with label volcano. Show all posts
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!"#$%&'(: Tectonic, volcano
Map showing locations of tsunami-generating earthquakes
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JUNE 11, 2014
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Amazing Green Obsidian
Green Obsidian Volcanic glass
Glassy texture indicates instant cooling
Size: 10 cm
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Subm
it
The Difference between Rocks and
Minerals .
mineral A naturally occurring,
homogeneous inorganic solid
substance having a definite chemical
composition and characteristic
crystalli...
Cross Section Interpretation
Exercise
Using the laws of original
horizontality, superposition, and
cross-cutting relationships interpret
the order of the formation of
feature...
Types of Unconformity
Four types of unconformity: Angular
unconformity: younger sediment lies
upon an eroded surface of tilted or
folded older rocks. The...
Lena stone forest
One of the cool natural breath-taking
places in Russia are the Lena stone
forest or Lena Stone Pillars
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!"#$%&'(: Igneous, volcano
JUNE 10, 2014
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Spectacular Neon Blue Lava Pours From Indonesia's Kawah Ijen
Volcano At Night (PHOTOS)
You've heard of "red hot" and "white hot" to describe searing temperatures. But what about
"blue hot"?
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JUNE 9, 2014
Watch the Most incredible volcano footage ever.
Amber
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Researches
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of Corundum)
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Crater
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Green Variation
of Quartz
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MAY 15, 2014
Mud volcano
Preachers Rock,
Red tourmaline
Lena stone forest
Azurite
The Difference
between
Rocks and
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Interpretation
Exercise
Amazing
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What causes
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The Triple
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Mud volcano or mud dome are used to refer to formations created by geo-excreted liquids and
gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Hot water
mixes with mud and surface deposits. Mud volcanoes are associated with subduction zones and
about 700 have been identified. Temperatures are much lower in these processes than found at
.igneous volcanoes
The mud produced by mud volcanoes is most typically formed as hot water, which has been heated
deep below the earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with various subterranean mineral deposits,
thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological
fault or fissure due to certain local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are
associated with subduction zones and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The
temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower
than the typical temperatures found within igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can
range from near 100 C (212 F) to occasionally 2 C (36 F), some being used by tourists as
."popular "mud-baths
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!"#$%&'(: sedimentary, volcano
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MAY 14, 2014
Sulfur Mining
On Earth, elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the
world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire; such volcanic deposits are currently mined in
Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. Such deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single
crystal measuring 22!16!11 cm.Historically, Sicily was a large source of sulfur in the Industrial
.Revolution
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Sulphur Mine, Kawah Ijen Volcano, Java, Indonesia
A man carrying sulfur blocks from Kawah Ijen, a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, 2009
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MAY 6, 2014
A Surtseyan eruption
A Surtseyan eruption is a type of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes. It is
.named after the island of Surtsey off the southern coast of Iceland
These eruptions are commonly phreatomagmatic eruptions, representing violent explosions caused
by rising basaltic or andesitic magma coming into contact with abundant, shallow groundwater or
surface water. Tuff rings, pyroclastic cones of primarily ash, are built by explosive disruption of
.rapidly cooled magma
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APRIL 22, 2014
Niijima island
Japans Newest Island Is Now Eight Times Bigger. Previously called Niijima island keeps on
.growing, and it has now taken on a cartoonish look
The volcanic island that first broke above the Pacific Ocean on November 20 has merged with a
...neighboring uninhabited island called Nishino Shima as it continues to expand
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APRIL 12, 2014
Blue Lava Flows From Kawah Ijen
Blue Lava Flows From Kawah Ijen - Indonesia's Deadly Acid Volcano
In 2008, Grunewald learned about the Kawah Ijen, Indonesia's deadly acid volcano and he decided
to photograph and create a documentary about one of the most beautiful and dangerous volcanoes
.on this planet
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Lava
Lava refers both to molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock
after solidification and cooling. This molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets,
including Earth, and some of their satellites. The source of the heat that liquifies the rock within the
earth is geothermal energy. When first erupted from a volcanic vent, lava is a liquid at temperatures
from 700 to 1,200 C (1,292 to 2,192 F). Up to 100,000 times as viscous as water, lava can flow
great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic and shear thinning
.properties
Pahoehoe lava
meaning "smooth, unbroken lava"), also spelled pahoehoe, is basaltic lava that has a smooth,
billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid
lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in
.geology by Clarence Dutton
metre (33 ft) high fountain of p"hoehoe lava, Hawaii, United States-10
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Block lava ows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in a
similar manner to !a!" ows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be
covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidied lava instead of clinkers.
Like in !a!" ows, the molten interior of the ow, which is kept insulated by the solidied
blocky surface, overrides the rubble that falls o# the ow front. They also move much
.more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than !a!" ows
Block lava ows
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APRIL 2, 2014
The Volcano Navbiotum
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The Volcano Navbiotum It is located on the southern shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya to the
north in the Great Rift Valley, a region with numerous volcanoes and stretches for 6000
.kilometers, from Mozambique to Syria
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MARCH 27, 2014
Volcanic Bomb
A volcanic bomb is a mass of molten rock (tephra) larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter,
formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. They cool into solid
fragments before they reach the ground. Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano,
they do not have grains making them extrusive igneous rocks. Volcanic bombs can be thrown many
kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. Bombs
can be extremely large; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5
6 m in diameter up to 600 m from the vent. Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard, and
can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone. One such incident occurred at
Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously
.injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly
Volcanic bombs are known to occasionally explode from internal gas pressure as they cool, but
contrary to some claims in popular culture (specifically, the 1997 film Volcano), explosions are
rare; in most cases most of the damage they cause is from impact. Bomb explosions are most often
.observed in 'bread-crust' type bombs
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Hotspots
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!"#$%&'(: Tectonic, volcano
The places known as hotspots or hot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed by
underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be
unanimously hot, and provide a great deal of molten magma. They may be on, near to, or far from
tectonic plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses to explain them. One suggests that they are
due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary. The other
hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric
.extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths
.An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one recent group
Hotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc
volcanoes. The latter form over subduction zones, at converging plate boundaries. When one
oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This
plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water mixes
with the rock, thus changing its composition causing some rock to melt and rise. It is this that fuels
.a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska
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MARCH 18, 2014
Volcanic Ash
Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during
.volcanic eruptions, less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter
.Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano
The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products
(correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2mm. Volcanic ash is formed during
explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the
atmosphere. The force of the escaping gas shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere
where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Ash is also produced when magma
comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions, causing the water to explosively
flash to steam leading to shattering of magma. Once in the air, ash is transported by wind up to
.thousands of kilometers away
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!"#$%&'(: Igneous, sedimentary, volcano
Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during
.transport in pyroclastic density currents
Explosive eruptions occur when magma decompresses as it rises, allowing dissolved volatiles
(dominantly water and carbon dioxide) to exsolve into gas bubbles. As more bubbles nucleate a
foam is produced, which decreases the density of the magma, accelerating it up the conduit.
Fragmentation occurs when bubbles occupy ~70-80 vol% of the erupting mixture. When
fragmentation occurs, violently expanding bubbles tear the magma apart into fragments which are
ejected into the atmosphere where they solidify into ash particles. Fragmentation is a very efficient
process of ash formation and is capable of generating very fine ash even without the addition of
.water
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Igneous activities in sedimentary rocks
Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrusion into the overlying
rock. Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into
sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows blanket the
surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths, laccoliths, dikes, and sills, push upwards into the
.overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude
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!"#$%&'(: Igneous, sedimentary, volcano
A schematic geological cross-section of a sequence of sedimentary rocks that are later intruded by
.igneous rocks accompanied by volcanic activity
An originally horizontal sequence of sedimentary rocks (in shades of tan) are affected by igneous
activity. Deep below the surface are a magma chamber and large associated igneous bodies. The
magma chamber feeds the volcano, and sends off shoots of magma that will later crystallize into
dikes and sills. Magma also advances upwards to form intrusive igneous bodies. The diagram
illustrates both a cinder cone volcano, which releases ash, and a composite volcano, which releases
.both lava and ash
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MARCH 6, 2014
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Ancient Volcanic Feature
An originally horizontal sequence of sedimentary rocks (in shades of tan) are affected by igneous
activity. Deep below the surface are a magma chamber and large associated igneous bodies. The
magma chamber feeds the volcano, and sends off shoots of magma that will later crystallize into
dikes and sills. Magma also advances upwards to form intrusive igneous bodies. The diagram
illustrates both a cinder cone volcano, which releases ash, and a composite volcano, which releases
.both lava and ash
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