Nanyang Technological University

School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Academic Year 2013/2014
Power Engineering Testing and Operation of Transformer



Lab Report



Prajogo Tio

U1320950D

Abstract


The purpose of this report is to lay out the experimental results from the experiment
conducted on laboratorium transformers. The experiment demonstrates the
standard procedures of determining the parameters of a practical transformer. Two
tests are employed, namely Open-Circuit Test and Short-Circuit Test. Experimental
values are verified and compared with the theoretical values obtained from
calculations on an equivalent circuit, where deviations are highlighted and
explained. Further investigation is carried out to study the non-linear characteristic
of no-load current. Voltage ratio and efficiency characteristic of the transformer is
also studied.
Experi mental Resul ts

1. Open Circuit Test
1.1 Methodology
Open Circuit Test is carried out to determine the shunt parameters
!
R
c
and
!
X
m
of
the equivalent circuit of the transformer. The diagram below shows the standard
setup of the open circuit test.

A winding, usually on the high voltage side, is left open, while the winding on the
low voltage side is supplied with rated voltage at rated frequency. The data
collected from the 3 measurement (wattmeter, ammeter, and voltmeter) gives us
the following parameters:
the applied rated voltage
!
V
oc

the power input
!
P
oc

the current drawn
!
I
oc

The diagram below shows the schematic relationship between various parameters:

To find
!
R
c
, we make use of the relationship
!
W
oc
=
V
oc
2
R
c
" R
c
=
V
oc
2
W
oc
. And hence,
!
I
c
=
V
oc
R
c
.
!
I
m
is obtained from the fact that
!
I
oc
= I
m
2
+ I
c
2
" I
m
= I
oc
2
# I
c
2
.
Furthermore,
!
"
oc
is given by
!
"
oc
= tan
#1
I
m
I
c
, where
!
"
oc
is in the fourth quadrant.
Finally,
!
X
m
=
V
oc
I
m
.
1.2 Open Circuit Results
Section 4.1.1
The following table summarizes the data collected from the open circuit test:
Reading
!
V
1
/ V
!
W
oc
/ W
!
I
1
/ A
!
V
2
/ V Turn Ratio
1 90 8.4 0.13 171 0.526
2 95 9.3 0.16 180 0.527
3 100 10.2 0.195 189 0.529
4 105 11.6 0.255 200 0.525
5 110 12.8 0.315 208 0.529
6 115 14.2 0.385 218 0.528
7 120 16.0 0.485 228 0.526

Section 4.1.2
Voltage Ratio based on the voltage readings:
!"# %&&'()*+%,# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, *3 %22.'%,# #1(.4" 5(' +(3, %&&0*2%,*(13 %16 *3 .3#6 7*6#089
:
#;
< :
;
= :
>
%16 ?
#;
< ?
;
= ?
>
%'# ,"# #-.*/%0#1, '#3*3,%12# %16 #-.*/%0#1, 0#%@%4# '#%2,%12# (5
,"# ,'%135('+#' '#5#''#6 ,( 3*6# ;9 A00 ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 +%8 B# '#5#''#6 ,( #*,"#' 3*6# (5
,"# ,'%135('+#'9 C, *3 1#2#33%'8 ,( @1(7 ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 D:
#-
E ?
#-
E :
2
%16 ?
+
F *1 ('6#' ,(
%1%08G# ,"# (&#'%,*(1 (5 % ,'%135('+#'9 !7( ,#3,3E (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3, %16 3"(',H2*'2.*, ,#3,E %'#
2(16.2,#6 ,( 6#,#'+*1# ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 #)&#'*+#1,%0089

!"#$%&'()*'+ -./%0/123 4#5+6
Schemofic orrongemenf of fhe fesf incIuding fhe equivoIenf circuif of fhe fronsformer is shown
*1 I*4.'# AJ9 K1# 7*16*14E 2(++(108 ,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#E *3 2(11#2,#6 ,( (1+#2 7/0+18# %,
(1+#2 9(#:*#$);9 K1# 7*16*14E 2(++(108 ,"# "*4" /(0,%4# 3*6#E *3 0#5, (&#1 D.3.%008 % /(0,+#,#'
2(11#2,#6F9

D%F L(11#2,*(1 6*%4'%+ 5(' (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3,


DBF M55#2,*/# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, 5(' (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3, D2F N#2,(' 6*%4'%+

I*4.'# AJ9 K&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3,

!"# 5(00(7*14 *1&., -.%1,*,*#3 %'# +#%3.'#6 %16 '#2('6#69
A&&0*#6 N(0,%4# DN
(2
FE C1&., L.''#1, DC
(2
FE %16 C1&., O(7#' DO
(2
F
!"# %&&'()*+%,# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, *3 .3#6 ,( 2%02.0%,# ,"# &%'%+#,#'3 ?
+
%16 :
2
.3*14 ,"#3#
+#%3.'#6 6%,%9
C
2
7*00 B# *1 &"%3# 7*," N
(2
E 7"*0# C
+
7*00 0%4 N
(2
B8 PQ %3 3"(71 *1 ,"# /#2,(' 6*%4'%+9
SinceE
O
(2
< N
(2
>
R:
2S
:
2S
< N
(2
>
RO
(2
E ,"#1E C
2
< N
(2
R:
2S

L0#%'08E C
(2
>
< C
2
>
= C
+
>
C
+
<
2 2
c oc
I I E ,"#1E ?
+S
< N
(2
RC
+

!"#3# -.%1,*,*#3 %'# +#%3.'#6 (1 ,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#E %16 ,"#'#5('# ,"# /%0.#3 %'# '#5#''#6 ,(
,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#9

<=/(+%&'()*'+ 4#5+6
T

!"# %&&'()*+%,# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, *3 %22.'%,# #1(.4" 5(' +(3, %&&0*2%,*(13 %16 *3 .3#6 7*6#089
:
#;
< :
;
= :
>
%16 ?
#;
< ?
;
= ?
>
%'# ,"# #-.*/%0#1, '#3*3,%12# %16 #-.*/%0#1, 0#%@%4# '#%2,%12# (5
,"# ,'%135('+#' '#5#''#6 ,( 3*6# ;9 A00 ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 +%8 B# '#5#''#6 ,( #*,"#' 3*6# (5
,"# ,'%135('+#'9 C, *3 1#2#33%'8 ,( @1(7 ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 D:
#-
E ?
#-
E :
2
%16 ?
+
F *1 ('6#' ,(
%1%08G# ,"# (&#'%,*(1 (5 % ,'%135('+#'9 !7( ,#3,3E (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3, %16 3"(',H2*'2.*, ,#3,E %'#
2(16.2,#6 ,( 6#,#'+*1# ,"#3# &%'%+#,#'3 #)&#'*+#1,%0089

!"#$%&'()*'+ -./%0/123 4#5+6
Schemofic orrongemenf of fhe fesf incIuding fhe equivoIenf circuif of fhe fronsformer is shown
*1 I*4.'# AJ9 K1# 7*16*14E 2(++(108 ,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#E *3 2(11#2,#6 ,( (1+#2 7/0+18# %,
(1+#2 9(#:*#$);9 K1# 7*16*14E 2(++(108 ,"# "*4" /(0,%4# 3*6#E *3 0#5, (&#1 D.3.%008 % /(0,+#,#'
2(11#2,#6F9

D%F L(11#2,*(1 6*%4'%+ 5(' (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3,


DBF M55#2,*/# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, 5(' (&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3, D2F N#2,(' 6*%4'%+

I*4.'# AJ9 K&#1H2*'2.*, ,#3,

!"# 5(00(7*14 *1&., -.%1,*,*#3 %'# +#%3.'#6 %16 '#2('6#69
A&&0*#6 N(0,%4# DN
(2
FE C1&., L.''#1, DC
(2
FE %16 C1&., O(7#' DO
(2
F
!"# %&&'()*+%,# #-.*/%0#1, 2*'2.*, *3 .3#6 ,( 2%02.0%,# ,"# &%'%+#,#'3 ?
+
%16 :
2
.3*14 ,"#3#
+#%3.'#6 6%,%9
C
2
7*00 B# *1 &"%3# 7*," N
(2
E 7"*0# C
+
7*00 0%4 N
(2
B8 PQ %3 3"(71 *1 ,"# /#2,(' 6*%4'%+9
SinceE
O
(2
< N
(2
>
R:
2S
:
2S
< N
(2
>
RO
(2
E ,"#1E C
2
< N
(2
R:
2S

L0#%'08E C
(2
>
< C
2
>
= C
+
>
C
+
<
2 2
c oc
I I E ,"#1E ?
+S
< N
(2
RC
+

!"#3# -.%1,*,*#3 %'# +#%3.'#6 (1 ,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#E %16 ,"#'#5('# ,"# /%0.#3 %'# '#5#''#6 ,(
,"# 0(7 /(0,%4# 3*6#9

<=/(+%&'()*'+ 4#5+6
T

!
Average Turns Ratio =
average V
1
average V
2
=
105.00
199.14
= 0.527
Section 4.1.4
!
V
1
/ V
!
R
c
/ ohm
!
I
c
/ A
!
I
m
/ A
!
"
oc
/ deg
!
X
m
/ ohm
90 964 0.0934 0.0904 44.1 996
95 970 0.0979 0.1266 52.3 750
100 980 0.1020 0.1662 58.5 601
105 950 0.1105 0.2298 64.3 457
110 945 0.1164 0.2927 68.3 376
115 931 0.1235 0.3647 71.3 315
120 900 0.1333 0.4663 74.0 257

!
V
1
/ V
!
I
m
/ A
!
R
c
/ ohm
!
X
m
/ ohm
90 0.0476 3471 3586
95 0.0667 3492 2700
100 0.0876 3529 2164
105 0.1211 3421 1645
110 0.1543 3403 1354
115 0.1922 3352 1134
120 0.2457 3241 925

2. Short-Circuit Test
2.1 Methodology
Short Circuit test is carried out to determine the parallel parameter of the equivalent
circuit
!
X
e
and
!
R
e
. The diagram below shows the standard setup of this test.

The measurement will obtain:
the applied reduced voltage
!
V
sc

the power input
!
P
sc

the current drawn
!
I
sc

The schematic diagram below illustrates the relationship between the parameters:

2.2 Short Circuit Results
Section 4.2.1
!
I
sc
/ A
!
V
sc
/ V
!
P
sc
/ W pf
!
I
2
/ A
1.00 3.2 2 0.63 1.85
1.51 4.9 4 0.54 2.85
2.01 6.6 8 0.60 3.75
3.01 10.0 15 0.50 5.6
4.01 13.2 25 0.47 7.5
4.49 14.8 31 0.47 8.4


RE1005 Power Engineering Transformers
________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ 38
Short-Circuit (SC) Test
This test is carried out to determine the series
parameters R
e
and X
e
oI the transIormer. The
connection
diagram oI
the test
setup is as
shown.

One winding, usually the low-voltage side, is
short-circuited. The high-voltage side is supplied
with a variable voltage source oI the rated
Irequency. The input voltage is kept low (5 oI
rated voltage), such that rated currents Ilow in
the primary and secondary windings under the
short-circuit test condition.
The wattmeter, the voltmeter, and the ammeter
connected as shown are used to record:
o The applied reduced voltage ("
#$
) V,
o The power input (%
#$
) W, and
o The current drawn (&
#$
) A.

RE1005 Power Engineering Transformers
________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ 39
The approximate equivalent circuit Ior the circuit
connection during SC test is as shown. The test is
conducted on the high-voltage side. So the
parameters obtained
will be the eIIective
values reIerred to the
hv (") side.
All the power input
during the test is
consumed by #
$"
.
2
2

%&
%& %& $" $"
%&
'
' ( # #
(


Also, /
$" %& %&
) * ( , then, clearly

2 2 2 2 2

$" $" $" $" $" $"
) # + + ) #
Thus, the simple set oI data collected Irom the SC
test, *
%&
, '
%&
, and (
%&
, can be easily used to calculate
the total eIIective values oI the series parameters
R
eH
and X
eH
oI the transIormer equivalent circuit.
It must be noted that these two tests are generally
conducted on two diIIerent sides oI the transIormer.
ThereIore appropriate adjustments oI the parameters
are required to use them in the same common
circuit.

RE1005 Power Engineering Transformers
________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ 39
The approximate equivalent circuit Ior the circuit
connection during SC test is as shown. The test is
conducted on the high-voltage side. So the
parameters obtained
will be the eIIective
values reIerred to the
hv (") side.
All the power input
during the test is
consumed by #
$"
.
2
2

%&
%& %& $" $"
%&
'
' ( # #
(


Also, /
$" %& %&
) * ( , then, clearly

2 2 2 2 2

$" $" $" $" $" $"
) # + + ) #
Thus, the simple set oI data collected Irom the SC
test, *
%&
, '
%&
, and (
%&
, can be easily used to calculate
the total eIIective values oI the series parameters
R
eH
and X
eH
oI the transIormer equivalent circuit.
It must be noted that these two tests are generally
conducted on two diIIerent sides oI the transIormer.
ThereIore appropriate adjustments oI the parameters
are required to use them in the same common
circuit.

RE1005 Power Engineering Transformers
________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ 39
The approximate equivalent circuit Ior the circuit
connection during SC test is as shown. The test is
conducted on the high-voltage side. So the
parameters obtained
will be the eIIective
values reIerred to the
hv (") side.
All the power input
during the test is
consumed by #
$"
.
2
2

%&
%& %& $" $"
%&
'
' ( # #
(


Also, /
$" %& %&
) * ( , then, clearly

2 2 2 2 2

$" $" $" $" $" $"
) # + + ) #
Thus, the simple set oI data collected Irom the SC
test, *
%&
, '
%&
, and (
%&
, can be easily used to calculate
the total eIIective values oI the series parameters
R
eH
and X
eH
oI the transIormer equivalent circuit.
It must be noted that these two tests are generally
conducted on two diIIerent sides oI the transIormer.
ThereIore appropriate adjustments oI the parameters
are required to use them in the same common
circuit.

RE1005 Power Engineering Transformers
________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ 39
The approximate equivalent circuit Ior the circuit
connection during SC test is as shown. The test is
conducted on the high-voltage side. So the
parameters obtained
will be the eIIective
values reIerred to the
hv (") side.
All the power input
during the test is
consumed by #
$"
.
2
2

%&
%& %& $" $"
%&
'
' ( # #
(


Also, /
$" %& %&
) * ( , then, clearly

2 2 2 2 2

$" $" $" $" $" $"
) # + + ) #
Thus, the simple set oI data collected Irom the SC
test, *
%&
, '
%&
, and (
%&
, can be easily used to calculate
the total eIIective values oI the series parameters
R
eH
and X
eH
oI the transIormer equivalent circuit.
It must be noted that these two tests are generally
conducted on two diIIerent sides oI the transIormer.
ThereIore appropriate adjustments oI the parameters
are required to use them in the same common
circuit.
Section 4.2.2
!
I
sc
/ A
!
R
eH
/ ohm
!
Z
eH
/ ohm
!
X
eH
/ ohm
!
"
sc
/ deg
1.00 2.00 3.25 2.56 52.0
1.51 1.75 3.25 2.74 57.4
2.01 1.98 3.28 2.61 52.8
3.01 1.66 3.32 2.88 60.0
4.01 1.55 3.29 2.90 61.9
4.49 1.54 3.30 2.92 62.2

3. No Load Current Waveform
3.1 Results



Discussion
Section 5.1
i) The approximate equivalent circuit is drawn below. Corresponding impedance is
obtained when
!
V
1
= 220 " 0.527 =115V

for
!
X
m
and
!
R
c ,
and at rated current for
!
R
e
and
!
X
e .


ii) Below is the diagram referred to the LV side, using a = 1.9.

Section 5.2
i) Section 4.1.5 - As rated voltage is increased, and
!
R
c
generally decreases
while
!
I
m
increases non-linearly.
!
R
c
initially increases to a peak value of 980 ohm
before it decreases as voltage increases. The experimental results suggest that the
parameter of the transformer varies with applied voltage (voltage dependent). The
change is non linear as the transformer may not operate on the linear region of the
B-H curve.
!
X
m
Section 4.2.2 - As
!
I
sc
increases,
!
X
eH
and
!
"
sc
generally increases. This may be due
to the increase in loss of magnetic flux through flux leakage at higher
!
I
sc
. The non-
linear pattern of the changes in the impedance may also be caused by the non-
linear region of B-H curve.
ii) It will change the value of turn ratio and hence affect the values of parameters by
this factor. Furthermore, the increase in total inductance as well as internal
resistance may also result in increase in the loss of magnetic flux and active power
loss on the circuit, which further affect the parameter of the transformer.
iii) Core loss = 14.2W.
Copper loss at 50% =
!
I
2
R
e
= (0.5)(4.49)
2
(1.54) =15.5W
and at 100% = 31W.
iv) The current always lag the voltage by a constant angle. The shape of the current
waveform is not pure sinusoidal curve as there is hysterisis effect and resonance in
the core.


4. Transformer Performance Characteristics
4.1 Results
Section 6.1 and 6.2

!
W
1
/ W
!
I
1
/ A
!
V
1
/ V
!
W
2
/ W
!
I
2
/ A
!
V
2
/ V pf
435 2.45 216 400 4.50 110.0 0.81 On
0 0 216 5 0 115.3 0
860 4.57 222 802 9.09 109.9 0.80 Off
0 222 5 0 119.3 0

Discussion
Section 7.1
!
W
1
/ W Voltage regulation / %
435 3.48
860 6.45

W
1
/ W Input Voltage Input Current Input Power
435 234 2.37 432
860 261 4.80 926

i) The theoretical values are higher than that of actual values due to the core loses
and the non-linear operating range of the transformer (at the knee region of the B-H
curve) which leads to overestimation of the theoretical values.
ii) Depending on the power factor of the circuit, it is possible for the full-load
transformer to have higher output voltage than that of no-load condition.
iii) Maximum efficiency is achieved when core losses = copper losses. Assuming
the core loss is constant (14.2 W), the copper loss = 14.2 W. Hence maximum
efficiency = (435 28.4)/435 = 93.5% and (860-28.4)/860 = 96.7%. This is
achieved when the load draw power at 93.5% or 96.7% of the input power
respectively.